分子标记在家畜遗传多样性研究中的应用

家畜遗传多样性是生物多样性的重要组成部分,与人类未来的生存与发展密切相关。中国拥有丰富的地方家畜品种资源,但由于保种不当和盲目引进外来品种进行杂交、资金缺乏等原因,许多品种已濒临灭绝。如何保存利用好我国优良的家畜遗传资源已成为越来越严峻的问题。随着生物学技术的不断发展与完善,许多分子标记技术已经应用于畜禽遗传资源的研究。简要介绍了在家畜遗传多样性研究中应用最广的几种分子标记及其特性,讨论了在家畜遗传多样性的研究中如何选用适当的分子标记。     

第三世界家畜品种保护法出台

联合国粮农组织(FAO)这次新揭晓的活动计划有助于将来利用基因工程改良家畜品种。FAO为确实保存地球动物资源制订了第一个五年计划。由于西方技术和家畜品种的引进,第三世界各国的当地品种正在濒临危机。 FAO以当地家畜品种及系统为对象进行大规模天然资源调查,对濒临危机且重要的品种计划建立冷冻保存精子和胚的机构。将来,利用DNA技术分析这些家畜的特性,并进行品种改良。将这些情报输入计算机建立数据库,德国Hannover大学对这项计划给予协助。FAO还决定为保护与遗传资源有关的知识     

黄牛起源和分类的研究现状及有待解决的问题

1　中国畜禽遗传资源多态性研究现状中国是畜禽遗传资源大国 ,全国共有 598个畜禽品种 ,地方品种占品种总数的 77%。至今对家养畜禽遗传多样性的认识 ,主要还是停留在体型特点和性状描述上。虽然生物技术已有了长足的进展 ,但至今没有对任何一个家养畜禽种——牛、羊、猪、马、鸡和鸭等作过全面、系统的品种间亲缘关系分析 ,也没有对哪一个畜禽种做过系统、全面的起源研究。中国固有的地方畜禽品种具有许多优良的性状 ,如太湖猪和寒羊的多胎性、地方品种优良的肉质、抗逆性、抗病性、小体型、性早熟以及其它许多特异性状。地方品种不仅是发…     

山羊群体遗传多样性的微卫星分析

为了保护和合理利用我国地方山羊品种遗传资源提供理论基础,本研究利用国际农粮组织和国际家畜研究所推荐的10对微卫星引物,结合荧光标记PCR,检测了中国9个地方山羊品种和1个引进山羊品种的遗传多样性。所研究的10个品种中7个呈现出高度多态,3个呈现出中度多态。并共检测到119个等位基因,有效等位基因数在1.4641~9.2911之间,座位平均杂合度在0.2618~0.7672之间,品种平均杂合度在0.5196~0.7024之间,其中SRCRSP23位点和河西绒山羊(HXR)平均杂合度最高。聚类关系(NJ和UPGMA)和主成分分析结果与其起源、育成历史及地理分布基本一致。     

中国地方品种鸡的分类研究

中国鸡种资源极为丰富,中国历史上形成的许多优良地方品种鸡,对中国养鸡事业发展和世界养鸡业都曾做出过重要贡献。为充分利用我国地方鸡种资源遗传潜力和杂种优势,本文利用图论主成分分类法与系统聚类法根据20项指标研究了中国30个地方品种鸡的分类问题,分类结果比较符合实际,特别是图论主成分分类图直观清楚,生物学含意明确,对中国鸡种资源和基因库的利用有实际参考价值。     

花莲种质资源的遗传多样性及品种间亲缘关系的探讨

利用17个随机引物对来自中国和美国的29份花莲种质资源材料进行了RAPD分析。扩增形成207条谱带,多态带122条,多态率为58．94％。说明中国花莲具有较丰富的遗传多样性。结果还显示：（1）花莲种质资源可被分为2个品种群：品种群Ⅰ以大花型为主,少量小花型。品种群Ⅰ以中小型花为主。又在欧氏遗传距离11．01处分为7个亚品种群。（2）美洲黄莲与中国莲的花莲之间在DNA水平上没有显著差异,与中小型花关系更近。     

中国大豆(Glycine max)品种及种质资源主要品质状况分析

对2003年中国19个主要大豆种植省(直辖市、自治区)的大豆品种与种质资源的蛋白、脂肪含量和部分大豆品种水溶性蛋白含量进行了分析.结果表明,大豆种质资源的蛋白含量和蛋脂总量总体上与品种持平.品种脂肪含量总体上明显高于种质资源脂肪含量,说明当前中国种植的大豆中高脂肪的品种已经占有一定的比例. 北方、黄淮海、南方三大生态区大豆品种和种质资源蛋白含量呈现自北向南递增的趋势,而脂肪含量呈现递减趋势.生态、气象因子对大豆蛋白含量的影响大于对脂肪含量的影响.大豆水溶性蛋白含量总体上较高,基本适合豆制食品加工业的需要.     

山东黄瓜地方品种资源果实外观品质的评价

对山东黄瓜地方品种资源的瓜奈形状、皮色、刺、瘤、刺色、棱沟、瓜长、把长、横径、单瓜重、把瓜比、果型指数等12个果实外观性状进行了调查分析,结果表明,山东黄瓜地方品种资源果实外观性状具有丰富的遗传多样性,平均多样性指数为1．58。华北型种质果实外观性状的平均多样性指数高于华南型种质。根据生产上对果实外观性状的要求,对两种生态类型中优良种质资源进行了评价。从外观形态上筛选出各自的代表性种质,在两种生态类型中筛选了长瓜短把型种质和短重型种质,为资源的利用和品种的选育提供了信息。     

应用SSR标记分析中国糯大麦种质的遗传多样性

利用SSR标记对来自中国不同省市的76份糯大麦种质的遗传多样性进行分析,并以遗传相似系数为基础进行聚类分析。SSR标记分析表明,50对大麦SSR引物在76份糯大麦中共扩增出203个等位基因,属于高度多态性位点范畴。当遗传相似系数为0.70时可将76个糯大麦品种划分为5个类群,在一定程度上反映了与材料的地理来源和皮裸性。糯大麦资源平均Shan-non多样性指数显示,来自云南和西藏的糯大麦品种遗传多样性略高。SSR标记分析表明,中国糯大麦具有丰富的遗传多样性,对揭示糯大麦的起源与传播以及对资源的有效利用具有现实意义。     

过去50年中中国小麦品种在Glu-A1,Glu-B1和Glu-D1位点上等位基因的变化

过去50年中中国小麦品种在Glu-A1,Glu-B1和Glu-D1位点上等位基因的变化@张学勇$中国农业科学院品种资源研究所!北京100081,China@董玉琛$中国农业科学院品种资源研究所!北京100081,China小麦;;基因     

Adenovirus in Rural Côte D`Ivoire: High Diversity and Cross-Species Detection

The Taï region in Western Côte d`Ivoire is characterized by extensive overlap of human and animal habitats. This could influence patterns of adenovirus transmission between humans and domestic animals. Fecal samples from humans and various domestic animals were tested for the presence of adenoviruses by PCR. Phylogenetic and species delineation analyses were performed to further characterize the adenoviruses circulating in the region and to identify potential cross-species transmission events. Among domestic animals, adenovirus shedding was frequent (21.6% of domestic mammals and 41.5% of chickens) and the detected strains were highly diverse, several of them representing novel types. Although no evidence for zoonotic transmission of animal adenovirus was obtained, the present study provides concordant evidence in favor of common cross-species transmission of adenoviruses between different animal species and first indications for adenovirus transmission from humans to animals. These findings underline the thus far underestimated importance of reverse zoonotic transmission of viruses and of the role of domestic animals as pathogen reservoirs, “bridge species,” or intermediate hosts.     

巫山蓝家寨遗址家畜的动物骨骼

2012年巫山蓝家寨遗址考古发掘中,出土了春秋时期的马(Equus caballus)、黄牛(Bos taurus)、山羊(Capra hircus)、鸡(Gallus gallus domesticus)、狗(Canis familiaris)、猪(Sus domestica)6种家畜的骨骼。这是三峡地区唯一一个在先秦时期六畜兼备的古文化遗址。遗址中的马、牛,是三峡地区同类家畜中时代最早的发现资料。三峡地区早期历史时期,人类肉食资源以野生动物为主,家畜动物骨骼发现材料较少。蓝家寨遗址出现种类较多的家畜动物种类,为全面分析和认识三峡地区经济形态发展过程、古居民行为模式和区域文化等,提供了重要资料。遗址中在春秋时期出现的家畜马和黄牛,与该时期各种区域文化在三峡地区的碰撞、交流、融合有关。     

Cryptococcosis and pets

This paper is a review of cryptococcosis in domestic animals. Cryptococcosis is an uncommon mycosis in domestic animals and its occurrence is sporadic. The disease is caused by Cryptococcus neoformans, although Cryptococcus gattii has been also isolated from different animal species. Although cryptococcosis has been reported in several animal species, the most frequently affected domestic animal is the cat. The present paper deals with feline and canine cryptococcosis, its common clinical signs and the different clinical forms of the disease in these species. The diagnosis and treatment of cryptococcosis is also discussed. Diagnosis usually includes cytologic examination, capsular antigen detection and culture and identification of the Cryptococcus species. The management of criptococcosis will review the most common therapeutic agents and their role in therapy. Finally, we will address the situation of cryptococcosis in domestic animals in Spain and the role of cryptococcosis as a zoonotic disease and its public health importance.     

Biodiversity and extinction versus control of oestrid causing myiasis in Mediterranean area

Oestrid larvae causing myiasis display a wide degree of biodiversity, in terms of species of domestic and wild mammals infected and anatomical sites. The presence in some regions of southern Europe of a high number of different species of oestrids in domestic animals stimulated interest in exploring the basis of such degree of parasitic biodiversity in the Mediterranean region. However, broad spectrum anti-parasitic treatments (e.g. macrocyclic lactones) constitute a critical factor for the selection of species of Oestrids and for the maintenance of their biodiversity in a given area. The dynamic equilibrium that oestrid larvae have established with the host and the environment as well as the span of biodiversity they represent may be considered to be at odds with maintaining animal welfare and reducing animal production losses.     

Attitudes toward Animals among Kindergarten Children: Species Preferences

ABSTRACT

Attitudes toward animals are influenced by both animal traits (e.g., similarity to humans, aesthetic quality, size) and individual human attributes (e.g., gender, age, educational level, cultural factors). Although the examination of children's interest in animals, and their preference for different species, may evidence specific trends and help explain the development of attitudes, the vast majority of research has not considered children younger than 6 years. The present study was aimed at assessing preferences for a variety of animal species in a sample of 3–6 year-old Italian children, using a forced-choice task and visual aids (images of the animals). Pictures of 48 animal species, ranging from mammals to invertebrates, were presented to the children. Two photographic stimuli were simultaneously displayed and participants were asked to indicate their preference. Results show that the children preferred higher-order species, and domestic over wild animals. Apart from a few exceptions, invertebrates were the most disliked group of species among the children. Girls showed more negative and fear-related attitudes than the boys. Results are discussed taking into account different factors that may affect children's preferences for various animal species, that is, similarity to humans and aesthetical appeal. Greater knowledge on early attitudes toward animals has implications for promoting interest in animals and for building educational interventions for kindergarten children. This is particularly important in light of the growing use of different animals in educational and therapeutic contexts, as well as from an animal welfare perspective.     

Toward the brave new zoo: Species program planning for reproductive technology development

This article outlines some of the advantages inherent in domestic animal reproductive technology development and compares them to the disadvantages in such development in wildlife species. Species program planning (as proposed by the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums' Species Survival Plan) is offered as an important first step in organizing appropriate research toward reproductive technology development in wildlife species.     

Topography and microscopical configuration of the corpus striatum of the dog

The basal ganglia are very similarly disposed in superior animal, but their way of grouping is different in human species and domestic mammals. We have studied them in the dog, except for the Nucleus accumbens, from macroscopic and microscopic points of view, with the help of 25 and 50 pm thick transverse serial sections, stained by Nissl's technique. Each of these nuclei presents its own characteristics, as well topographically and extended as of shape, size and neuron density.     

Marked host specificity and lack of phylogeographic population structure of Campylobacter jejuni in wild birds

Zoonotic pathogens often infect several animal species, and gene flow among populations infecting different host species may affect the biological traits of the pathogen including host specificity, transmissibility and virulence. The bacterium Campylobacter jejuni is a widespread zoonotic multihost pathogen, which frequently causes gastroenteritis in humans. Poultry products are important transmission vehicles to humans, but the bacterium is common in other domestic and wild animals, particularly birds, which are a potential infection source. Population genetic studies of C. jejuni have mainly investigated isolates from humans and domestic animals, so to assess C. jejuni population structure more broadly and investigate host adaptation, 928 wild bird isolates from Europe and Australia were genotyped by multilocus sequencing and compared to the genotypes recovered from 1366 domestic animal and human isolates. Campylobacter jejuni populations from different wild bird species were distinct from each other and from those from domestic animals and humans, and the host species of wild bird was the major determinant of C. jejuni genotype, while geographic origin was of little importance. By comparison, C. jejuni differentiation was restricted between more phylogenetically diverse farm animals, indicating that domesticated animals may represent a novel niche for C. jejuni and thereby driving the evolution of those bacteria as they exploit this niche. Human disease is dominated by isolates from this novel domesticated animal niche.     

Ehrlichia ruminantium infection (heartwater) in wild animals

Several wild animal species have been implicated as hosts of Ehrlichia ruminantium (formerly Cowdria ruminantium), the rickettsial agent causing heartwater, a fatal disease of domestic ruminants in sub-Saharan Africa and eastern Caribbean. However, evidence for infection in most wild species is inconclusive because of inadequate diagnostic techniques. Infection has been proven only in 12 African ruminants, three non-African ruminants and two African rodents. A subclinical carrier state occurs in eight of the African ruminant species. Further studies on E. ruminantium infection in wild animal species are needed in order to determine the host range of this pathogen accurately. The host range of Ehrlichia ruminantium in wildlife is reviewed here and the role played by these species in the epidemiology and spread of heartwater is discussed.     

Molecular identification of livestock breeds: a tool for modern conservation biology

Global livestock genetic diversity includes all of the species, breeds and strains of domestic animals, and their variations. Although a recent census indicated that there were 40 species and over 8000 breeds of domestic animals; for the purpose of conservation biology the diversity between and within breeds rather than species is regarded to be of crucial importance. This domestic animal genetic diversity has developed through three main evolutionary events, from speciation (about 3 million years ago) through domestication (about 12000 years ago) to specialised breeding (starting about 200 years ago). These events and their impacts on global animal genetic resources have been well documented in the literature. The key importance of global domestic animal resources in terms of economic, scientific and cultural heritage has also been addressed. In spite of their importance, there is a growing number of reports on the alarming erosion of domestic animal genetic resources. This erosion of is happening in spite of several global conservation initiatives designed to mitigate it. Herein we discuss these conservation interventions and highlight their strengths and weaknesses. However, pivotal to the success of these conservation initiatives is the reliability of the genetic assignment of individual members to a target breed. Finally, we discuss the prospect of using improved breed identification methodologies to develop a reliable breed‐specific molecular identification tool that is easily applicable to populations of livestock breeds in various ecosystems. These identification tools, when developed, will not only facilitate the regular monitoring of threatened or endangered breed populations, but also enhance the development of more efficient and sustainable livestock production systems.