暗褐网柄牛肝菌人工驯化研究的回顾与前瞻

在全球的牛肝菌物种中,暗褐网柄牛肝菌Phlebopus portentosus是唯一一种成功被人工驯化、实现了周年工厂化栽培的牛肝菌,总产能已达日产16t.暗褐网柄牛肝菌人工栽培技术,从初期的实验室探索阶段,到工厂化栽培的发展阶段,再到工厂化菌株菌种选育的提升阶段,都取得了一定的进步.本文将从暗褐网柄牛肝菌的生态学特性...     

美味牛肝菌(Boletus edulis)和乳牛肝菌(Suillus bovinus)引种驯化初步探讨

为了开发利用菌根真菌资源,本文报道了采用锯木屑、棉籽壳为主的培养基,培养美味牛肝菌和乳牛肝菌的菌丝情况,研究获得初步成功,提供研究者参考。     

疣柄牛肝菌属一中国新记录种

报道了采自内蒙古呼伦贝尔市的中国疣柄牛肝菌属1个新记录种,即假褐疣柄牛肝菌Leccinum pseudoscabrum(Kallenb.)utara.。主要特征为菌肉伤后变红到紫褐色,再到黑褐色,基部菌丝体手触后呈紫褐色;具泡状菌丝,呈栅栏状。比较和讨论了该种与相近种在伤后不同的变色反应及菌丝形态。研究标本存放于吉林农业大学菌物标本馆(HMJAU)。     

变色疣柄牛肝菌子实体水溶性粗多糖的提取方法

试验就变色疣柄牛肝菌多糖的提取方法进行了初浅探索,结果表明变色疣柄牛肝菌干燥子实体萃取粗多糖较佳的条件为:粒度以粉碎60目筛、提取剂为蒸馏水、选择菌盖、选择料水比为1∶35(W/V)、沉淀剂达到85%的乙醇浓度、萃取温度选择在80℃、萃取时间为3 h、提取2次可得到粗多糖3%~5%。正交试验表明影响变色疣柄牛肝菌多糖得率的主次因素为乙醇浓度、提取温度、提取时间、料水比,各因素的最佳配合、最优工艺为A3B2C1D3,即乙醇浓度为85%、温度80℃、时间3 h、料水比为1∶15,在此条件下多糖得率为5.008%,提取粗多糖含量在47.995%。     

盆栽条件下暗褐网柄牛肝菌人工菌塘及其子实体的培养

在土壤中添加促进暗褐网柄牛肝菌（Phlebopus portentosus）菌丝及其宿主咖啡生长的营养液,用暗褐网柄牛肝菌纯培养种接种盆栽件下的咖啡苗根系,结果表明：92.5%以上的小粒咖啡（Coffea arabica）苗形成菌根,菌根上外延菌丝向根尖、侧根及根系周围的土壤延伸生长,与土粒相互交结形成菌塘。接种20天后,菌塘中子实体紧贴咖啡苗茎基或于咖啡苗株间生长,共生长162个子实体,发育成熟52个。子实体菌柄基部菌索与咖啡苗主根表面菌套连接。     

暗褐网柄牛肝菌菌核形成相关基因分析

【背景】暗褐网柄牛肝菌(Phlebopus portentosus)是第一个能够人工栽培的食用牛肝菌,人工栽培过程中,不同菌株会形成数量不等的菌核。【目的】探明不同菌株产核差异机制。【方法】采集多菌核(JH1)、寡菌核(JH2)菌株的成熟菌核及无菌核(JH3)菌株培养相同时间的菌丝体进行转录组测序,分析差异表达基因对菌核形成的作用和功能。【结果】KEGG富集分析显示,JH2 vs. JH1互比,苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸的生物合成,精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢,半胱氨酸及蛋氨酸代谢显著富集;JH3 vs. JH1互比,乙醛酸和二羧酸代谢显著富集;JH3 vs. JH2互比,谷胱甘肽、乙醛酸和二羧酸代谢显著富集。菌核形成相关基因分析显示,从JH2 vs. JH1、JH3 vs. JH1和JH3 vs. JH2的差异表达基因中分别筛选到69、118和82条与信号转导、感知刺激、防御、碳水化合物活性酶等有关的基因,其中碳水化合物活性酶基因数量最多。三个比较组共有的碳水化合物活性酶基因在JH1中的表达量高于JH2、JH3,表明JH1更能充分利用底物营养以形成更多菌核。【结论】本研究从转录组水平初步分析了暗...     

覆土层中细菌对暗褐网柄牛肝菌子实体生长的影响

【目的】筛选对暗褐网柄牛肝菌菌丝及子实体生长有促进作用的细菌单菌株,并对其进行鉴定。【方法】将3株细菌菌株C1、T24、T34及引进4株细菌菌株1B00263、1A0081、1A03263、1A01082单菌株添加到覆土层,定期测覆土层菌丝生长长度、原基形成时间、原基数目、子实体成熟数及子实体重。选出对暗褐网柄牛肝菌菌丝及子实体生长有促进作用的菌株,并采用分子生物学方法对其进行鉴定。【结果】添加T34菌株的处理在暗褐网柄牛肝菌子实体整个形成过程中起着重要的作用,不仅对覆土层暗褐网柄牛肝菌菌丝生长有显著促进作用,对子实体形成、平均单菇重也有显著促进作用;添加C1、T24、1A01082、1B00263、1A03263单菌株的处理对覆土层暗褐网柄牛肝菌菌丝的生长有显著的促进作用;添加1A00081、1B00263、C1、1A03263单菌株的处理,原基形成时间(19.86 24.14 d)比对照(27.00 d)提前7 3 d,对暗褐网柄牛肝菌原基的形成也有促进作用。C1、T24、T34对暗褐网柄牛肝菌菌丝、子实体的生长起着不同程度的促进作用,这3株细菌经分子生物学鉴定,结果为:C1为短杆菌属(Brevibacterium sp.),T34为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.),T24的种属关系还有待进一步确定。【结论】7株细菌单菌株添加到覆土层,研究其对暗褐网柄牛肝菌菌丝及子实体生长的影响。最终筛选到一株细菌菌株T34(芽孢杆菌属Bacillus sp.),对暗褐网柄牛肝菌菌丝及子实体的生长均有显著的促进作用。     

粤产乳牛肝菌属的新分类群和新纪录

本文报导作者在广东所采集的乳牛肝菌属 Suillus Micla．Ex S．F．Gray 的13个种,其中胶质乳牛肝菌 Suillus gloeous Bi et T．H．Li 为新种,另外5种为国内新纪录种。     

两种乳牛肝菌属菌根食用菌与马尾松的共生特征

菌根食用菌（edible mycorrhizal fungi,EMF）是兼具生态价值和经济价值的大型真菌,其对林木健康、森林生态系统的稳定性及林下经济的发展至关重要。本研究以贵州地区马尾松Pinus massoniana林2种乳牛肝菌属Suillus EMF为研究对象,研究了其子实体及其与马尾松形成的菌根的形态特征,调查了其子实体的发生规律及其与温度和降雨的关系。研究结果表明：粘盖乳牛肝菌S. bovinus和褐环乳牛肝菌S. luteus可同时在马尾松林发生。粘盖乳牛肝菌和褐环乳牛肝菌与马尾松形成的菌根均呈珊瑚状,其中粘盖乳牛肝菌形成的菌根表面光滑无根外菌丝但具有根外菌索,褐环乳牛肝菌形成的菌根具有密集的根外菌丝但无根外菌索。粘盖乳牛肝菌和褐环乳牛肝菌子实体具有较长的发生期、产量较大,且具有错峰发生的特点。相对于降雨,温度是这2种乳牛肝菌子实体发生的主要限制因素。     

Defoliation effects on enzyme activities of the ectomycorrhizal fungus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Suillus granulatus</Emphasis> in a <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus contorta</Emphasis> (lodgepole pine) stand in Yellowstone National Park

Ectomycorrhizal (EM) basidiomycete fungi are obligate mutualists of pines and hardwoods that receive fixed C from the host tree. Though they often share most recent common ancestors with wood-rotting fungi, it is unclear to what extent EM fungi retain the ability to express enzymes that break down woody substrates. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the dominant EM fungus in a pure pine system retains the ability to produce enzymes that break down woody substrates in a natural setting, and that this ability is inducible by reduction of host photosynthetic potential via partial defoliation. To achieve this, pines in replicate blocks were defoliated 50% by needle removal, and enzyme activities were measured in individual EM root tips that had been treated with antibiotics to prevent possible bacterial activity. Results indicate that the dominant EM fungal species (Suillus granulatus) expressed all enzymes tested (endocellulase D-glucosidase, laccase, manganese peroxidase, lignin peroxidase, phosphatase and protease), and that activities of these enzymes increased significantly (P < 0.001) in response to defoliation. Thus, this EM fungus (one of the more specialized mutualists of pine) has the potential to play a significant role in C, N and P cycling in this forested ecosystem. Therefore, many above-ground factors that reduce photosynthetic potential or divert fixed C from roots may have wide-reaching ecosystem effects.     

雪峰虫草的研究现状、问题及展望

虫草是我国具有特殊意义的重要药用真菌资源,其人工培育、药效成分和药理作用等相关研究备受学者关注。雪峰虫草是近年来在湖南省雪峰山系发现的一种新虫草资源,与冬虫夏草亲缘关系近,在洞口县民间替代冬虫夏草用于治疗癌症、咳嗽及提高免疫力等。结合自身研究工作,对近年来雪峰虫草的发现与生长习性调研、虫草菌分离、虫菌复合体培育、子座人工培育、化学成分分析以及药理作用研究等方面进行了详细阐释。根据雪峰虫草的特性,以及当前虫草研究趋势,分析了目前雪峰虫草存在的问题,提出了雪峰虫草研究的新思路和价值。     

Effects of experimental infection with Eimeria bovis on the balance of sodium, potassium and water in calves

Balance trials were performed to investigate the effects of experimental Eimeria bovis coccidiosis on the metabolism of water, sodium and potassium in calves. Non-infected pair-fed controls and controls fed according to plan were included in the study to allow differentiation between the effects due to infection and due to changes in feed intake. Primary infection with 5 × 10⁴ (group A) or 1 × 10⁵ (group B) oocysts caused mild diarrhoea in three out of four group A calves and mild to severe haemorrhagic diarrhoea in all five group B calves. Losses of sodium and potassium via faeces tended to increase in the infected calves during patency and apparent digestibility (AD) of these minerals was comparably low. In the urine of the infected calves the Na/K-ratio decreased due to a reduced urinary excretion of sodium. The retention (RT) of sodium was particularly high in the calves that had received the higher oocyst dose. Potassium RT did not underlie significant changes during the course of coccidiosis. In the infected calves the plasma level of sodium was reduced transiently while the level of potassium remained fairly stable. Infections with the higher oocyst dose caused a distinct reduction of fluid excretion via urine which compensated for the increased faecal water losses during severe diarrhoea. Reinfection of the group A calves with 1 × 10⁵ oocysts did not cause any significant metabolic impairment. The results of this study indicate that although acute sublethal bovine coccidiosis alters electrolyte and water metabolism the overall balance of electrolytes and water is largely maintained by physiologic adaptation.     

Distribution and status of bustards in China

This article presents the distribution and status of bustards, which are listed as first-category protected animals according to the survey results during 1990–2002 in China. The Chinese populations of Otis tarda dybowskii are breeding in south-west of Heilongjiang Province, western Jilin Province, east and middle Inner Mongolia, north Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, and Gansu Province. A few can winter in the south breeding-range. Its winter-range lies from the south to the Yellow River, as far as to Guizhou Province and Jiangxi Province. Its population number is about 200–300 or 500–800. The Chinese populations of O. t. tarda are breeding in the north and west of Xinjiang. It is unclear about its winter-range, which is presumed to be in south Asia. Recently we found individuals wintering in Chabuchaer and west Xinjiang. The population number is about 2000–3000. The habitat in breeding range includes steppe, grassland, desert grassland, and farmland. The habitat in winter range is the beach of rivers and lakes, meadows, meadow-grassland, and wheatland. The Chinese populations of Chlamydotis undulata macqueeni are breeding in the fringe of the Jungar Basin, the banks of the Ulungur River, Balikun and south Turpan Basin in Xinjiang, west Inner Mongolia, and west Gansu. NortheastMulei in eastern Jungar Basin of Xinjiang is the main breeding-range in the world. The bird uses desert and desert grassland as its habitat. Its winter-range is west Asia and south Asia. Its population number is about 2000. The Chinese populations of Tetrax tetrax are breeding in north Xinjiang, and China is located on the east border of its breeding-range. Its habitat is grassland and semi-desert, and its winter-range lies in south Asia. Its population in China is very scarce. In addition, we analyzed the causes of their endangerment and put forward protection tactics of Chinese Bustards. __________ Translated from Arid Zone Research, 2007, 24(2): 179–186 [译自: 干旱区研究]     

High-and low-intensity photosystems in Phycomyces phototropism: Effects of mutations in genes madA,madB, and madC

Sporangiophores of Phycomyces blakesleeanus Burgeff that have been grown in darkness and are then suddenly exposed to unilateral light show a two-step bending response rather than a smooth, monotonic response found in light-adapted specimens (Galland and Lipson, 1987, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 104–108). The stepwise bending is controlled by two photosystems optimized for the low-and high-intensity ranges. These two photosystems have now been studied in phototropism mutants with defects in genes madA, madB, and madC. All three mutations raise the threshold of the low-intensity (low-fluence) photosystem by about 10⁶-fold and that of the high-intensity (high-fluence) system by about 10³-fold. Estimates for the light-adaptation time constants of the low-and high-intensity photosystems show that the mutants are affected in adaptation. In the mutants, the light-adaptation kinetics are only slightly affected in the low-intensity photosystem but, for the high-intensity photosystem, the kinetics are considerably slower than in the wild type.Abbreviations WT wild type     

Growth-rate adaptation of Phycomyces sporangiophores to partial depletion of oxygen

The growth rate of Phycomyces blakesleeanus sporangiophores was found to be very sensitive to sudden changes in the oxygen concentration. A change from 20% to 15% oxygen elicits a transient decrease in the growth rate which returns to normal 10 min after altering the concentration. After a step change to 10% oxygen, the growth rate shows two minima at 6–8 and 30–35 min and it reaches about 80% of its original value 50 min after this change. A threshold curve for this negative growth response shows that sporangiophores begin to sense a decrease in the oxygen concentration from 20% to 17%. Seven phototropically abnormal mutants with defects in the genes madA to madG were tested for the oxygen response. Two strains, C149madD120 and C316madF48, were found to have recoveries different from those of the wild type after step changes from 20% to 10% oxygen.     

Carotenoids in the outer cell-wall layer of Scenedesmus (Chlorophyceae)

Scenedesmus obliquus, strain 633, which synthesizes ketocarotenoids and sporopollenin, also forms pink-red-colored cell walls. Both the cell walls left over after autospore liberation and those from homogenates of disrupted green cells have similar carotenoid pigmentation. Canthaxanthin, astaxanthin, an unidentified ketocarotenoid, and lutein were found as integral cell wall components. They are bound to the outer (trilaminar) layer of the complete cell wall which also contains sporopollenin.Abbreviations CWH complete cell walls isolated from the homogenates - CWM maternal cell walls accumulated in the medium - KC ketocarotenoid - SC secondary carotenoids - SP sporopollenin