新疆蝗虫及其监控技术研究进展

因蝗虫种群种类多、分布范围广,导致新疆是我国蝗虫灾害发生最突出、最典型的地区,也是遭受邻国蝗虫跨境危害最严重的地区。本文概述了几十年来新疆蝗虫基础理论研究及监测预警与防控技术进展,同时总结了中哈边境蝗虫跨境迁飞过程及雷达监测的最新研究结果,并就中亚迁飞场理论和实证研究、区域迁飞害虫监测网络平台建立和生物防治技术三个方面进行了展望,以期为监测和治理新疆本地蝗虫及西北边境迁飞害虫提供科学依据和技术支撑。     

《环青海湖地区草地蝗虫遥感监测与预测》简介

南京师范大学地理科学学院地图与遥感研究所所长倪绍祥教授在国家自然科学基金的支持下 ,率领他的研究集体对环青海湖地区草地蝗虫的发生与生态因素和环境条件的关系及其遥感监测与预测进行了系统研究。在多年的实地考察与研究中 ,借助于陆地卫星遥感图象与地理信息系统 ,划分了草地蝗虫的生境类型、评估了潜在的发生与成灾的可能性并初步建立了预测预报模型 ,提出了草地蝗虫样区研究方案和蝗虫密度与植被生境的定量指标。在总结研究成果的基础上 ,撰写了《环青海湖地区草地蝗虫遥感监测与预测》专著。全书分上、下篇 ,上篇 :环青海湖地区草…     

2015年福建省局部地区褐飞虱暴发成灾主要原因分析与防控对策

针对福建省2015年水稻褐飞虱暴发成灾,从昆虫种群生态学原理出发,结合历史相关资料,总结研究了导致2015年褐飞虱暴发成灾的主要原因.褐飞虱本地虫源和外来迁入虫源是重要诱因,极高的种群增长率是决定性关键内因,异常气候与水稻抽穗灌浆期契合形成的适宜环境及食物营养条件是决定性关键外因,田间防治技术问题则是导致灾害并造成重大损失的直接原因.褐飞虱持续治理对策方面,需加强褐飞虱种群监测与预警,开展抗药性监测与治理,实施稻田肥料和农药减施技术,并加强防控应用技术的研究与推广及技术培训,加快推进实施褐飞虱专业化防治.     

蝗虫生境评价信息系统的设计与实现

主要论述了蝗虫生境评价信息系统的设计目标、数据流程及结构设计、数据库设计、模型库设计及功能设计,并简要说明了所建系统的实现。研究表明,基于GIS技术所建立的蝗虫生境评价信息系统,可对影响蝗虫发生的生境因子进行综合分析以及针对蝗虫潜在发生可能性对蝗虫生境进行定量评价,从而为蝗虫发生和成灾的监测和防治提供强有力的技术手段。蝗虫生境评价信息系统除了应具备信息系统的基本功能和一般统计分析功能外,还应重点加强其生境评价功能,如评价因子选择和权重管理,评价指标量化,评价等级划分,评价指标的加权求和,以及总分值的划分。     

蝗虫肠道微生物研究进展

蝗虫自古以来是我国农林牧业的一大害虫,蝗虫聚集成灾对农业造成了巨大的损失,国内外学者也因此对其进行了深入的研究。随着科研工作者对昆虫肠道微生态学理论的逐渐重视,蝗虫的肠道微生物也成为了研究的重点,同时测序技术的迅速发展促进了蝗虫肠道微生物的研究。本文从蝗虫肠道菌群的多样性、功能及研究方法入手,对近年来蝗虫肠道微生物的研究进展进行总结,并对今后的研究进行展望。     

我国农业害虫综合防治研究进展

农业害虫综合防治是昆虫学的一门应用科学,旨在明确农作物害虫的发生危害与暴发成灾规律,提出害虫监测预警和可持续治理的理论与方法。在2012-2016年的5年间,我国提出了基于生态系统服务和多尺度空间管理的害虫生态调控新理论,发展了害虫行为调控技术和化学防治新技术,并在棉铃虫对Bt棉花抗性治理对策、稻飞虱的监测预警和综合防控技术、小菜蛾抗药性诊断及治理技术、青藏高原农牧害虫发生规律和分区治理等防治实践中取得了重要进展。根据国际上害虫综合防治学科发展趋势和我国的研究现状,将来还需要在害虫灾变机制研究、害虫绿色防控技术创新研发以及集成应用等方面进行深入探索,为我国农业害虫可持续治理以及化学农药减量使用提供有力的科技支撑。     

大型水母迁移规律和灾害监测预警技术研究进展

20世纪80年代以来,全球大型水母灾害发生频率与成灾种类不断增加,已严重影响了近海海洋渔业、沿海工业、滨海旅游业和海洋生态系统,已引起了各国政府高度重视,并且越来越多海洋工作者投身水母迁移等科学研究和监测预警工作中。回顾近年来国内外学者对水母漂移聚集和溯源等迁移规律的研究进展以及水母灾害监测预警工作现状。水母研究为预测预警工作服务,应侧重于开展系统的水母海上和室内试验,建立业务化立体监测体系;加强水母漂移聚集机理研究,建立更完善的水母预警模式。     

农业农村部、海关总署、国家林草局联合制定预案 科学有效应对境内外蝗虫威胁

近日,农业农村部、海关总署、国家林草局三部门联合制定印发《沙漠蝗及国内蝗虫监测防控预案》.《预案》指出,虽然专家分析认为,沙漠蝗迁飞入侵我国的几率很小,但仍须从底线思维和风险意识出发,统筹做好境内外蝗虫防治工作.各地要按照主动预防、内外结合、分类施策、有效处置的总体要求,坚持“两手抓”,既严防境外沙漠蝗入侵危害,又继续做好国内蝗虫防治,加强监测预警,全面排查蝗灾隐患,突出区域治理和科学防控,做到早发现、早预警、早防治.     

国际蝗虫灾害的防治策略和技术：现状与展望

简要地综述了国际上对蝗虫灾害管理策略与控制技术的发展现状,包括：监测与预警技术、化学防治、生物防治、综合管理对策以及目前的研究热点方向。比较分析了国际、国内蝗虫发生及其治理中存在问题的异同。国际上控制蝗虫灾害的理论、技术、措施、对策,对中国有重要的借鉴作用。一般来说, 控制蝗虫灾害的IPM计划中应该包括：在策略上,强调提前预防压制优于后期灭杀处理;在规律认识上,重视基础生物学和生态学的研究,并将之模型化和标准化;在测报方法上,积极发展和改善监测预警技术水平,将地理信息系统(GIS）和遥感（RS）技术集成引入到防治决策的整体系统中,使信息能够快速、准确地传递;在防治手段上,注意新型防治药剂和施药技术的研究开发和集成,增加用药效果;在天敌利用和环境保护方面,充分认识和评估自然天敌的控制作用,正确地估计防治效益和挽回的损失,重视对环境价值的评价;同时加强多个地区间的联合与协调。     

小麦吸浆虫的研究进展

小麦吸浆虫是小麦上的毁灭性害虫,主要分布在亚洲、欧洲及北美洲。近年来在我国、加拿大的Saskatehewan的东北部、芬兰的东南海岸附近以及瑞典的Uppsala和Stockholm等地暴发成灾。我国50年代曾一度猖撅危害,后经大力研究和防治到60年代基本控制其危害。由于放松监测和防治,80年代中期再度暴发成灾,已波及门个省区、340多个县,发生面积333．3×104hm2,每年造成小麦减产100×104kg左右。近十年来吸浆虫发生危害呈加重趋势,成灾频率增加,已严重制约小麦生产和“两高一优”农业的发展。现将有关情况综述如下。1种群生物学研究小麦吸浆…     

东亚飞蝗发生的生态因素辨识及监测预测

基于前人研究成果,对中国东亚飞蝗发生的孕灾环境及其主要影响生态因素进行辨识.结果表明:蝗灾的动态变化与气候变化关系密切;飞蝗分布界限受气候带的影响;发生基地具有类似的孕灾环境特征;飞蝗发生发展与水文、气候、土壤和植被等主要生态因素的一定指标阈值有密切关系;传统的飞蝗预测研究多着重分析各生态因子与飞蝗消长的数理统计相关关系,近年多在大尺度气候背景下探讨适宜中长期的预测方法,国内外利用遥感等多种现代化手段对蝗灾进行大范围监测.     

蝗虫生境监测方法研究进展

蝗虫是一种能对农业生产带来毁灭性打击的害虫。预测、监测蝗虫的发生、发展对于防治蝗虫、减轻蝗灾具有重要意义。在分析蝗虫的发生和消长与其生存环境的关系基础上,概述了以往蝗虫发生、发展预测、监测的主要方法。然后,从监测蝗虫生境采用的指标、卫星数据、算法等方面进一步阐述了运用现代遥感、地理信息系统技术监测蝗虫生境、预测蝗虫发生、发展的理论基础和最新进展;最后,结合现代对地观测技术、网络、快速计算和模拟等技术的发展探讨了蝗虫生境监测的发展方向。     

THE OPERATION OF A GIS-BASED DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR AUSTRALIAN LOCUST MANAGEMENT

Abstract  The Australian Plague Locust Commission (APLC) is responsible for the monitoring and control of locust populations that pose a threat to agriculture in the inland areas of four Australian States, a total area of 2 million km2. A GIS-based decision support system (DSS) is used to co-ordinate the collection, processing, analysis and display of a range of spatial data for the forecasting of locust population development and to assist control operations. The resultant forecasts are used to help locate population aggregations early in a breeding sequence so as to enable effective preventive control. The data collection components of the DSS include wireless direct transfer of locust survey data from the field and daily internet collections of weather data. Locust distribution and age information is collected by APLC officers on regular vehicle surveys using GPS-connected palmtop computers, and sent directly to a GIS server via high frequency (HF) radio modems. Locust reports from landholders and state extension staff are also incorporated into the system. The current survey data are used to estimate broad distributions, and to seed spatially-explicit development models that can identify the timing of life stages that can be effectively managed. Information on the distribution of rainfall, temperature and wind-fields is collected automatically from the internet and integrated with habitat information and locust distributions. Online weather data products from the Bureau of Meterology are also accessed regularly to assist in operational decision making.     

基于GIS的澳大利亚蝗虫治理决策支持系统的运行

澳大利亚疫蝗委员会（APLC）负责澳大利亚内陆四个州2000000km^2上严重威胁农业生产的蝗虫种群的监测与防治。应用一个基于GIS的“决策支持系统（DSS）”采集,处理,分析并显示多种空间数据,以预测蝗虫种群的发育并辅助实施防治。所做预测有助于对蝗群集聚区做出早期定位并采取有效的预防措施。该DSS的数据采集包括田间调查资料的无线直传和网上逐日天气资料的下载,蝗群的分布和年龄结构信息通过定期GPS定位调查获得,并连同农场主和地方农技推广人员的虫情报告通过高频调制直接传至APLC总部的GIS服务器上;当前的调查资料用于估测蝗群的分布并作为空间发育模型的输入数据以确定实施防治的最适发育阶段的始期;降水分布和风温场资料从网上自动下载并与栖境条件和蝗群分布信息集成。同时,澳大利亚联邦气象局的在线天气资料及产品也从网上定时存取用于决策支持。     

Effects of two locust control methods on wood-eating termites in arid Australia

Termites are ubiquitous detritivores and are a key influence on soil function and nutrient cycles, particularly in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Locust control presents a unique hazard to termites and the effective functioning of ecosystems as a consequence of the overlap between pesticide applications and termite populations in grassland and desert landscapes. We monitored the effects of locust control methods using ultra-low-volume (ULV) barrier application of a chemical pesticide, fipronil, and a blanket application of a fungal biopesticide, Metarhizium acridum, on wood-eating termites in arid western New South Wales, Australia. We tested the hypothesis that spray applications decrease termite activity at wood baits using a BACI designed field experiment over 2 years. Our replicated control and treatment sites represented the spatial scale of Australian locust control activities. There was no detectable impact of either locust control treatment on termite activity, bait mass loss or termite community composition measures. Non-significant differences in termite survey measures among sites suggested that climate and environmental conditions were stronger drivers of our termite measures than the single, localized and unreplicated application of pesticides more commonly used in locust control operations in arid Australia. A lack of evidence for an impact of our fipronil or Metarhizium application methods supports their use as low hazard locust control options with minimal large scale and longer-term effects on termites in Australian arid rangelands. Future research would be necessary to determine the probable short-term impacts of treatments on individual termite colonies and the possible impacts on non-wood eating termite species in the arid-zone.     

HISTORICAL EVIDENCE FOR POPULATION DYNAMICS OF TIBETAN MIGRATORY LOCUST AND THE FORECAST OF ITS OUTBREAK*

Abstract The Tibetan migratory locust (Locusta migratoria tibetensis Chen) is the highest altitude distributed subspecies among the 10 subspecies of migratory locusts. It was discovered and described as new subspecies in 1963. It is mostly distributed above an elevation of 3 000 m, with the highest up to 4 600 m, on the “Roof of the World,” viz. the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in southwestern China. Recent study on the historic literature revealed ancient records of locust plagues caused by Locusta migratoria tibetensis Chen in many regions of Xizang (Tibet). These disasters took place during 124 years stretching from 1828 to 1952. Forty-five places were infested by locust swarms, and from 1846 to 1857 locust disasters occurred sucessively in 12 years, and affected 18 places of Xizang. At the severe disaster regions crops were damaged by locusts in such a degree that there was no harvest at all. At the same time, locust plagues due to another subspecies also occurred in the plains between the Yellow River and Huaihe and Haihe Rivers in East China. The disasters in Xizang were caused by the Tibetan migratory locust, while in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain disasters were due to the Oriental migratory locust Locusta migratoria manilensis (Meyen). This study not only provides the evidence that the Tibetan migratory locust has been existing as a separate subspecies with a long history, but also reveals the relevant years of locust plagues, their regional distribution and intermittent rules of locust plagues. It also offers a scientific basis for forecasting Tibetan migratory locust disasters and related monitoring strategies; as well as understanding the close relationship between the outbreak of the migratory locust and drought.     

蝗虫的发生与防控

蝗虫暴发引起的灾害是全球重要的生物灾害,可影响到全世界十分之一的人口。自2019年,东部非洲、西亚、南亚多个国家遭遇严重的沙漠蝗虫灾害,这场蝗灾不但对该区域的粮食安全构成严重威胁,而且还有可能引发严重的人道主义危机。为了制定合理的防治方案,实施有效防控,避免大规模蝗灾的发生,需要掌握蝗虫的生物学、生态学、暴发和为害规律、防治策略和技术特点及其进展等。本文介绍了世界各地包括沙漠蝗、飞蝗、澳大利亚疫蝗在内的11种可以引起灾害的重要种类的主要分布、为害和特性,并对国内外蝗虫防治策略、技术进展进行了重点综述。最后,针对目前蝗虫防治存在的问题提出了相应建议。     

Late Pliocene and Quaternary Eurasian locust infestations in the Canary Archipelago

Meco, J., Muhs, D.R., Fontugne, M., Ramos, A.J.G., Lomoschitz, A. & Patterson, D. 2010: Late Pliocene and Quaternary Eurasian locust infestations in the Canary Archipelago. Lethaia, Vol. 44, pp. 440–454. The Canary Archipelago has long been a sensitive location to record climate changes of the past. Interbedded with its basalt lavas are marine deposits from the principal Pleistocene interglacials, as well as aeolian sands with intercalated palaeosols. The palaeosols contain African dust and innumerable relict egg pods of a temperate‐region locust (cf. Dociostaurus maroccanus Thunberg 1815 ). New ecological and stratigraphical information reveals the geological history of locust plagues (or infestations) and their palaeoclimatic significance. Here, we show that the first arrival of the plagues to the Canary Islands from Africa took place near the end of the Pliocene, ca. 3 Ma, and reappeared with immense strength during the middle Late Pleistocene preceding MIS (marine isotope stage) 11 (ca. 420 ka), MIS 5.5 (ca. 125 ka) and probably during other warm interglacials of the late Middle Pleistocene and the Late Pleistocene. During the Early Holocene, locust plagues may have coincided with a brief cool period in the current interglacial. Climatically, locust plagues on the Canaries are a link in the chain of full‐glacial arid–cold climate (calcareous dunes), early interglacial arid–sub‐humid climate (African dust inputs and locust plagues), peak interglacial warm–humid climate (marine deposits with Senegalese fauna), transitional arid–temperate climate (pedogenic calcretes), and again full‐glacial arid–cold climate (calcareous dunes) oscillations. During the principal interglacials of the Pleistocene, the Canary Islands recorded the migrations of warm Senegalese marine faunas to the north, crossing latitudes in the Euro‐African Atlantic. However, this northward marine faunal migration was preceded in the terrestrial realm by interglacial infestations of locusts. □Locust plagues, Canary Islands, Late Pliocene, Pleistocene, Holocene, palaeoclimatology.     

Sap flow of Robinia pseudoacacia in response to rainfall exclusion treatment and environment factors in a sub-humid area in Loess Plateau

随着全球气候变化加剧, 局部地区温度上升和降水量改变将对区域植被的分布与生长产生重要影响。在黄土高原半湿润及半干旱地区植被恢复中, 刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)是大面积种植的人工林树种。为探究该树种蒸腾耗水特征对降水量改变及水分条件差异的响应, 于2015年4月起, 在地处黄土高原半湿润区的陕西省永寿县槐平林场, 于35年生刺槐人工林样地中布设了人工截留降雨试验, 减少了47.5%的降雨输入。处理当年生长季内, 截留降雨处理区0-100 cm土层的平均土壤含水量相对于对照区(23.76%)有明显降低(22.59%)。采用Granier热扩散探针对截留降雨处理区和对照区的样树树干液流动态进行连续监测, 并同步监测主要气象环境因子(太阳辐射、空气温度和湿度)和林地土壤含水量, 分析了截留降雨处理区与对照区树干液流通量密度动态特征及其对环境因子的响应。结果表明: 截留降雨输入处理降低了刺槐树干液流通量密度, 截留降雨处理期间典型天气的平均液流通量密度(1.64 mL·m ^-2·s ^-1)不仅低于同组样树在处理前一年同期的水平(2.42 mL·m ^-2·s ^-1), 而且远低于试验期间对照区样树的平均水平(3.38 mL·m ^-2·s ^-1); 同时, 截留降雨处理还降低了刺槐液流通量密度对气象因子变化的敏感性, 截留降雨处理区样树液流通量密度响应空气水汽压亏缺的拟合方程参数值与对照区样树差异显著。分析可知, 降水量水平不仅影响土壤水分状况, 而且影响刺槐对气象环境因子响应的敏感性, 降水量减少导致的土壤含水量整体降低会使得该区域刺槐蒸腾耗水量下降, 显示其对环境因子的适应性, 但最终会导致生产力的大幅度降低。