金钱豹肾的组织学和微血管铸型的观察

为探讨金钱豹(Panthera pardus)肾的组织结构和微血管构筑特点,利用生物显微技术与微血管铸型技术及扫描电镜对金钱豹肾的组织结构和肾小球微血管构筑进行了观察。结果显示,金钱豹的肾皮质与髓质厚度比为1∶(1.5~3),肾近端小管上皮为单层立方细胞,胞体较大,细胞排列紧密,分界不清楚,其腔面有刷状缘,胞质嗜酸性;远端小管无明显的刷状缘,胞质弱嗜酸性,胞核多位于中央;集合管细胞排列紧密,管腔较大,上皮细胞呈矮柱状,胞质弱嗜酸性。金钱豹的肾小球多呈球形或卵圆形,直径为99~142μm,入球小动脉管径13~15μm,出球小动脉管径9.5~11.5μm。     

红腹锦鸡肺的组织结构与微血管构筑

为了了解红腹锦鸡(Chroysolophus pictus)肺的微细结构和微血管构筑特征,为呼吸生物学研究提供形态学依据,用组织学方法和微血管铸型技术在光镜和扫描电镜下观察研究了红腹锦鸡肺的组织结构与微血管构筑情况。结果表明,红腹锦鸡肺主要由各级支气管构成,从三级支气管上呈辅射状分出许多呼吸毛细管(微气管),并相互吻合成网状,呼吸毛细管外面包围有丰富的毛细血管;红腹锦鸡肺毛细血管垂直围绕在各微气管外,并相互吻合成密集的立体微血管网;毛细血管管径4.5~7.0μm,微气管直径11~50μm。并对肺微血管构筑情况与呼吸效率的关系作了探讨。     

红腹锦鸡研究现状

红腹锦鸡（Chrysolophus pictus）是国家二级保护动物。对红腹锦鸡的求偶行为、繁殖情况、种群密度、越冬生态、栖息地植被类型、生境利用及其季节变化等生态学研究较多;在解剖学方面,对红腹锦鸡胃血管、消化道和肝脏显微结构、肺微血管构筑、肾小球微血管构筑进行了研究;对人工养殖的红腹锦鸡的卵、肌肉及羽毛的营养组成进行了测定,发现红腹锦鸡卵的必需氨基酸（essential amino acid,EAA）组成模型与NRC（Narional Research Council of USA）蛋鸡理想氨基酸模型最接近;红腹锦鸡的人工养殖及疾病防治也做过一些研究。     

人工肾

肾是进行新陈代谢的重要器官,人的肾脏位于脊柱两旁深侧,呈豆状。每个肾由约一百万个肾单位所组成,每一个肾单位是由肾小体和与它相连的肾小管两部分构成。肾小体由肾小球和肾小球囊构成。肾小球是一条输入小动脉分成约50支左右的相互盘曲的血管球。血管球的毛细血管再汇成一条输出小动脉,该小动脉再分成一系列的毛细血管网,围绕于肾小管周围。由于输入小动脉与输出小动脉间的流体静力压差约为20毫米汞柱,肾小球毛细血管里的血液中的水、葡萄糖、氨基酸、钠、钾、重碳酸盐、氯、硫酸及磷酸盐类、尿素、肌酐等蛋白质     

微血管铸型的扫描电镜观察

用扫描电镜观察了ＡＢＳ丁酮溶液灌注的鼠兔输卵管微血管、家歙鸽小肠绒毛微血管和丽斑麻晰肺微血管构筑情况。结果表明：（１）鼠兔输卵管的血液来自生殖动脉的２－４输卵管支。输卵管支进入管壁邓在管壁内分支形成三个血管层。浆膜层血管呈网网络状,肌层血管丛呈平行树枝状分布,粘膜血管层呈致密的网状。     

肾血管注射石蜡切片

肾动脉直接起自腹主动脉、血管粗,因此肾的血流量大,这样有利于提高肾小体的有效滤过率,所以肾的血液循环与肾的功能关系极为密切。肾动脉入肾门后,在肾窦内分支,成为叶间动脉,走向锥体间的肾柱内、并在皮质与髓质交界处形成与肾表面相平行的弓状动脉。由弓状动脉沿一定间距的皮质发出小叶间动脉。小叶间动脉向被膜发出毛细血管,并在沿途向两侧发出输入小动脉进入肾小体内形成血管球,再汇合成输出小动脉离开肾小体。然后形成毛细血管网汇合进入小叶间静脉和弓状静脉。肾被膜和皮质表面的毛细血管进入星形静脉,然后也进入叶间静脉。分布在髓质的血管,大部分与肾     

大鼠肾小球微循环活体观察实验研究

结扎大鼠一侧输尿管,复制肾盂积水模型。在冷光源－光导纤维－导光棒的透射照明下,通过显微电视系统,成功地观察到完整肾脏皮质表层肾小球及其周围血管微血流动态的清晰图像。正常肾小球呈树状分布,密集、大小均匀。高倍镜下可清楚辨认入球及出球小动脉,其血细胞流态为直线状。并发现肾小球有交替开放现象。     

鼠兔子宫血管铸型的光镜和扫描电镜观察

用光镜和扫描电镜观察了ＡＢＳ丁酮溶液灌注的达乌尔鼠兔子宫血管与微血管构筑情况。子宫大部分血液来自子宫动脉,小部分来自生殖动脉。各弓状动脉进入宫壁后,即在宫壁内分支形成３个血管层：浆膜层、大血管层和粘肌层。研究发现鼠兔子宫内膜血管呈树杆状或有轻度弯曲向腔面垂直穿行,直至浅层分支形成毛细血管网和较大的窦状毛细血管;其内膜血管形态与有月经的人子宫内膜螺旋动脉明显差异。文中还对子宫微血管构筑与月经产生机制     

高原型藏羊和小尾寒羊睾丸小叶及附睾微动脉的解剖学特征

分别从青海和甘肃采集高原型藏羊(Ovis aries)和小尾寒羊睾丸各20枚,用血管铸型技术和扫描电镜方法,研究两品种绵羊睾丸小叶及附睾微动脉的超微形态特征。结果显示,两品种绵羊的睾丸小叶及附睾微动脉走形呈一定程度的弯曲,其中睾丸小叶内离心动脉、离心小动脉及向心小动脉均呈"树枝"状分布。研究发现,与低海拔地区的小尾寒羊相比,高原型藏羊睾丸的绳结状动脉具有更密集的螺旋状排布,小动脉分支也较多,并且向心动脉、绳结状动脉、离心动脉、附睾头微动脉的管径也较粗。此外,高原型藏羊睾丸小叶和附睾头微动脉表面的"梭形"压痕较浅,而小尾寒羊的则较深;高原型藏羊睾丸小叶毛细血管前微动脉的表面缢痕较多且密集,而小尾寒羊的则相对少而稀疏。研究认为,高原型藏羊睾丸小叶及附睾微动脉的超微形态特征,有利于血管的收缩、睾丸供血及高原环境下精子的成熟,是睾丸对高原环境的适应性特征。     

甲基丙烯酸甲酯灌注法去制作金黄地鼠颊囊微血管铸型中的应用

本文介绍了应有和甲基丙烯酸甲酯灌注法,制作金黄地鼠颊囊微血管铸型的方法及其在肿瘤研究中的初步应用。制作之铸模地显示了该组织微血管的立体构筑并能较好地显示管新生的功能性变化和肿瘤情况下微一血管系统的病理性改变。是一种研究微血管构筑及病理情况下微血管变化的理想方法。     

Renal vascular anatomy of the toad (Bufo marinus)

The renal vasculature of the toad, Bufo marinus, was studied mainly by means of scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts. All arterial branches terminated in a glomerulus. Each glomerulus was supplied by only one afferent arteriole. No shunts between afferent and efferent arterioles were observed. The glomerular channels appeared to be permanent capillaries. No evidence supporting the theory of freely shifting glomerular blood channels was found. Efferent arterioles radiated out towards the dorsal surface of the kidney where they connected with peritubular vessels. The renal portal veins produced an anastomosing plexus on the dorsal surface of the kidney, giving rise to the peritubular vessels. Peritubular vessels ran radially toward the ventral surface of the kidney, where they formed the roots of the renal veins. Attention is drawn to the possibility of hairpin countercurrent exchange between the capillary-like efferent arterioles and the peritubular vessels in the dorsal kidney.     

Renal microvasculature of the black bear (Ursus americanus)

This study of the Black bear (Ursus americanus) was undertaken to provide basic information related to structural modifications in the renal microvasculature that might provide insight into the drastic alteration in renal urinary output that occurs during winter sleep. Vascular casts, as well as light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, were used to study the vascular components of the juxtaglomerular complex and related vessels. Histologically, arterial cushions were readily identified at the origin of the afferent arterioles. In the area of the juxtaglomerular complex, the wall of the afferent arteriole appeared to be highly modified. The smooth muscle cells at this site demonstrated a change in morphology and orientation, and the diameter of the arteriole was altered. The pattern of the vascular casts at the origin of the afferent arteriole varied from that portion at the glomerulus, suggesting a modification of the vascular wall near the renal corpuscle. Although the morphology of the renal microvasculature of the Black bear is similar to that of other mammals in some aspects, it is dissimilar to that of other carnivores and of the human kidney in that there are structural modifications of the afferent arteriole that may contribute to a reduction of blood flow to the nephron during winter sleep.     

Cortical microvasculature of the feline kidney

Scanning electron microscopy of corrosion casts was used to study the ultrastructural morphology of the microcirculation in the feline kidney. The technique used enabled us to examine the renal microvasculature by obtaining stable and consistent replicas of the vasculature. Corrosion casts were evaluated at three different levels, namely subcapsular, midcortical and the corticomedullary junction. The interlobular arteries, given off by the arcuate arteries, coursed through the cortex in a radial fashion and afferent arterioles were given off at varying intervals. Large afferent arterioles formed the glomerular capillary lobules which consisted of very tortuous capillaries. Smaller-diameter efferent arterioles were formed at the vascular pole and ran in the opposite direction to the afferent arteriole. The peritubular plexuses were seen as interconnecting capillaries at both the subcapsular, midcortical and corticomedullary junction. Numerous efferent arterioles, derived from the corticomedullary glomeruli, were seen as large, radiating vessels running towards the renal papilla.     

Injection studies of cortical and medullary organization in the avian kidney

Cortical lobules of the avian kidney are branched structures in which the efferent venous system forms an intralobular axis. The latter receives portal blood through an intertubular capillary plexus. Capillary distribution is regionalized thus delimiting the boundaries of individual cortical lobules. The size of cortical lobules (combined length of individual branches) varies intraspecifically from less than 1 mm to more than 18 mm. The largest units are peripherally located in the dorsal and lateral aspects of the kidney, while smaller lobules are deeper within the renal mass. A system of naming the branches of the efferent venous drainage is described. Cortical lobules take origin at varied levels along this venous network. A typical cortical lobule provides collecting ducts and loops of Henle to several medullary lobules. The latter contact the cortical unit at intervals along its length, and each may be associated with more than one cortical lobule. Although boundaries are indefinite, a renal lobe can be regarded as a group of medullary lobules usually draining into a secondary ureteral branch plus their associated cortex.     

Glomerular bypass shunts and distribution of glomeruli in the kidney of the lesser spotted dogfish,Scyliorhinus caniculus

Summary Scanning electron microscopy of corroded resin casts of the renal vasculature of Scyliorhinus caniculus has revealed a novel vascular pathway arising from the afferent arteriole and bypassing the glomerulus. This glomerulus bypass shunt occurred in 36% of the glomerular casts examined. The shunt ran to join a peritubular network of capillaries and thereby offers the potential to vary the degree of glomerular perfusion and control the proportion of active glomeruli. In 29% of glomeruli two efferent arterioles drained the capillary knot. Glomeruli were located close to the dorsal margin of the posterior mass of the kidney, and towards the lateral edge of the anterior lobes of the kidney of female dogfish. In male dogfish, glomeruli were evenly distributed through the posterior mass of kidney, while in female dogfish 89% of glomeruli occurred in the posterior mass and 11% of glomeruli were located within the small anterior lobes.     

白腹锦鸡和红腹锦鸡的遗传分化

白腹锦鸡Chrysolophus amherstiae (Leadbeater)和红腹锦鸡Chrysolophus pictus (L.)是两个种还是两个亚种尚有争议。测定了白腹锦鸡C.amherstiae两个个体部分细胞色素b基因序列,得到完全相同的861bp的序列。与红腹锦鸡C.pictus的同源序列相比,在21个位点上出现变异,应用木村资生的双参数法算出两者的遗传距离为2.5％。根据鸡形目细胞色素b基因核苷酸替换的速率约为每百万年0.5％～ 0.7％,推断出两种锦鸡的分化时间至少为1.7百万年。从而在分子水平上支持白腹锦鸡(C.amherstiae)和红腹锦鸡(C.pictus)是两个独立种。 Abstract：It was disputed that Chrysolophus amherstiae (Leadbeater) and Chrysolophus pictus (L.) were two species or two subspecies.DNA sequences spanning 861 nucleotide bases of the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene were reported in two C.amherstiae.21 sites were different compared with C.pictus's homologous sequences. Genetic distance between C.amherstiae and was 2.5％ based on the Kimura's two parameter's methods.The divergence time between C.amherstiae and C.pictus was at least 1.7My based on the substitution rate of nucleotide acid of cytothrome-b gene in Galliformes.We suggested that Chrysolophus amherstiae and Chrysolophus pictus are two distinct species.     

Intravital Microscopy of the Inguinal Lymph Node

Lymph nodes (LN''s), located throughout the body, are an integral component of the immune system. They serve as a site for induction of adaptive immune response and therefore, the development of effector cells. As such, LNs are key to fighting invading pathogens and maintaining health. The choice of LN to study is dictated by accessibility and the desired model; the inguinal lymph node is well situated and easily supports studies of biologically relevant models of skin and genital mucosal infection.The inguinal LN, like all LNs, has an extensive microvascular network supplying it with blood. In general, this microvascular network includes the main feed arteriole of the LN that subsequently branches and feeds high endothelial venules (HEVs). HEVs are specialized for facilitating the trafficking of immune cells into the LN during both homeostasis and infection. How HEVs regulate trafficking into the LN under both of these circumstances is an area of intense exploration. The LN feed arteriole, has direct upstream influence on the HEVs and is the main supply of nutrients and cell rich blood into the LN. Furthermore, changes in the feed arteriole are implicated in facilitating induction of adaptive immune response. The LN microvasculature has obvious importance in maintaining an optimal blood supply to the LN and regulating immune cell influx into the LN, which are crucial elements in proper LN function and subsequently immune response. The ability to study the LN microvasculature in vivo is key to elucidating how the immune system and the microvasculature interact and influence one another within the LN. Here, we present a method for in vivo imaging of the inguinal lymph node. We focus on imaging of the microvasculature of the LN, paying particular attention to methods that ensure the study of healthy vessels, the ability to maintain imaging of viable vessels over a number of hours, and quantification of vessel magnitude. Methods for perfusion of the microvasculature with vasoactive drugs as well as the potential to trace and quantify cellular traffic are also presented. Intravital microscopy of the inguinal LN allows direct evaluation of microvascular functionality and real-time interface of the direct interface between immune cells, the LN, and the microcirculation. This technique potential to be combined with many immunological techniques and fluorescent cell labelling as well as manipulated to study vasculature of other LNs.     

红腹锦鸡、石鸡和雉鸡的部分血液生理生化指标

为了解红腹锦鸡、石鸡和雉鸡的血象、血液生理生化参数正常值及其特点,为人工饲养繁殖与健康检测提供参考资料,采用改良纽巴氏法、沙利氏比色法、离心法、瑞氏染色等方法和全自动血液生物化学分析仪对红腹锦鸡、石鸡和雉鸡的血象和16项生化指标进行了测定,通过SDS-PAGE分析了血浆蛋白质。结果表明:红腹锦鸡的平均红细胞体积、淋巴细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、血浆总蛋白、血浆白蛋白、血浆钠和血浆氯在性别之间有显著差异,所测其它生理生化指标在性别之间无显著差异;红腹锦鸡的红细胞、平均红细胞体积、凝血细胞、尿素氮和肌肝与石鸡和雉鸡存在显著差异,红腹锦鸡与石鸡的白细胞存在显著差异,所测其它生理生化指标在三者之间无显著差异。种属不同可能是导致3种雉科鸟类血液生理常值差别的主要原因,而采样时的机体状况、营养状况及测试操作方法也有一定的影响。     

Renal microvasculature in the adult pipid frog,Xenopus laevis: A scanning electron microscope study of vascular corrosion casts

We studied the opisthonephric (mesonephric) kidneys of adult male and female Xenopus laevis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of vascular corrosion casts and light microscopy of paraplast embedded tissue sections. Both techniques displayed glomeruli from ventral to mid-dorsal regions of the kidneys with single glomeruli located dorsally close beneath the renal capsule. Glomeruli in general were fed by a single afferent arteriole and drained via a single thinner efferent arteriole into peritubular vessels. Light microscopy and SEM of vascular corrosion casts revealed sphincters at the origins of afferent arterioles, which arose closely, spaced from their parent renal arteries. The second source of renal blood supply via renal portal veins varied interindividually in branching patterns with vessels showing up to five branching orders before they became peritubular vessels. Main trunks and their first- and second-order branches revealed clear longish endothelial cell nuclei imprint patterns oriented parallel to the vessels longitudinal axis, a pattern characteristic for arteries. Peritubular vessels had irregular contours and were never seen as clear cylindrical structures. They ran rather parallel, anastomosed with neighbors and changed into renal venules and veins, which finally emptied into the ventrally located posterior caval vein. A third source of blood supply of the peritubular vessels by straight terminal portions of renal arteries (vasa recta) was not found.