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1.
2010年春季(4—5月)、夏季(8月)和秋季(10月)在长江上游合江江段采用三层流刺网以3h为间隔昼夜24h连续采集圆口铜鱼样本,对其食物组成、昼夜摄食节律及季节摄食节律等进行分析和研究。结果显示圆口铜鱼的食谱较广,其食物种类包括软体动物、甲壳动物、鱼类、水生昆虫、寡毛类和植物碎片等,其中以淡水壳菜的相对优势度最高,说明圆口铜鱼是以肉食性为主的杂食性鱼类;平均饱满指数和平均充塞度的昼夜变化显示其昼夜摄食节律在春季表现为白昼型,而在夏季和秋季为晨昏型。摄食率随季节变化逐渐降低,春季摄食率最高,达93.33%;秋季摄食率最低,仅为78.21%;充塞度和饱满指数均表现出相似的季节变化,即春季摄食强度明显高于夏季和秋季,而夏秋两季之间差异不显著。  相似文献   

2.
长江口棘头梅童鱼食物组成和摄食习性的季节变化   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
棘头梅童鱼是长江口水域的常见小型经济鱼类,具有一定的捕捞价值.为了解长江口棘头梅童鱼食物组成和摄食习性的季节变化,本研究利用胃含物分析法对2013年11月—2014年8月在长江口水域捕获的棘头梅童鱼样本进行了分析.结果表明:长江口棘头梅童鱼全年摄食的饵料生物有8目30种,其中虾类(游泳亚目)是主要饵料生物,相对重要性指数百分比(IRI%)为38.5,优势指数(Ip)为79.1;其次为糠虾目和磷虾目.全年饵料生物中的主要优势种类为葛氏长臂虾、安氏白虾、脊尾白虾、长额刺糠虾、短额刺糠虾、光背节鞭水虱和中华哲水蚤等.饵料生物优势种存在季节差异,春季和夏季的主要优势种均为葛氏长臂虾、安氏白虾和短额刺糠虾,秋季主要优势种为长额刺糠虾、短额刺糠虾和脊尾白虾,冬季主要优势种为葛氏长臂虾、中华哲水蚤和中华假磷虾.长江口棘头梅童鱼全年空胃率为10.4%,冬季最高,秋季最低;全年平均胃饱满系数为0.6%,冬季最低,春季最高,摄食习性存在季节变化.  相似文献   

3.
黄海南部黄鮟鱇摄食生态   总被引:12,自引:2,他引:10  
张学健  程家骅  沈伟  刘尊雷 《生态学报》2010,30(12):3117-3125
根据对2008年9月至2009年7月在黄海南部所捕获的黄鮟鱇胃含物的分析,对其摄食生态进行了研究。结果表明,黄海南部黄鮟鱇主要摄食小黄鱼(Pseudosciaena polyactis)、矛尾鰕虎鱼(Chaeturichthys stigmatias)、细条天竺鲷(Apogonichthys lineatus)、带鱼(Trichiurus haumela)、龙头鱼(Harpadon nehereus)、鹰爪虾(Trachypenaeus curvirostris)、鳀鱼(Engraulis japonicus)等饵料生物。鱼类是黄鮟鱇最主要的摄食类群,在食物中所占的重量百分比之和为83.44%。黄鮟鱇的摄食强度具有明显的季节变化和体长变化,冬季最高,春季最低;小于100mm体长组最高,大于500mm体长组最低。在4个季节和6个体长组中,小黄鱼都是黄鮟鱇胃中重量百分比最高的饵料生物。矛尾鰕虎鱼和细条天竺鲷在黄鮟鱇幼鱼胃含物中所占比例较高,但在成鱼胃含物中所占比例较低。聚类分析的结果显示,黄鮟鱇在体长为100mm时发生食性转换。黄鮟鱇营养级为3.66,表明其在东、黄海食物网中处于较高的位置。  相似文献   

4.
王建锋  赵峰  宋超  杨刚  侯俊利  庄平   《生态学杂志》2016,27(1):291-298
棘头梅童鱼是长江口水域的常见小型经济鱼类,具有一定的捕捞价值.为了解长江口棘头梅童鱼食物组成和摄食习性的季节变化,本研究利用胃含物分析法对2013年11月—2014年8月在长江口水域捕获的棘头梅童鱼样本进行了分析.结果表明:长江口棘头梅童鱼全年摄食的饵料生物有8目30种,其中虾类(游泳亚目)是主要饵料生物,相对重要性指数百分比(IRI%)为38.5,优势指数(Ip)为79.1;其次为糠虾目和磷虾目.全年饵料生物中的主要优势种类为葛氏长臂虾、安氏白虾、脊尾白虾、长额刺糠虾、短额刺糠虾、光背节鞭水虱和中华哲水蚤等.饵料生物优势种存在季节差异,春季和夏季的主要优势种均为葛氏长臂虾、安氏白虾和短额刺糠虾,秋季主要优势种为长额刺糠虾、短额刺糠虾和脊尾白虾,冬季主要优势种为葛氏长臂虾、中华哲水蚤和中华假磷虾.长江口棘头梅童鱼全年空胃率为10.4%,冬季最高,秋季最低;全年平均胃饱满系数为0.6%,冬季最低,春季最高,摄食习性存在季节变化.  相似文献   

5.
为分析长江上游干支流梯级水利开发对张氏(Hemiculter tchangi Fang)的生态效应,在已对该鱼繁殖生物学、年龄与生长和形态性状进行研究的基础上,对张氏食性进行分析。针对采自四川省合江县的张氏样本,探究其食物组成;并分别比较不同季节、不同年龄组别、性腺不同发育期的样本的摄食状况。结果显示:张氏是偏动物性食性的杂食性鱼类。摄食双翅目昆虫(蚊蝇幼虫)、草本植物及种子、藻类、环节动物门寡毛纲(水蚯蚓)、膜翅目昆虫、甲壳类、枝角类、鞘翅目昆虫、贝类以及小鱼、鱼卵、幼蛙等。动物性饵料在夏季出现次数百分比最高,冬季最低;而藻类在冬季出现百分比高于其他季节。平均充塞度和摄食率均以春季为最高,秋季最低。在1—4龄鱼中,摄食率随着年龄的增加而增大。对于雌鱼而言,处于Ⅱ期的鱼类个体肠道内食物平均充塞度高于其他各期;而对于雄鱼,处于不同性腺发育期的样本,平均充塞度和摄食率则无规律性变动。在其繁殖季节5—9月期间,未出现停止摄食的现象,平均充塞度和摄食率处于中等水平。  相似文献   

6.
渤海南部牙鲆的食性及摄食的季节性变化   总被引:8,自引:1,他引:7  
1051尾渤海南部牙鲆的胃含物分析表明,渤海南部牙鲆为捕食性(游泳生物食性)鱼类,其食物成分有30余种,以底栖虾类中的口虾蛄、鲜明鼓虾、日本鼓虾、脊尾褐虾,软体动物的日本枪乌贼及鱼类中的斑(鱼祭)、鳀鱼、黄鲫、六丝矛尾虾虎鱼及焦氏舌鳎等动物为主要食物。牙鲆除冬季外,其余时间均强烈摄食,而且其摄食的季节性变化明显:春季以鱼类(重量占80.9%)及甲壳类(18.6%)为主要食物;夏季以鱼类(83.5%)及软体动物类(13.1%)为主要食物;秋季主要摄食鱼类(87.9%);冬季则主要摄食鱼类(73.2%)及甲壳类(19.7%)。  相似文献   

7.
黄颡鱼属两种鱼类的线粒体ND4基因序列变异性分析   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
以东亚特有种光泽黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus nitidus)和长须黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus eupogon)为研究对象,采用PCR技术获得了这两种鱼类的部分线粒体DNA DN4基因及其3′端的tRNA基因碱基共约772个,用MEGA2.1软件分析了此片段序列,采用Kimura双参数模型计算遗传距离,以科属的大鳍(Hemibagrus macropterus)为外类群,用邻接法构建不同水系的光泽黄颡鱼和长须黄颡鱼的分子系统树。不同水系的光泽黄颡鱼的遗传距离在0.000—0.012之间,长须黄颡鱼的遗传距离在0.000—0.003之间,光泽黄颡鱼和长须黄颡鱼种间的遗传距离在0.099—0.108之间,从分子水平上证实了光泽黄颡鱼和长须黄颡鱼为两个有效物种。不同水系的光泽黄颡鱼遗传变异很小,除黑龙江种群外,其他水系的光泽黄颡鱼在分子系统树没有能够按水系区分开来,可能的原因为:(1)不同水系的光泽黄颡鱼之间存在频繁的基因交流;(2)东亚科鱼类的线粒体DNA的进化速率可能较小;(3)人类经济活动可能已影响到光泽黄颡鱼的种群遗传结构。  相似文献   

8.
黄颡鱼与长须黄颡鱼种间的RAPD标记   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
黄颡鱼属(PelteobagrusBleeker,1865)属鲇形目(Siluri-formes),科(Bagridae)。黄颡鱼属在中国已知有5种:长须黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus eupogonBoulenger),黄颡鱼(P.fulvidracoRichardson),中间黄颡鱼(P.intermediusNicholsetPope).瓦氏黄颡鱼(P.vachelliRichardson),光泽黄颡鱼(P.nitidusSauvageetDabry)。黄颡鱼属的种类常统称“黄颡鱼”,除中间黄颡鱼外,均是国内江河湖泊常见的经济鱼类,在长江、黄河、珠江及黑龙江诸流域和海南岛均有其中的种类分布。因其具有肉质细嫩,肉味鲜美,营养丰富,无肌间刺等优点,颇受广大消费者欢迎。近年来,…  相似文献   

9.
九华河水生昆虫群落结构和水质生物评价价   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
1989年6月、8月、10月对安徽九华河水系3、4、5级支流5个基点采用扫网、刷石等综合定性取样法,共采得水生昆虫9目、49科、86属、124种,计6445头。其中:毛翅目12科、41种;蜉蝣目10科、26种;鞘翅目5科、16种;双翅目7科、14种;襀翅目4科、9种;蜻蜓目5科、8种;半翅目4科、5种;广翅目1科、3种;鳞翅目1科、2种。3、4级支流Shannon多样性指数大于4,种丰富度大于60,水质极清洁;5级支流Shannon多样性指数大于3,种丰富度29,水质较清洁。3级支流以毛翅目,蜉蝣目为主,科级水平生物指数最高(2.58—2.59);4级支流以毛翅目、蜉蝣目和双翅目为主,多样性指数最高(5.54);5级支流以蜉蝣目、双翅目为主。本文还根据“河流连续概念”对各支流水生昆虫群落结构、季节性变化、毛翅目取食功能类群与支流级别的关系等作了初步分析,并提供了必要的物理、化学参数。  相似文献   

10.
瓦氏黄颡鱼线粒体全基因组序列分析及系统进化   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
鲿科鱼类种类繁多,外形相似,形态学分类较为困难。为了给鲿科鱼类乃至鲇形目鱼类的系统进化研究积累基础资料,文章采用参照近缘物种线粒体基因组设计覆盖全基因组引物的方法,利用16对引物对瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli)线粒体全基因组进行扩增,PCR产物转化到质粒后测序,最终获得线粒体基因组全序列,其全长为16 527 bp,包括2个rRNA基因、22个tRNA基因、13个编码蛋白质基因和一个非编码控制区。瓦氏黄颡鱼(P.vachelli)线粒体基因组结构和基因排列顺序与现已公布的鲇形目鱼类完全一致,序列分析表明,与鲇形目其他种属间具有较高的同源性,与拟鲿属的同源性最高(91%)。利用鲇形目共4科6属9种及3个外群的线粒体全基因组序列,从线粒体基因组水平探讨了鲿科鱼类及其在鲇形目的系统进化地位,结果表明:鲿科鱼类的瓦氏黄颡鱼(P.vachelli)、黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)、光泽黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus nitidus)及越南拟鲿(Pseudobagrus tokiensis)构成一单系群;拟鲿属与黄颡鱼属的关系较近;黄颡鱼属中瓦氏黄颡鱼(P.vachelli)与光泽黄颡鱼(P.nitidus)的关系近于黄颡鱼(P.fulvidraco)。  相似文献   

11.
The newly described Arunachal macaque Macaca munzala occurs largely in sub‐tropical to temperate environments at elevations of c. 1,800–3,000 m in Arunachal Pradesh, northeastern India. We studied its over‐wintering strategy by comparing the diet, ranging, and behavior of a troop of 24 individuals during winter and spring (December 2005 to May 2006) through instantaneous scan sampling (3,002 records, 448 scans, 112 hr of observation). We also monitored the phenology of food plants. The macaques spent more time (41–66%) feeding in the winter than in spring (33–51%), whereas time spent moving and resting was greater in spring. The diet composed largely of plants, with animal matter being eaten rarely. The number of plant species in the diet increased from 18 to 25 whereas food types rose from 18 to 36 from winter to spring, respectively. Although only two species formed 75% of the winter diet, seven species comprised this proportion in spring. Availability of fruits and young leaves increased in spring; the troop moved more and utilized a larger part of its range during this time. Seasonal changes in behavior could be explained by the scarcity of food and the costs of thermoregulation in winter. Our study suggests that the Arunachal macaque inhabits a highly seasonal environment and has an over‐wintering strategy that includes subsisting on a high‐fiber diet by increasing the time spent feeding, and minimizing energy expenditure by reducing the time spent moving. Am. J. Primatol. 71:939–947, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.  相似文献   

12.
Journal of Ichthyology - The feeding characteristics of rosefish Helicolenus mouchezi, pelagic armourhead Pentaceros richardsoni, and the Cape bonnetmouth Emmelichthys nitidus nitidus inhabiting...  相似文献   

13.
The feeding of brook and brown trout in a temperate Canadian stream was studied over two winters. Stomach analyses indicate that feeding continues throughout the winter. Both species had similar diets. Despite continuous feeding, condition factors declined significantly in early winter and remained low until the spring, suggesting an early-winter depletion of lipid reserves. Energy (calorific) intake was similar in winter to that found in late summer or spring and therefore was not the cause of low winter condition. The derived energy from feeding was insufficient to offset the costs of maintenance metabolism in the early winter period, for both immature and recently spawned fish. It is suggested that stream-dwelling trout suffer a metabolic deficit during acclimation to rapidly declining water temperatures in November/December. Such a phenomenon has important physiological implications for overwinter survival.  相似文献   

14.
Abstract

The food resources of rooks were measured and related to changes in the birds' feeding behaviour during 1968-1970. In all, 381 birds were individually marked with wing tags and colour-coded leg bands and released; their activities were recorded for set periods. Rooks preferred to eat invertebrates and walnuts, but also took seed of cereals, pulses, and stock feeds. They spent at least 40% of their feeding time (75-80% in spring) eating invertebrates, 30-60% finding or hiding walnuts and sometimes acorns in autumn and winter, and 45% eating seed during hot, dry weather in summer. Up to 6% of feeding time was spent eating newly sown or ripening seed. Throughout winter rooks frequently searched for hidden nuts, which they ate or moved to new positions. The proportion of time they spent feeding and the kind of food taken varied seasonally and, in summer and winter, hourly; there were only slight differences between morning, mid-day, and afternoon periods. Rooks spent 65% of the time feeding in autumn, but only 25-30% in spring. Conversely, they spent longer at nest sites from late autumn, peaking at 60% in spring, then less time at nests as they spent longer searching for food. The size of flocks altered with the food being eaten and therefore with season and time of day. Small flocks were widespread where favoured food was plentiful in autumn, winter, and spring, but flocks were larger where food was unevenly abundant in summer and sometimes in winter. During early autumn each bird usually ate and stored walnuts in a selected area of 1-2 km3, returning there later in the season to recover stored nuts. The areas formed only part of the total range used by the study population, and were usually shared with other birds. Tests in aviaries showed that rooks preferred earthworms and walnuts to acorns, maize, and wheat (in that order), and field tests confirmed that rooks preferred walnuts to maize. The numbers of each food item required to sustain a rook for a daylight hour were estimated. Summer is the most difficult season for rooks to find food.  相似文献   

15.
We describe the activity patterns and time budgets of white-headed langurs that were confined to about 4 km2 of Longlin habitat in Fusui County, Guangxi Province, China. Between February and December 1996, we observed 6 langur groups monthly via group focal sampling and continuously recording the behavior of a focal group. Our results indicate that the langur groups selected stone caves on cliffs as sleeping sites. The daily activity pattern outside caves had 8 stages: (1) leaving the cave in the early morning; (2) moving and resting; (3) morning feeding; (4) moving a long distance; (5) resting at noon; (6) afternoon feeding; (7) moving back to the cave, and (8) entering the cave. Over the year, langurs spent a daily average of about 11.5 h outside caves and about 12.5 h inside caves. Moving accounted for 7% (spring), 7% (summer-autumn) and 13% (winter) of the time budget, and langurs spent 9% (summer-autumn) and 14% (spring) to 20% (winter) of their time feeding. Resting accounted for 79% of the time budget in spring, 84% in summer-autumn, and 57% in winter. Sunbathing only occurred in winter and accounted for about 10% of the time budget. One-way ANOVA and multiple range tests demonstrated that time budgets differed significantly among seasons. Langurs spent significantly more time feeding and moving in winter than in spring and summer-autumn, but significantly less time resting in winter than in spring and summer-autumn.  相似文献   

16.
R. A. MACDONALD  J. WHELAN 《Ibis》1986,128(4):540-557
The feeding range and flock structure of Rooks showed temporal variations caused mainly by the dispersion of food and reproductive behaviour.
Feeding range was restricted in spring, autumn and early winter when food availability was high and Rooks were reproductively active. A large feeding range occurred in late summer and late winter, when food availability was either generally low or locally distributed and when Rooks were reproductively inactive. The occurrence of flocks common to several rookeries mirrored variations in feeding range; mixed rookery flocks were more common in late summer and late winter. Similarly, the size of the rookery (as measured by the number of nests) was related to feeding range only when Rooks were reproductively inactive and at such times larger rookeries had greater feeding ranges.
Flock structure showed similar seasonal variations; small widely spaced flocks predominated in summer, autumn, early winter and spring, whereas large dense flocks occurred in late winter. Diurnal variations in flock structure occurred within any one season. Both seasonal and diurnal variations in flock structure may be determined by the dispersion of the prey and the feeding strategy used to obtain it, reproductive behaviour and the risk of predation.  相似文献   

17.
在川西平原利用标志重捕、夹捕解剖和半自然条件下笼养的方法,提供了1989~1995年大足鼠种群雄性和雌性个体处于繁殖状态的比例、胎次数、每胎幼仔数、幼年个体的补充和发育等有关繁殖的基本资料。结果显示,大足鼠极灵活的繁殖策略 提高了这个物种幼年个体的存活,使该物种在可预见而频繁的周期性变化的农田环 境中能够保持相对稳定的种群。大足鼠的繁殖特征主要有:处于繁殖状态的雄性比例较大(平均0.491,95%置信区间0.451和0.534),怀孕雌性的比例较小(平均0.227,95%置信区间0.213和0.301),较高和相对稳定的繁殖能力(每年4胎,每胎8.245±0.452只),雌性幼仔较慢的生长和性成熟(4月),以及幼年个体加入种群与春季的小麦和秋季的水稻成熟相同步。这些繁殖特征使得大足鼠的繁殖活动集中在有利的时间。结果,虽然伴随繁殖活动雌雄性的个体质量下降,但仍能在短暂的时间里恢复到原来的水平。将大足鼠的胎仔数与一些关于中国啮齿动物繁殖参数地理变异 的研究进行了分析比较,发现后者提供的资料尚不足以支持中国所有啮齿动物都有 "胎仔数随纬度增加"的过分简单的一般结论。每一个物种种群都有自己的最优胎 仔数,但最优胎仔数不一定随纬度而增加。我们认为在大尺度上研究如胎仔数这样的生活史性状时,生活史多样性的提法比单一性状的过分简单的一般化更好。  相似文献   

18.
R. Rosa  M. L. Nunes 《Hydrobiologia》2005,537(1-3):207-216
The present work describes the seasonal changes in nucleic acid concentrations and amino acid profiles in the muscle of juvenile Parapenaeus longirostris and their relation to growth and nutritional condition. RNA content varied significantly between seasons, being the highest values attained in spring and the lowest in winter (p < 0.05). Similar results were obtained with RNA:protein and RNA:DNA ratios. In respect to total amino acid content (TAA), a significant increase from winter to spring was observed (p < 0.05) and the major essential amino acids (EAA) were arginine, histidine and leucine. Within non-essential amino acids (NEAA) glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glycine and proline were dominant. From winter to spring, a significant variation in NEAA content occurred (26.8; p < 0.05), mainly due to the significant increase of glutamic acid (79.1) and serine (66.7) (p < 0.05). EAA content did not vary significantly between seasons (p > 0.05). In opposition, during this period a significant decrease in the free amino acid content (FAA) was observed (p < 0.05); a higher percentage of decrease was attained in free non-essential (FNEAA – 42.9) in comparison to free essential amino acids (FEAA – 40.2). The significant increase in RNA and TAA contents from winter to spring may be related with protein synthesis. On the other hand, the lowest values obtained in winter may be due to a reduction in feeding activity; in this period the muscle protein must be progressively hydrolysed, which is evident with the higher FAA content. The liberated amino acids enter FAA pool and become available for energy production. In conclusion, it was evident that the seasonal cycle in activities such as feeding and growth with nucleic acids and amino acid analyses was noticed.  相似文献   

19.
贺兰山岩羊冬春季取食生境的比较   总被引:10,自引:2,他引:8  
2003年11~12月和2004年4~6月,在贺兰山设定了25条固定样线,采用直接观察法对岩羊冬春季的取食生境选择进行了研究。结果表明,岩羊冬季对12种取食生境生态因子有选择性,偏爱选择位于山地疏林草原带,优势乔木为灰榆,乔木密度〈4株、高度4~6m,灌木密度〉5株、高度〉1.3m,食物质量〉50g,人为干扰距离〈500m,距裸岩距离〈2m的地方取食。而春季对11种取食生境生态因子有选择性,偏爱选择山地疏林草原带,优势乔木为灰榆,乔木密度〈4株、高度〈6m,灌木密度5~10株、高度1.3~1.7m,食物质量〉100g,海拔高度〈2000m,距水源距离〈500m,隐蔽级50%~75%的地点。冬春季岩羊对植被类型、地形特征、优势乔木、乔木密度、乔木高度、灌木密度、灌木距离、食物丰富度、坡向、坡度、距水源距离、人为干扰距离和隐蔽级的选择存在显著差异。主成分分析表明,冬季第1主成分的贡献率达24.493%,其中绝对值较大的权系数出现在植被类型、优势乔木、乔木高度、乔木距离、灌木密度、灌木高度、海拔高度、距水源距离和人为干扰距离等生态因子:春季第1主成分的贡献率达28.777%,其中绝对值较大的权系数出现在植被类型、乔木距离、灌木高度、灌木距离、食物丰富度、海拔高度和人为干扰距离等生态因子。随着北方地区冬春季食物数量和质量的剧烈变化,贺兰山岩羊对取食生境的利用对策也将发生一定程度的改变,与其他分布区的岩羊相比,贺兰山独特的地理位置和特殊生境使其在取食生境选择上存在很大差异。  相似文献   

20.
Summary Nutrient requirements of adult, nonreproductive, omnivorous antelope ground squirrels (Ammospermophilus leucurus) were compared with the nutritional value of their food resources. It was found that nutrient constraints would be important factors in ground squirrel feeding ecology primarily in winter. Potentially important constraints were the requirement for water and nitrogen, and a digestive requirement that average dry matter digestibility of the diet exceed ca. 50%. An unlikely constraint was the requirement for any specific mineral. A linear programming model was used to determine potential diets ground squirrels could consume which satisfied these nutritional requirements and also the ground squirrel's daily energy requirements. During spring ground squirrels could be strict herbivores, but during winter before winter rains ground squirrels had to eat some arthropods to satisfy water requirements.These ground squirrels are not energy maximizers because they spend only one third of their activity period feeding and do not accumulate excess energy as fat. Thus, optimum diets were predicted for winter and spring assuming the goal of feeding time minimization. The model correctly predicted that in wintertime ground squirrels would be primarily granivorous but would consume about 20% arthropods, and that they would switch to herbivory in springtime. Ground squirrels, however, selected a wider dietary range than predicted in both winter and spring. Possible reasons for this discrepancy include an inappropriate assumption that ground squirrels forage for food classes nonsimultaneously, and the possibility that ground squirrels employ sampling as part of their foraging behavior.  相似文献   

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