岷江上游华山松林冬季土壤呼吸对模拟增温的短期响应

冬季的土壤呼吸是生态系统呼吸的重要组成部分, 对气候变化的响应可能更为敏感。该文采用红外辐射加热器模拟土壤增温, 研究了岷江上游华山松(Pinus armandii)人工林冬季的土壤呼吸、微生物生物量及无机氮库对模拟增温的响应。结果表明: 在冬季(2009年11月-翌年3月), 模拟增温往往能显著提高土壤呼吸速率, 平均增幅达31.4%; 同样模拟增温使土壤微生物生物量碳、氮分别增加23.2%和22.7%, 而对微生物生物量碳氮比没有影响, 温度升高显著促进了微生物的生长, 但没有改变微生物的群落结构; 增温样地土壤的NO₃ ^--N和NH₄ ⁺-N浓度较对照分别增加了38.5%和12.3%, 增温显著提高了土壤的可溶性无机氮含量。综上所述, 该区针叶林冬季土壤呼吸、微生物生长和养分矿化对未来气候变暖非常敏感。     

川西亚高山森林土壤呼吸和微生物生物量碳氮对施氮的响应

随着全球大气氮沉降的明显增加,将有可能显著影响我国西部地区受氮限制的亚高山森林生态系统。土壤微生物是生态系统的重要组成部分,是土壤物质循环和能量流动的重要参与者。由于生态系统类型、土壤养分、氮沉降背景值等的差异,土壤呼吸和土壤生物量碳氮对施氮的响应存在许多不确定性。而施氮会不会促进亚高山森林生态系统中土壤呼吸和微生物对土壤碳氮的固定?基于此假设,选择了川西60年生的四川红杉(Larix mastersiana)亚高山针叶林为研究对象,通过4个水平的土壤施氮控制试验(CK:0 g m~(-2) a~(-1)、N1:2 g m~(-2)a~(-1)、N2:5 g m~(-2) a~(-1)、N3:10 g m~(-2)a~(-1)),监测了土壤呼吸及土壤微生物生物量碳氮在一个生长季的动态情况。结果表明:施氮对土壤呼吸各指标和土壤微生物碳氮都有极显著的影响,施氮能促进土壤全呼吸、自养呼吸、异养呼吸通量和土壤微生物生物量碳氮的增长,施氮使土壤呼吸通量提高了11%—15%,土壤微生物量碳提高了5%—9%,土壤微生物量氮提高了23%—34%。在中氮水平下(5 g m~(-2) a~(-1))对土壤呼吸的促进最显著。相关分析发现,土壤呼吸与微生物生物量碳氮和微生物代谢商极呈显著正相关,微生物量碳氮与土壤温度呈极显著的正相关,与土壤湿度呈极显著负相关。通过一般线性回归拟合土壤呼吸速率与土壤10 cm温湿度的关系,发现土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度呈极显著的正相关,与土壤湿度极显著负相关(P0.001),中氮水平下土壤温度敏感性系数Q_(10)值(7.10)明显高于对照(4.26)。     

氮素添加和CO2浓度升高对白羊草根际和非根际土壤水溶性有机碳、氮的影响

采用盆栽控制试验对黄土丘陵区白羊草在不同CO₂浓度(400和800 μmol·mol^-1)和施氮水平(0、2.5、5.0 g N·m^-2·a^-1)条件下根际和非根际土壤水溶性有机碳(DOC)和水溶性有机氮(DON)的变化特征进行研究.结果表明: CO₂浓度升高对白羊草根际和非根际土壤DOC、水溶性总氮(DTN)、DON、水溶性铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)、水溶性硝态氮(NO₃^--N)含量均无显著影响.施氮显著提高了根际和非根际土壤DTN、NO₃^--N含量和根际土壤DON含量,显著降低了根际土壤DOC/DON.在各处理条件下,根际土壤DTN、NO₃^--N和DON含量均显著低于非根际土壤,根际土壤DOC/DON显著高于非根际土壤.短期CO₂浓度升高对黄土丘陵区土壤水溶性有机碳、氮含量无显著影响,而氮沉降的增加在一定程度上改善了土壤中水溶性氮素缺乏的状况,但并不足以满足植被对水溶性氮素的需求.     

连续三年夜间增温和施氮对云杉外生菌根及菌根真菌多样性的影响

以西南亚高山针叶林建群种粗枝云杉(Picea asperata)为研究对象,采用红外加热模拟增温结合外施氮肥(NH₄NO₃ 25 g N m^-2 a^-1)的方法,研究连续3a夜间增温和施肥对云杉幼苗外生菌根侵染率、土壤外生菌根真菌生物量及其群落多样性的影响。结果表明:夜间增温对云杉外生菌根侵染率的影响具有季节性及根级差异。夜间增温对春季(2011年5月)云杉1级根,夏季(2011年7月)和秋季(2010年10月)云杉2级根侵染率影响显著。除2011年7月1级根外,施氮对云杉1、2级根侵染率无显著影响。夜间增温对土壤中外生菌根真菌的生物量和群落多样性无显著影响,施氮及增温与施氮联合处理使土壤中外生菌根真菌生物量显著降低,但却提高了外生菌根真菌群落的多样性。这说明云杉幼苗外生菌根侵染率对温度较敏感,土壤外生菌根真菌生物量及其群落多样性对施氮较敏感。这为进一步研究该区域亚高山针叶林地下过程对全球气候变化的响应机制提供了科学依据。     

亚热带毛竹林土壤磷组分和微生物对施氮的响应

磷(P)是植物和微生物生长的重要营养元素,亚热带地区土壤P有效性较低,且长期高氮(N)沉降可能会造成土壤P有效性进一步降低。本试验开展于戴云山毛竹林,分析了施N 3年对土壤的基本理化性质、P组分、微生物生物量和酸性磷酸单酯酶活性的影响。结果表明: 施N显著增加了土壤NO₃^--N含量,提高了土壤N有效性,但显著降低了易分解态有机磷占全磷的比例,且总有机碳与总有机P的比例>200。土壤微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量磷、酸性磷酸单酯酶活性、微生物生物量碳/微生物生物量磷和微生物生物量氮/微生物生物量磷随施N量的增加而增加。此外,易分解态有机磷占总磷比例与微生物生物量磷呈显著负相关关系。因此,施N加剧了土壤P有效性限制,提高了微生物对P的需求。     

增温施氮对高寒草甸生产力及生物量分配的影响

在青藏高原高寒草甸区设置模拟增温和氮添加处理,研究长期增温与外源氮输入对高寒草甸群落生产及其分配的影响.结果表明:开顶箱增温装置造成小环境暖干化,即显著提高地表空气温度1.6℃,提高表层土壤温度1.4℃,降低土壤含水量4.7%.2012、2013和2014年不施氮处理下增温分别降低地上生物量61.5%、108.8%和77.1%,在高氮(40和80kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)处理下增温对群落地上生物量无显著影响,这说明增温的影响依赖于氮添加水平,且施氮补偿了增温导致的土壤氮损失.增温导致根冠比增加,2012、2013和2014年不施氮处理下增温分别增加根冠比98.6%、60.7%和97.8%.在不增温处理下,植物群落地上、地下生物量的变化率均表现出低氮(10、20 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)促进、高氮抑制的趋势,达到饱和阈值时的氮添加剂量分别为56.0和55.5 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1;而在增温处理下,地上、地下生物量随施氮量增加呈线性增加趋势.这说明增温改变了高寒草甸生物量分配对外源氮输入的响应模式,增温导致的土壤无机氮含量变化是生物量分配模式改变的主要原因.由氮添加试验估算的高寒草甸氮饱和阈值表明,高寒草甸对氮输入的敏感性高于其他类型草地.     

模拟增温和氮沉降对中亚热带杉木幼林土壤有效氮的影响

以中亚热带杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)幼苗为研究对象,设置埋设电缆以加热土壤增温(+5℃)结合模拟氮沉降的实验,施氮水平分别为对照(CT,0 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1))、施低氮(LN,40 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1))和施高氮(HN,80 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1)),用离子交换树脂袋法研究了土壤有效氮对模拟增温和施氮的短期响应。经过为期1a的研究,结果表明:土壤有效氮主要集中在夏冬季,而且硝态氮是土壤有效氮的主要存在形态;增温显著增加土壤有效氮含量(P0.05),各月间的有效氮含量与气温和降雨量有关;总体来看,氮沉降显著增加土壤有效氮含量(P0.05),而且随氮沉降水平的升高而增加。低氮处理下,大多数月份的土壤有效氮含量显著增加,高氮处理下,各月的有效氮含量均显著高于对照处理;增温×氮沉降在各月间均显著增加土壤有效氮含量(P0.05),并随氮沉降水平的升高而增加。而且,两者的交互作用对有效氮的增幅显著大于任一单一因子的作用。说明增温和氮沉降两者的交互作用对土壤有效氮的影响具有叠加效应。因此,增温和氮沉降及其交互作用短期内都会显著增加土壤有效氮含量,为植物生长提供充足的养分。     

氮沉降下纳帕海草甸植被与土壤变化对微生物生物量碳氮的影响

为探明高原草甸土壤微生物对短期氮沉降的响应,以纳帕海典型高寒草甸云雾薹草群落为对象,野外原位布设低氮(5 g N·m^-2·a^-1)、中氮(10 g N·m^-2·a^-1)和高氮(15 g N·m^-2·a^-1)3种施氮处理,研究氮沉降引起高寒草甸植物多样性及土壤性质变化对微生物生物量碳氮的影响。结果表明：氮添加显著增加土壤微生物生物量碳氮及其熵值,中氮处理下微生物生物量碳增量最高,达139.3%;微生物生物量碳氮的垂直变化表现为沿土层显著降低,降幅为24.1%～75.1%。氮添加显著提高群落地上生物量,降低Shannon和Simpson多样性,变幅达6.6%～65.4%;氮添加显著降低土壤pH,增加土壤有机质、全氮、铵态氮和硝态氮含量,且在中氮处理下变幅(7.0%～511.1%)最大;土壤pH随土层加深而增大,而其他理化指标则沿土层加深而显著减少,变幅达19.5%～91.2%。结构方程模型表明,土壤铵态氮、硝态氮和有机质对微生物生物量起促进作用,而土壤pH和植...     

掺混氮肥配施抑制剂对土壤氮库的调控作用

采用冬小麦盆栽试验,探讨掺混氮肥(缓释肥N∶普通尿素N=1∶1)配施氮肥抑制剂NAM对冬小麦土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、微生物生物量氮和固定态铵含量及小麦产量、氮肥利用率的影响,分析不同处理土壤矿质氮库、微生物生物量氮库和固定态铵库的动态变化特征.试验共设6个处理,不施氮肥(CK)、普通尿素(U)、掺混氮肥(MU)、MU+2.5‰NAM(MUN₁)、MU+5‰NAM(MUN₂)和MU+7.5‰NAM(MUN₃).结果表明:与MU处理相比,MUN₂和MUN₃处理推迟了NH₄⁺-N峰值出现的时间;小麦整个生长季,添加NAM处理的土壤矿质氮平均含量比MU处理下降了5.3%～11.7%;分蘖期至抽穗期,MU处理的微生物生物量氮矿化量和矿化率分别为38.96 mg·kg^-1和91.5%,均高于U处理,而MUN₁、MUN₂和MUN₃处理分别为58.73 mg·kg^-1和83.3%、94.20 mg·kg^-1和94.6%、104.46 mg·kg^-1和96.3%,添加NAM处理固定态铵的释放量比MU处理提高了2.83~9.19 mg·kg^-1.通径分析结果显示,与MU处理相比,添加NAM减弱了土壤NH₄⁺-N库对NO₃^--N库的直接影响,增强了固定态铵库通过影响NH₄⁺-N库对NO₃^--N库的间接作用.同时,MUN₁、MUN₂和MUN₃处理的小麦籽粒产量较MU处理分别提高了31.6%、21.5%和22.9%,氮肥利用率分别提高了8.1%、13.5%和3.1%.综上,配施NAM通过对氮素释放及在土壤中转化的双重调控,延迟土壤NH₄⁺-N峰值出现的时间及后续向NO₃^--N的转化,提高微生物生物量氮和固定态铵的供氮作用,从而提高了作物产量和氮肥利用率.     

有机肥氮投入比例对双季稻田根际土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物熵的影响

为探明不同有机肥氮素占总氮投入的百分比对双季稻区早、晚稻各生育时期稻田根际土壤微生物的影响,本研究以大田定位试验为平台,应用氯仿熏蒸-K₂SO₄提取法和化学分析法系统分析了施用化肥N(M₁)、30%有机肥N(M₂)、50%有机肥N(M₃)、100%有机肥N(M₄)和无N对照(M₀)5个不同施肥处理双季稻田根际土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、微生物生物量氮(MBN)和微生物熵的差异.结果表明: 在早稻和晚稻各主要生育时期,施肥措施均能提高稻田根际土壤MBC、MBN和微生物熵,各施肥处理根际土壤MBC、MBN和微生物熵均随水稻生育期推进呈先增加后降低的变化趋势,均于齐穗期达到最大值,成熟期为最低值;其中,各处理双季稻田根际土壤MBC、MBN、MBC/MBN值和微生物熵一般均表现为M₄＞M₃＞M₂＞M₁＞M₀,M₂、M₃和M₄处理间均无显著差异,但均显著高于M₀处理.可见,单独施用化肥措施对提高根际土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物熵效果有限,施用有机肥或有机无机肥配施提高根际土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物熵的效果较好.     

Microbial activity and soil respiration under nitrogen addition in Alaskan boreal forest

Climate warming could increase rates of soil organic matter turnover and nutrient mineralization, particularly in northern high‐latitude ecosystems. However, the effects of increasing nutrient availability on microbial processes in these ecosystems are poorly understood. To determine how soil microbes respond to nutrient enrichment, we measured microbial biomass, extracellular enzyme activities, soil respiration, and the community composition of active fungi in nitrogen (N) fertilized soils of a boreal forest in central Alaska. We predicted that N addition would suppress fungal activity relative to bacteria, but stimulate carbon (C)‐degrading enzyme activities and soil respiration. Instead, we found no evidence for a suppression of fungal activity, although fungal sporocarp production declined significantly, and the relative abundance of two fungal taxa changed dramatically with N fertilization. Microbial biomass as measured by chloroform fumigation did not respond to fertilization, nor did the ratio of fungi : bacteria as measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. However, microbial biomass C : N ratios narrowed significantly from 16.0 ± 1.4 to 5.2 ± 0.3 with fertilization. N fertilization significantly increased the activity of a cellulose‐degrading enzyme and suppressed the activities of protein‐ and chitin‐degrading enzymes but had no effect on soil respiration rates or ¹⁴C signatures. These results indicate that N fertilization alters microbial community composition and allocation to extracellular enzyme production without affecting soil respiration. Thus, our results do not provide evidence for strong microbial feedbacks to the boreal C cycle under climate warming or N addition. However, organic N cycling may decline due to a reduction in the activity of enzymes that target nitrogenous compounds.     

Belowground responses of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Picea asperata</Emphasis> seedlings to warming and nitrogen fertilization in the eastern Tibetan Plateau

The impacts of global climatic change on belowground ecological processes of terrestrial ecosystems are still not clear. We therefore conducted an experiment in the subalpine coniferous forest ecosystem of the eastern edges of the Tibetan Plateau to study roots of Picea asperata seedlings and rhizosphere soil responses to soil warming and nitrogen availability from April 2007 to December 2008. The seedlings were subjected to two levels of temperature (ambient; infrared heater warming) and two nitrogen levels (0 or 25 g m⁻²year⁻¹ N). We used a free air temperature increase from an overhead infrared heater to raise both air and soil temperature by 2.1 and 2.6°C, respectively. The results showed that warming alone significantly increased total biomass, coarse root biomass and fine root biomass of P. asperata seedlings. Both total biomass and fine root biomass were increased, but coarse root biomass was significantly decreased by nitrogen fertilization and warming combined with nitrogen fertilization. Warming induced a prominent increase in soil organic carbon (SOC) and NO₃ ⁻-N of rhizosphere soil, while nitrogen fertilization significantly decreased SOC and NH₄ ⁺-N of rhizosphere soil. The warming, fertilization and warming × N fertilization interaction decreased soil microbial C significantly, but substantially increased soil microbial N. These results suggest that nitrogen deposition combined with warmer temperatures under future climatic change possibly will have no effect on fine root production of P. asperata seedlings, but could enhance the nitrification process of their rhizosphere soils in subalpine coniferous forests.     

长期模拟升温对崇明东滩湿地土壤微生物生物量的影响

以崇明东滩芦苇湿地为对象,采用开顶室生长箱(Open top chambers OTCs)原位模拟大气升温试验,研究了连续升温8a对崇明东滩湿地0—40cm土层土壤微生物生物量碳氮含量的影响。结果表明:连续升温显著提高了崇明东滩湿地土壤微生物生物量碳氮含量,从土壤表层到深层(0—10,10—20,20—30,30—40cm),微生物生物量碳分别增加了39.32%、70.79%、65.20%、74.09%,微生物生物量氮分别增加了66.46%、178.27%、47.24%、64.11%。但升温对土壤微生物生物量的影响因不同土层和不同季节并未表现出统一的规律,长期模拟升温显著提高4月0—20cm土层和7月0—40cm土层微生物生物量碳氮含量,对10月0—40cm土层微生物生物量碳含量没有影响,但是显著提高了10月0—40cm土层微生物生物量氮含量,同时,微生物生物量碳氮比在7月也显著提高。相关分析表明:无论在升温条件还是在对照条件下,土壤温度、含水量、总氮与土壤微生物生物量碳氮及微生物生物量碳氮比均无相关关系,升温条件下,有机碳与微生物生物量碳氮含量以及微生物生物量碳氮比呈显著正相关,但是在对照条件下有机碳与微生物生物量碳氮含量以及微生物生物量碳氮比呈显著负相关。因此,土壤有机碳是影响土壤微生物生物量碳氮含量对长期模拟升温响应的重要生态因子。     

模拟氮沉降对华西雨屏区苦竹林土壤有机碳和养分的影响

从2007年11月至2009年10月, 对华西雨屏区苦竹(Pleioblastus amarus)人工林进行了模拟氮(N)沉降试验, N沉降水平分别为对照(CK, 0 g N·m^-2·a^-1)、低N (5 g N·m^-2·a^-1)、中N (15 g N·m^-2·a^-1)和高N (30 g N·m^-2·a^-1)。在N沉降进行1年后, 每月采集各样方0-20 cm的土壤样品, 连续采集12个月, 测定其土壤总有机C、微生物生物量C、浸提性溶解有机C、活性C、全N、微生物生物量N、NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N、有效P和速效K。结果表明: N沉降显著增加了土壤总有机C、微生物生物量C、全N、微生物生物量N、NH₄⁺-N和有效P含量, 对其余几个指标无显著影响。土壤微生物生物量C和微生物生物量N的季节变化明显, 并与气温极显著正相关。土壤有效P、速效K与微生物生物量C、微生物生物量N呈极显著负相关关系。N沉降提高了土壤中C、N、P元素的活性, 并通过微生物的转化固定作用使得C、N、P元素在土壤中的含量增加。苦竹林生态系统处于N限制状态, 土壤有机C和养分对N沉降呈正响应, N沉降的增加可能会提高土壤肥力并促进植被的生长, 进而促进生态系统对C的固定。     

氮添加对巴音布鲁克高寒湿地土壤微生物量和酶活性的影响

随着全球氮沉降速率的快速增加,已对陆地生态系统微生物群落活性和代谢产生了深刻的影响。因此迫切需要了解全球气候变化敏感区土壤中微生物量和酶活性对氮添加的响应。为此,以中亚干旱区巴音布鲁克高寒湿地为研究对象,在保护良好的高寒湿地选择沼泽(S)、沼泽草甸(SM)和草甸(M)3种湿地类型布设野外原位氮添加试验(施氮浓度分别为0、8、16 kg N hm^-2 a^-1),探究短期氮添加对土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、微生物生物量氮(MBN)、微生物生物量碳/氮(MBC/MBN)、微生物商(QMB)、土壤蛋白酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、H₂O₂酶和蔗糖酶活性的影响。结果表明:(1)高寒湿地不同湿地类型土壤微生物量和酶活性存在显著差异,其中SM土壤MBC、MBN、MBC\\N、QMB较S和M区高,对酶活性而言,SM和M区土壤蛋白酶和碱性磷酸酶活性较高,M区H₂O₂酶和脲酶活性较高。(2)氮添加显著增加了3种湿地类型中土壤MBC和MBN,其中MBC增加了7.00%-119.00%,MBN增加了8.03%-38.26%。氮添加仅显著增加了S和SM区土壤MBC/N和QMB (增加了24.68%-113.10%),但抑制了M区土壤MBC/N和QMB (抑制了8.93%-10.36%)。(3)氮添加显著增加了3种湿地类型土壤中脲酶、蛋白酶和H₂O₂酶活性,分别增加了7.25%-59.63%、4.71%-58.55%和34.70%-157.27%。但是氮添加对土壤碱性磷酸酶活性无显著影响。对蔗糖酶而言,N1处理增加了S区土壤蔗糖酶活性(增加了58.58%),而N2处理显著降低了22.72%。氮添加对SM和M区蔗糖酶活性无显著影响。(4)结构方程模型的结果显示,氮添加直接增加了土壤微生物量和酶活性。而随着湿地类型的变化(S-SM-M)直接和间接(通过pH)增加了酶活性;湿地类型的变化还通过影响pH、有机碳和有效养分间接增加了土壤微生物量。总之,氮添加和湿地类型可直接或间接的影响着土壤微生物量和酶活性。其中,土壤pH和有机碳是微生物量和酶活性变化的主要影响因素。本研究可为中亚干旱区高寒湿地应对未来气候变化的措施的制定提供技术参考。     

Differential effects of warming and nitrogen fertilization on soil respiration and microbial dynamics in switchgrass croplands

The mechanistic understanding of warming and nitrogen (N) fertilization, alone or in combination, on microbially mediated decomposition is limited. In this study, soil samples were collected from previously harvested switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) plots that had been treated with high N fertilizer (HN: 67 kg N ha^?1) and those that had received no N fertilizer (NN) over a 3‐year period. The samples were incubated for 180 days at 15 °C and 20 °C, during which heterotrophic respiration, δ¹³C of CO₂, microbial biomass (MB), specific soil respiration rate (R_s: respiration per unit of microbial biomass), and exoenzyme activities were quantified at 10 different collections time. Employing switchgrass tissues (referred to as litter) with naturally abundant ¹³C allowed us to partition CO₂ respiration derived from soil and amended litter. Cumulative soil respiration increased significantly by 16.4% and 4.2% under warming and N fertilization, respectively. Respiration derived from soil was elevated significantly with warming, while oxidase, the agent for recalcitrant soil substrate decomposition, was not significantly affected by warming. Warming, however, significantly enhanced MB and R_s indicating a decrease in microbial growth efficiency (MGE). On the contrary, respiration derived from amended litter was elevated with N fertilization, which was consistent with the significantly elevated hydrolase. N fertilization, however, had little effect on MB and R_s, suggesting little change in microbial physiology. Temperature and N fertilization showed minimal interactive effects likely due to little differences in soil N availability between NN and HN samples, which is partly attributable to switchgrass biomass N accumulation (equivalent to ~53% of fertilizer N). Overall, the differential individual effects of warming and N fertilization may be driven by physiological adaptation and stimulated exoenzyme kinetics, respectively. The study shed insights on distinct microbial acquisition of different substrates under global temperature increase and N enrichment.     

短期氮素添加和模拟放牧对青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统呼吸的影响

氮沉降和放牧是影响草地碳循环过程的重要环境因子,但很少有研究探讨这些因子交互作用对生态系统呼吸的影响。在西藏高原高寒草甸地区开展了外源氮素添加与刈割模拟放牧实验,测定了其对植物生物量分配、土壤微生物碳氮和生态系统呼吸的影响。结果表明:氮素添加显著促进生态系统呼吸,而模拟放牧对其无显著影响,且降低了氮素添加的刺激作用。氮素添加通过提高微生物氮含量和土壤微生物代谢活性,促进植物地上生产,从而增加生态系统的碳排放;而模拟放牧降低了微生物碳含量,且降低了氮素添加的作用,促进根系的补偿性生长,降低了氮素添加对生态系统碳排放的刺激作用。这表明,放牧压力的存在会抑制氮沉降对高寒草甸生态系统碳排放的促进作用,同时外源氮输入也会缓解放牧压力对高寒草甸生态系统生产的负面影响。     

Effects of experimental warming and nitrogen fertilization on soil microbial communities and processes of two subalpine coniferous species in Eastern Tibetan Plateau,China

Aim

This study aimed at predicting how sub-alpine coniferous ecosystems respond to global changes in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau by understanding soil microbial communities and activities, as well as variation in the quality and quantity of soil organic matter.

Methods

An experiment was conducted to examine soil microbial communities and their related soil processes in rhizospheric soil of two coniferous species that were exposed to two levels of temperature (unwarmed and infrared heater warming) and two levels of nitrogen (unfertilized and 25 g N m^?2 a^?1) from April 2007.

Results

Four-year night warming alone slightly affected the phospholipid fatty acid contents of the microbial community. However, the combination of nitrogen addition and soil warming significantly affected soil microbial composition while reducing the biomass of major microbial groups and the activities of most enzymes, especially in Abies faxoniana plots. The combination of warming and nitrogen addition increased soil labile C and N pools in Picea asperata plots and was beneficial for soil recalcitrant C, as well as for labile and total C and N pools in A. faxoniana plots.

Conclusion

Results indicated that future warming will slightly affect soil microbial communities and their related soil processes. However, warming combined with high nitrogen deposition will significantly constrain soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities, consequently increasing soil C and N pools in sub-alpine coniferous forests of this region.