基于GLBM模型的中国大陆阿根廷滑柔鱼鱿钓渔业CPUE标准化

西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼既是西南大西洋生态系统中的重要种类,也是鱿钓渔业的重要捕捞对像.单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)是表示渔业资源状况及其丰度的常用指标.根据2000-2010年中国大陆鱿钓船在西南大西洋的生产统计数据和海洋卫星遥感获得的海洋环境数据(表温,表温水平梯度,海面高度,叶绿素浓度),利用基于贝叶斯的广义线性模型(GLBM),分未加入固定交互选项、加入固定交互选项和加入随机交互选项3种情况对中国大陆西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼鱿钓渔业的CPUE进行标准化.根据偏差信息准则(DIC)值最小来确定最佳贝叶斯模型.结果表明,包含纬度、海表温度、表温水平梯度、海面高度、月×纬度、月×经度及年×纬度变量且加入随机交互项的GLBM模型为最适.标准化后的CPUE较名义CPUE小,年间变化平缓.与广义线性模型(GLM)和广义加性模型(GAM)标准化的CPUE比较,GLBM模型更能反映其资源丰度的真实水平.研究认为,2001-2010年间经GLBM模型标准化后的CPUE呈现逐年下降的趋势.     

基于水声学方法的天目湖鱼类资源捕捞与放流的生态监测

本文在天目湖捕捞赶鱼前（2011年12月）、赶鱼后（2012年1月）、捕捞与放流后（2012年3月）3个渔业阶段,结合渔业捕捞统计,采用水声学方法对天目湖鱼类资源（赶鱼后为不包括集鱼网箱的湖区鱼类资源）的捕捞与放流进行了生态监测,并构建GIS模型,得到鱼类种群结构、大小组成、鱼类密度、鱼类集群、鱼类资源量及其分布,为天目湖保水渔业的实施和渔业生产提供科学依据。天目湖鱼类种群以鲤科鱼类为主,鲢鳙2011年捕捞统计重量占比为98.07%,单网簖采样尾数占比为68.72%,鱼类资源受放流种类和规格影响较大;赶鱼前后和捕捞与放流后3个渔业阶段的鱼类平均目标强度（TS）分别为（-47.84?4.79）dB、（-48.58?4.98）dB、（-47.24?5.10）dB,且差异性显著（P<0.05）,捕捞与放流后TS在-45—-40 dB的鱼类明显升高到24.40%;3个渔业阶段的鱼类密度（FPCM）分别为（0.0124?0.0292）ind/m3、（0.0062?0.0227）ind/m3、（0.0098?0.0185）ind/m3,捕捞赶鱼作业显著（P<0.05）降低了鱼类密度,而捕捞与放流后鱼类密度显著（P<0.05）低于赶鱼前则是由于水深上升所致;在冬季的中下层水体出现典型的鱼类聚群,且随温度降低团聚程度提高;通过构建GIS模型评估鱼类资源量,赶鱼前约61万尾、赶鱼后约38万尾、捕捞与放流后约67万尾,资源量在中下游分布较高。     

基于贝叶斯Schaefer模型的阿根廷滑柔鱼资源评估与管理

利用基于贝叶斯统计方法的Schaefer模型对西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼资源量进行评估,并对评估结果进行风险分析.结果表明:正态分布方案和基准方案两个模型参数的预测值及估算的生物学参考点接近,但均大于对数正态分布方案.3种方案下,2001-2010年的捕捞死亡率都远低于限制参考点F0.1,2001-2010年的渔获量也小于最大可持续产量(MSY),表明西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼资源目前处于良好开发状况,没有遭受过度捕捞.决策分析表明,在相同的收获率情况下,对数正态分布方案得到的2025年资源量最低、资源崩溃的概率最大.3种方案下2025年渔获量最大时的收获率均为0.6,但是若将管理策略定为收获率0.6,则2025年以后资源量存在一定风险,因此较为保守的管理策略应将收获率控制在0.4左右,渔获量在55万t左右.     

长江上游江津和宜宾江段圆口铜鱼资源量估算

为了解长江上游特有鱼类圆口铜鱼（Coreius guichenoti）的种群数量及分布,2007~2009年对江津和宜宾江段的渔业捕捞情况和渔获物组成进行了调查,根据单位捕捞努力量渔获量对该江段的年渔获量进行了统计分析,采用FISATⅡ渔业评估软件中体长股分析模块对圆口铜鱼的资源量进行了估算。2007、2008和2009年,江津江段鱼类年总渔获量分别为267 850、689 975和586 575尾,宜宾江段鱼类年总渔获量分别为485 100、108 075和169 950尾;其中,江津江段圆口铜鱼的年渔获量分别为56 932、98 323和100 620尾,宜宾江段圆口铜鱼的年渔获量分别为66 099、16 952和32 812尾。渔获个体主要分布在80~220mm体长组。估算出2007~2009年江津江段圆口铜鱼年资源量分别为319 416、905 715和1124 470尾,年均值为783 200尾;以质量计,年资源量分别为25.33、129.72和244.48 t,年均值为133.18 t。宜宾江段圆口铜鱼年资源量分别为469 395、191 207和200 197尾,年均值为286 933尾;以质量计,年资源量分别为60.18、43.11和15.14 t,年均值为39.48 t。以上结果表明,长江上游江津江段圆口铜鱼年均资源量大于宜宾江段;2007~2009年宜宾江段圆口铜鱼资源量呈下降趋势,而江津江段圆口铜鱼资源量呈上升趋势。     

基于ESDA的西北太平洋柔鱼资源空间热点区域及其变动研究

以西北太平洋(150°E—160°E、38°N—45°N)柔鱼Ommastrephes bartramii为研究对象,以2007和2010年鱿钓渔业的原始点位数据为基础,利用常规统计和探索性空间数据分析(ESDA)中的全局空间自相关分析方法,对西北太平洋柔鱼资源空间分布及其变动进行了研究。结果表明,西北太平洋柔鱼资源呈现较强的聚集分布特征,但不同空间位置差异较大。利用GIS和ESDA的局部自相关方法进行了柔鱼资源热冷点空间分布的制图,结果显示2007年研究区存在3个显著的热点和1个冷点,2010年与之存在较为明显的差异,具有1个热点和4个冷点。变化检测分析表明,两个年份间出现1个热点区域和1个冷点区域未发生变化,另有2个区域从2007年热点变成2010年冷点;此外,非热冷点之间的变动在研究区占据了主导地位。景观指数分析表明,研究区柔鱼资源热冷点格局的复杂性和自相似性并不高,但其异质性和聚集性非常强,且整体性和凝聚度均很高。分析认为,2007年西北太平洋柔鱼渔区的形成受温度和海流的影响,近一半作业渔区产量相对较高,但并未充分保证空间热点的大面积形成,空间热点和冷点分布面积大致相当;2010年整个西北太平洋柔鱼渔场受亲潮势力影响,空间热点较为集中、空间冷点较多且分散。     

长江中游鱼类资源量的估算

为了解长江中游的鱼类资源现状,于2018年5和6月以及9和10月在宜昌、石首、洪湖、武汉和湖口5个江段进行了渔获物调查工作。通过统计各江段的渔业捕捞情况,计算年捕捞量。用体长股分析方法,对铜鱼(Coreius heterodon)、鳊(Parabramis pekinensis)和瓦氏黄颡鱼(Tachysurus vachelli)的资源量进行估算,并以此推算各江段的鱼类总资源量。结果显示,宜昌江段的鱼类年总资源量1077.36 t,其中,铜鱼为623.25 t;石首江段的年总资源量为2190.74 t,铜鱼为698.19 t;洪湖江段的鱼类年总资源量为58.57 t,其中,瓦氏黄颡鱼为0.41 t;武汉江段的鱼类年总资源量1010.54 t,其中,鳊为148.65 t;湖口江段的年鱼类总资源量14.55 t,瓦氏黄颡鱼为0.032 t。估算结果可以为长江中游鱼类资源保护措施的制定提供数据参考。     

对虾渔业生物学研究现状

当今世界上以近３０种大型虾类为对象的对虾渔业是经济效益最高的海洋渔业,受渔业利润和市场需求的驱动,过度捕捞导致多种种类面临着资源严重衰退的危险,本文概述了对虾属中各主要种群的渔业现状,繁殖,生长,死亡,补充,数量变动及其与栖息地生态环境和捕捞的相互关系,并简要介绍了当前世界上研究对虾种群资源评估的多种数理模式,提出了资源持续利用,管理的目标和相应的管理措施。     

东南太平洋金枪鱼延绳钓主要渔获种类垂直分布

研究延绳钓渔获物的垂直分布特征,可以帮助人们制定有效措施减少兼捕鱼种的渔获率,更好地了解大洋生态系统结构,并为基于生态系统的渔业管理提供参考.本研究根据2013年9月-2014年1月我国金枪鱼科学观察员在东南太平洋采集的延绳钓钩位深度数据和主要渔获种类的钓获钩位数据,分析了各钩位的上浮率和钓获鱼种的垂直分布,比较了不同鱼种垂直分布的差异.结果表明: 钓钩相对上浮率变化范围为8.9%～17.1%,平均相对上浮率为13.5%;14种渔获物钓获深度范围差异较大,斑点月鱼的平均钓获深度最深,鲣鱼最浅;除黄鳍金枪鱼和条纹四鳍旗鱼外,其他兼捕鱼种钓获深度均与长鳍金枪鱼(目标鱼种)具有显著性差异.
     

葛洲坝下游江段中华鲟产卵场食卵鱼类资源量估算

为定量评估食卵鱼类对中华鲟资源的危害,1997－2001年间,对中华鲟产卵场所在的葛洲坝水利枢纽坝址至下游庙嘴之间长约5km的江段,进行了渔业捕捞样本抽样和解剖检测,运用体长股分析方法并结合淦获物中不同种类的相对数量比例估算出食卵鱼类资源量,研究结果表明,吞食中华鲟卵的主要有圆口铜鱼,铜鱼,瓦氏黄颡鱼等11种鱼类,其年度资源量为197487－744487尾,多年平均444822尾。     

西北太平洋柔鱼栖息地环境因子分析及其对资源丰度的影响

柔鱼(Ommastrephes bartramii)是西北太平洋海域重要的经济头足类,短生命周期的生活史特征决定其资源丰度易受海洋环境变化影响。根据1998—2010年我国鱿钓船生产统计资料和环境资料,包括海表温度(SST)和叶绿素浓度(Chl-a)数据,结合Nio 3.4区海表温距平值(SSTA),分析了SST和Chl-a浓度的季节和年际变化特征,并分别探讨了SST和Chl-a浓度距平值与Nio 3.4区SSTA及柔鱼资源丰度之间的关系。结果表明,产卵场海域Chl-a浓度冬季高夏季低,SST则夏季高冬季低;育肥场Chl-a和SST均呈夏季高冬季低变化,但6—12月份Chl-a浓度波动明显。产卵场和育肥场SST及Chl-a浓度年际变化明显。同时研究发现,厄尔尼诺、拉尼娜和正常年份时Nio 3.4区SSTA对柔鱼产卵场和育肥场环境的调控机制不同:拉尼娜和正常年份产卵场和育肥场温度上升,叶绿素浓度变化幅度小,有利于资源量补充,产量较高;厄尔尼诺年份温度和叶绿素均降低,尤其育肥场叶绿素浓度,对资源量产生不利影响,产量锐减。研究利用多元线性回归分别建立了基于温度和叶绿素的柔鱼资源丰度的预测模型,两者均能很好的预测柔鱼资源丰度(P0.05),但基于叶绿素的预测模型优于温度模型。     

Biases in determining the diet of jumbo squid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dosidicus gigas</Emphasis> (D’ Orbigny 1835) (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) off southern-central Chile (34°S–40°S)

The diet of jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) off southern-central Chile is described to examine potential biases in the determination of their main prey. Specimens were collected from catches using different fishing gear (jigging, trawl and purse-seine), from July 2003 to January 2004, and from December 2005 to October 2006. The stomach contents were analyzed in terms of frequency of occurrence, number, and weight of prey items and the diet composition was analyzed using Detrended Correspondence Analysis. In the industrial purse-seine fleet for jack mackerel (Trachurus murphyi), the dominant prey of D. gigas was T. murphyi. In the industrial mid-trawl fishery for Patagonian grenadier (Macruronus magellanicus), the dominant species in the diet of D. gigas was M. magellanicus. Similarly, Chilean hake (Merluccius gayi) was the main prey in the diet of D. gigas obtained in the industrial trawl fishery for Chilean hake; and, in both artisanal fisheries (purse-seine for small pelagics and jigging), small pelagic fish and D. gigas were the main prey in the stomach contents of D. gigas. Cannibalism in D. gigas varied between different fleets and probably is related to stress behavior during fishing. The Detrended Correspondence Analysis ordination showed that the main prey in the diet of D. gigas is associated with the target species of the respective fishery. Consequently, biases are associated with fishing gear, leading to an overestimate in the occurrence of the target species in the diet. We recommend analyzing samples from jigging taken at the same time and place where the trawl and purse-seine fleets are operating to avoid this problem, and the application of new tools like stable isotope, heavy metal, and fatty acid signature analyses.     

Bio‐economic analysis of the Mar Menor (Murcia,SE Spain) small‐scale lagoon fishery

An integrated fisheries management tool based on a bio‐economic model was applied to the demersal fishery in the Mar Menor coastal lagoon in SE Spain, with the objective of exploring solutions to ensure the sustainability of this activity. The hypothesis is that excess harvesting in recent years by fishers trying to offset growing production costs has led to the inefficient use of lagoon fishery resources. The authors established the basic bio‐economic conditions of the fishery in 2012 by means of field sampling and personal interviews with producers, and analyzed the response of several biological and economic indicators (target species biomass and yield, fleet profits) to a management scenario based on limiting the fishing season of one of the main types of fishing gear (fish traps, locally known as ‘paranzas’). Results show that a reduction in fishing mortality of two overexploited species (Sparus aurata and Lithognathus mormyrus) will help recover the biomass of these stocks by more than 40% as well as increase the economic value of the fishery, with profits increasing by 17% over a 4‐year period.     

北太平洋两个柔鱼群体角质颚形态及生长特征

根据2011年5—11月我国鱿钓船在北太平洋海域(150°E—176°W)采集的渔获物样本,对柔鱼两个群体各项角质颚外部形态和生长进行分析。结果表明,角质颚参数值雌性均大于雄性,冬春生群体雌雄参数值间差异要大于秋生群体;角质颚各项参数值中,上头盖长(Upper Hood length,UHL)、上脊突长(Upper Crest length,UCL)、下脊突长(Lower crest length,LCL)、下翼长(Lower Wing length,LWL)与胴长、体重分别呈线性和指数关系(P0.01)。主成分分析认为,秋生群体雌、雄个体角质颚第一主成分因子均为UCL/ML,第二主成分因子均为UWL/ML,冬春生群体雌、雄个体角质颚第一主成分因子分别ULWL/ML和LLWL/ML,第二主成分分别与URW/ML和LRL/ML,这些这成分因子代表了角质颚水平和垂直方向上的生长特征。两个群体的雌性个体角质颚形态上存在显著差异,但雄性个体间差异不显著。方差分析(ANOVA)表明,2个群体不同胴长组间的角质颚形态均存在着显著差异(P0.01);LSD法分析认为,除了秋生群体雌性个体上头盖长、上喙长、下头盖长、下喙宽在胴长组250 mm和250—300 mm间不存在差异外,其他组之间均有着显著差异(P0.01)。同一群体不同性腺成熟度等级间的柔鱼角质颚形态存在显著差异(P0.01),但性成熟度为Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期时2个群体角质颚各项形态指标均存在显著差异(P0.01),而性成熟度Ⅲ期时则不存在差异(P0.05)。研究认为,不同群体的柔鱼角质颚形态及生长特征均存在着一定差异。     

北太平洋柔鱼微卫星标记的筛选及遗传多样性

采用(AC)12、(AG)12两种生物素探针,通过磁珠富集法构建了柔鱼部分基因组微卫星富集文库。68个阳性克隆中有60个含有微卫星序列,重复次数在10次以上的占86.84%,最高重复次数为33次。其中,完美型微卫星占60.53%,非完美型微卫星占36.84%,混合型微卫星占2.63%。除探针使用的AC/TG、AG/TC重复外,还得到ACAG、AGAC重复序列。利用筛选出的8个微卫星位点对北太平洋柔鱼6个群体的遗传多样性及遗传结构进行分析。结果表明,8个微卫星位点均为高度多态性位点(PIC=0.787—0.987),位点Bo103与位点Bo105极显著偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡(P0.01)。6个地理位置的柔鱼群体显示出较高的遗传多样性水平(Ho=0.672—0.761,He=0.808—0.851)。两两群体间的Fst值以及AMOVA分析结果均表明,群体间遗传分化不显著(Fst=0.00559,P0.05),遗传差异主要来自于个体间。基于Nei's遗传距离的UPGMA聚类树显示,北太平洋东北部2个柔鱼群体(NE1、NE3)聚为一类,西北部3个群体(NW1、NW2、NW3)与东北部1个群体(NE2)另聚为一类,且群体NW1与群体NE2亲缘关系最近,遗传距离与地理距离线性相关分析没有呈现出正相关性(R=0.175,P0.05)。遗传结构分析结果推断北太平洋柔鱼存在1个理论群。柔鱼个体具有较强的游泳能力,在海流的作用下,群体之间存在较强的基因交流。建议今后在柔鱼资源开发利用过程中将北太平洋柔鱼看作1个管理单元。     

Catchability: a key parameter for fish stock assessment

Summary Catchability is a concept in fishery biology which reflects the efficiency of a particular fishery. Its quantitative magnitude is expressed by the catchability coefficient, which relates the biomass abundance to the capture or fishing mortality. This paper is a comprehensive review of catchability including the development of our knowledge, interpretation and estimation.Catchability patterns indicate that the catchability coefficient has been used in two main lines: (a) increased efficiency of fishing effort and (b) its relation to population fishery processes for assessment and management purposes. It involves various aspects of the fishery, such as individual and population biology, characteristics of the fishing gear, amount of fishing, fishing strategies, and environmental fluctuation, among others.The concept is proposed of an integrated model of the catchability coefficient, which incorporates various of the aspects mentioned above. It is illustrated with two examples of its application: the red grouper (Epinephelus morio) fishery from the Campeche Bank, Gulf of Mexico, and the sardine (Sardinops caeruleus) fishery from the Gulf of California.     

Variability of Suitable Habitat of Western Winter-Spring Cohort for Neon Flying Squid in the Northwest Pacific under Anomalous Environments

We developed a habitat suitability index (HSI) model to evaluate the variability of suitable habitat for neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) under anomalous environments in the Northwest Pacific Ocean. Commercial fisheries data from the Chinese squid-jigging vessels on the traditional fishing ground bounded by 35°-45°N and 150°-175°E from July to November during 1998-2009 were used for analyses, as well as the environmental variables including sea surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration, sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) and sea surface salinity (SSS). Two empirical HSI models (arithmetic mean model, AMM; geometric mean model, GMM) were established according to the frequency distribution of fishing efforts. The AMM model was found to perform better than the GMM model. The AMM-based HSI model was further validated by the fishery and environmental data in 2010. The predicted HSI values in 1998 (high catch), 2008 (average catch) and 2009 (low catch) indicated that the squid habitat quality was strongly associated with the ENSO-induced variability in the oceanic conditions on the fishing ground. The La Niña events in 1998 tended to yield warm SST and favorable range of Chl-a concentration and SSHA, resulting in high-quality habitats for O. bartramii. While the fishing ground in the El Niño year of 2009 experienced anomalous cool waters and unfavorable range of Chl-a concentration and SSHA, leading to relatively low-quality squid habitats. Our findings suggest that the La Niña event in 1998 tended to result in more favorable habitats for O. bartramii in the Northwest Pacific with the gravity centers of fishing efforts falling within the defined suitable habitat and yielding high squid catch; whereas the El Niño event in 2009 yielded less favorable habitat areas with the fishing effort distribution mismatching the suitable habitat and a dramatic decline of the catch of O. bartramii. This study might provide some potentially valuable insights into exploring the relationship between the underlying squid habitat and the inter-annual environmental change.     

Adaptive behaviour of fishers to external perturbations: simulation of the Tasmanian rock lobster fishery

The rock lobster, Jasus edwardsii, lies on a global “hotspot” for climate change in the southeastern Australian state of Tasmania. The short-term effects of climate change are predicted to lead to an increasing exploitable biomass in the south and declining biomass in the north of the state. The future of the fishery is highly uncertain due to climate change, but also due to insecurities linked to the market conditions. The market for Tasmanian rock lobster is driven by the demand of a single market, China, which absorbs 75 % of the catch. This study examines how fishers can adapt to external perturbations that affect the social and economic viability of the fleet and the ecological dynamics of the stock. Three fleet dynamic models of increasing complexity are used to investigate the effects of climate change and lobster price changes on the fishery. There could be local depletion leading to negative short-term profit for the fleet if it is static and the proportion of the total catch taken in each region of the fishery does not respond to climate-induced-changes. Better outcomes would occur if the fleet adapts dynamically to environmental conditions, and fishing effort follows stock abundance, which would counter-act the short-term effects of climate change. Only a model with explicit representation of economic drivers can fully capture the local economic and social impacts of large scale global perturbations.