亚东鲑的年龄与生长的研究

首次报道了亚东鲑在青藏高原河流中的生长特点。对1999—2002年间在亚东河共采集的462尾亚东鲑(体长范围为93—364mm)进行了年龄与生长的研究。通过鳞片对其中302尾进行年龄鉴定并建立Von Bertalanffy生长方程:雌性(♀)Lt=709.44[1-e-0.1656(t-0.0845)](R2=0.9993,n=132)和Wt=6017.46[1-e-0.1656(t-0.0845)]2.9724(R2=0.9845,n=132);雄性(♂)Lt=797.82[1-e-0.1428(t-0.0058)](R2=0.9994,n=170)和Wt=8566.72[1-e-0.1428(t-0.0058)]2.9822(R2=0.9724,n=170)。亚东河中的亚东鲑群体由1—4龄组成,种群年龄趋于低龄化,雌雄性比为1∶1.29,生长指标为9.05—14.23(♀)和10.76—19.22(♂),雌雄鱼的平均标准体长分别为(192.60±69.92)mm和188.91±53.18mm。根据Von Bertalanffy方程的估算表明雌雄两性在体长、体重生长上有显著的差异;雄鱼比雌鱼有更大的渐近体长和渐近体重,两性个体均远未达到最大体长和体重;雄鱼比雌鱼生长更快,寿命更长。     

西藏蟾蜍消化系统组织学观察

对西藏蟾蜍的消化系统进行了组织学观察.消化道可以分为口腔、咽、食道、胃、十二指肠、回肠和直肠;肝脏和胰腺为消化腺.胃壁由黏膜层、黏膜下层、肌肉层和外膜组成.黏膜层中含有许多胃腺,但胃腺的颈部和腺体部不明显.肌肉层发达,有内环外纵两层平滑肌.小肠壁由黏膜层、黏膜下层、肌肉层和外膜组成,十二指肠的黏膜下层缺失.在黏膜层的固有膜中有管状肠腺.肝脏分为左、中、右3叶,肝小叶界限不明显.胰腺中的腺泡由腺细胞围成.     

龟足消化系统形态和组织学特点

应用光学显微镜观察龟足（Capitulum mitella）消化系统的形态和组织结构。龟足的消化系统包括消化腺和消化道。消化腺一对,呈长囊状,含有分泌细胞（B细胞）、吸收细胞（R细胞）、储存细胞（F细胞）和胚细胞（E细胞）4种类型细胞。消化道呈U型,由口、食道、胃、肠、直肠和肛门组成,各部分的结构由内到外可分为黏膜层、黏膜下层、肌层和外膜4层。口器为咀嚼型,包括一片上唇、一对触须、一对大颚以及两对小颚。食道细短,具几丁质层但无基膜,管壁向腔内突起形成明显的纵褶突;食道前段的环肌特别发达,同时独有放射肌。胃略呈球袋状,肠较长;胃和肠的组织结构相似,没有几丁质层,上皮细胞都有发达的微绒毛。直肠细长,外膜分布有16组纵肌;直肠前段的组织结构与胃、肠相似,而直肠后段有几丁质层覆盖,黏膜层、黏膜下层、肌层和外膜渐退化,16组纵肌渐发达。肛门16组更加发达的纵肌挤入上皮细胞下方,在外膜外另出现一层明显的环肌。龟足消化道各部分的组织结构差异明显,反映了它们功能的差异。     

亚东鲑幼鱼饲料蛋白和脂肪适宜水平的研究

为考察饲料蛋白和脂肪水平对亚东鲑(Salmo trutta)幼鱼生长性能、体组成、肝脏生化指标和肠道酶活性的影响,实验采用3×2双因子设计,蛋白水平为42%、46%和50%(P42、P46、P50),脂肪水平为12%和16%(L12、L16),共6组饲料,饲养平均体重(2.80±0.10) g的亚东鲑幼鱼56d。结果表明, P46L12组增重率最高(110.34%),饲料系数最低(1.3),而P50L16组的增重率最低;各组在脏体比之间无显著差异(P>0.05);肝体比随着蛋白和脂肪水平的增加呈现降低的趋势;蛋白沉积率和脂肪沉积率随着饲料蛋白的升高先上升后下降。饲料脂肪水平对肠蛋白酶,胃蛋白酶和胃淀粉酶活性均有显著影响(P<0.05),饲料蛋白水平仅对胃蛋白酶活性有显著影响(P<0.05); P46L12组的肠道蛋白酶,胃蛋白酶活性显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),胃、肠淀粉酶活性在各组中也最高。在同一脂肪水平下,肝脏谷丙转氨酶活性和总胆固醇和甘油三酯含量随着饲料粗蛋白水平的增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势。上述结果表明,亚东鲑幼鱼饲料中粗蛋白和粗脂肪的适宜水平分别为...     

波纹唇鱼消化系统的组织学

采用组织切片技术,研究了波纹唇鱼消化系统的组织结构,并描述了该鱼消化系统的形态构造。波纹唇鱼隶属隆头鱼科,为肉食性无胃鱼类。波纹唇鱼消化道包括口咽腔、食道、小肠、直肠和肛门。口咽腔内具有发达的颌齿和咽齿。肠道短而粗,在体腔内形成一个弯曲,比肠长0.43±0.02;食道的黏膜褶皱、黏膜下层、环肌层和纵肌层发达。小肠的黏膜下层、环肌层、纵肌层、浆膜层比直肠更薄。小肠前部的黏膜下层、浆膜层比小肠后部更厚。小肠黏膜层中的吸收细胞密度少于直肠,杯状细胞密度高于直肠。波纹唇鱼的口腔和舌的黏膜上皮为复层扁平上皮,有大量圆形黏液细胞存在。口腔和舌上有味蕾。食道黏膜层发达,基部有一种\"凹\"型结构,大量的巨型黏液细胞分布其中,该结构具有外分泌腺的结构特征,其\"凹\"型结构的开口在食道腔。小肠和直肠的微绒毛为单层柱状上皮组织,其间分布有3种杯状细胞,黏膜下层还分布有许多细胞质被染成红色的嗜酸性颗粒细胞。小肠前部黏膜上皮下含有脂肪颗粒,直肠上皮层中也含有被伊红染成红色的嗜酸性颗粒细胞。食道与小肠,小肠与直肠交界处存在瓣膜,瓣膜内的肌肉层均为横纹肌组成。肛门的黏膜层含有大量的椭圆形黏液细胞。波纹唇鱼的消化腺由肝胰脏和胆囊组成,肝脏分三叶,呈枫叶状,比肝胰脏重为1.5%±0.2%;胰脏沿肝血管弥散性分布在肝脏内,胆囊呈椭圆形,体积较大。并讨论了波纹唇鱼肠道的分段、消化道的组织特点与食性的关系等问题。       

亚东鲑幼鱼饲料中适宜淀粉种类与水平的研究

为考察淀粉种类与水平对亚东鲑(Salmo trutta)幼鱼生长性能、饲料利用、消化酶活性、肝脏生化指标和组织学的影响, 实验采用2×3双因素设计, 选取玉米淀粉和木薯淀粉, 分别以5%、10%和15%水平添加, 共配制6种等氮等脂饲料, 饲喂初始体重为(0.50±0.03) g的亚东鲑幼鱼84d。结果表明, 随着饲料中玉米淀粉和木薯淀粉水平的提高, 增重率呈现先上升后下降的趋势, 饲料系数则先下降后上升(P<0.05), 其中10%木薯淀粉组增重率最高(518.8%), 饲料系数最低(1.32)。各组成活率、脏体比、肥满度和全鱼水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量均没有显著差异(P>0.05), 粗蛋白沉积率随淀粉水平的提高呈下降趋势, 其中15%水平组显著低于其他水平组(P<0.05), 而脂肪沉积率则随着淀粉水平的升高先上升后下降, 且10%木薯淀粉组显著高于玉米淀粉组(P<0.05); 淀粉种类和水平对胃蛋白酶和胃淀粉酶无显著影响(P>0.05), 15%淀粉水平组肠淀粉酶和肠蛋白酶活性显著高于其他水平组(P<0.05)。饲料中淀粉种类和水平对肝脏谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、总胆固醇和甘油三酯均无显著影响(P>0.05), 15%淀粉组的肝糖原含量显著高于其他水平组(P<0.05)。在肝脏组织学方面, 15%水平组较其余两个水平组表现出明显的细胞核移位和细胞空泡化现象。上述结果表明, 在实验条件下, 亚东鲑幼鱼饲料中淀粉的适宜添加水平为10%, 木薯淀粉的效果优于玉米淀粉。     

地龟消化系统形态学及食性分析

地龟Geoemyda spengleri消化道分为口咽腔、食道、胃、小肠、大肠,消化道全长为背甲最大直线长的3.70倍。小肠长度占消化道全长的比例最大,为52.7%。肝质量占体质量的2.80%。通过解剖消化道得知,野生地龟的食性主要为一些昆虫及其幼虫、马陆等,如双距螯蜂Gonatopus sp.、丝光绿蝇Lucilia sericata、条马陆Julus terrestris等。人工饲养条件下,地龟可捕食昆虫纲Insecta、多足纲Myriapoda、寡毛纲Oligochaeta、甲壳纲Crustacea、蛛形纲Arachnida等的小型动物,如黄粉虫Tenebrio molitor、条马陆、环毛蚓Pheretima tschiliensis、鼠妇Armadillidium vulgare Latreille、跳蛛Salticidae等。野生地龟食性的确定对人工驯养繁殖中的饲喂有重要参考价值。     

不同养殖模式对亚东鲑幼鱼生长性能、血清生化指标和肌肉营养成分的影响

为了探索亚东鲑(Salmon trutta)多元化养殖模式, 以初始体质量(100.05±1.12) g幼鱼作为研究对象, 开展循环水和开放流水模式养殖比较, 试验周期180d, 分析比较其生长性能、血清生化指标和肌肉营养成分差异。结果表明: 在开放流水模式下增重率、肥满度、肝体指数、特定生长率和饲料转化率均显著高于循环水模式(P<0.05), 存活率二者差异不显著(P>0.05); 在循环水模式下补体C₄、总蛋白和生长激素均显著低于开放流水模式(P<0.05), 但溶菌酶、谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶相反(P<0.05), 补体C₃、碱性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶和球蛋白在两种模式之间差异均不显著(P>0.05); 肌肉主要营养成分粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量开放流水模式高于循环水模式, 氨基酸组成二者差异不显著(P>0.05), 脂肪酸中油酸、α-亚麻酸、C20﹕1、C20﹕2和MUFA含量均显著低于开放流水(P<0.05), 而EPA+DHA、SAFA和PUFA含量相反, 二者之间差异性显著(P<0.05), 矿物质镁含量循环水模式显著高于开放流水模式(P<0.05), 钙含量相反(P<0.05), 锌、铁和硒含量差异性均不显著(P>0.05)。综上, 在西藏地区进行亚东鲑循环水养殖, 可充分利用当地丰富太阳能、地热资源或依托温室进行水温调控, 同时进一步优化水体微生态净化能力, 使其生长条件更贴近开放流水养殖环境, 进而提升亚东鲑养殖效益, 保证营养品质。     

中华花龟消化系统的组织学初步研究

采用常规石蜡切片的方法,对4只成体中华花龟（Oeadia sinensis）的消化系统进行组织学观察。结果表明,中华花龟的消化道管壁除口腔外均由粘膜层、粘膜下层、肌层和浆膜组成;消化道各部分的差别主要在于粘膜层和肌层,舌、咽上皮为复层柱状上皮,食道、胃、肠上皮为单层柱状上皮,大肠上皮为复层扁平上皮;食道粘膜上皮特化成与水呼吸有关的绒毛,胃体部肌层最发达,内斜中环外纵相间排列,厚约652．6±41．2μm,小肠绒毛长而密集呈叶状;肝实质内含大小不等的色素细胞,门管区明显,肝小叶分界不清;胰腺腺泡细胞发达．内分泌细胞零散分布。     

白鲟消化道形态学与组织学的初步观察

白鲟消化道具有肉食性鱼类的典型特征,其口咽腔结构既适合捕食又适合吞食与滤食水生动物。咽后消化道可分为食道、胃后行支、胃前行支、小肠、瓣肠、直肠与肛门。幽门盲囊似一致密器官,小肠与瓣肠连接处有一特殊淋巴器官,肛门两侧有腹孔。白鲟口咽腔被覆层扁平上皮,上皮内有味蕾分布。咽后消化道组织分层为粘膜(无粘膜肌层)、粘膜下层(小肠及瓣肠前部无)、肌层与外膜。粘膜上皮为单层柱状上皮,由纤毛柱状细胞、一般柱状细胞和杯状细胞组成,其间还散在有颗粒细胞和游走细胞。食道后部与胃的一般柱状细胞为分泌粘液的细胞,肠内的一般柱状细胞为吸收细胞。胃后行支及部分前行支固有膜内有消化腺,其余各部的固有膜为致密层。小肠前中部粘膜形成蜂窝状粘膜窦,无肠腺。除食道前部肌层中有横纹肌外,其余部的肌层均为平滑肌。外膜内结缔组织有的致密有的疏松,外膜表面细胞柱状或立方形或扁平。     

Wild adult hybrids of Salmo salar L. and Salmo trutta L.

Ovarian development was impaired in three adult Salmo salar L. × S. trutta L. hybrids identified among adult salmonids in Scottish fisheries. Species-specific variation at enzyme loci indicated that the fish were F1 hybrids and mitochondrial DNA analysis showed them to be the progeny of S. salar females.     

Effects of stocking on the genetic diversity of brown trout populations of the Adriatic and Danubian drainages in Switzerland

This study focuses on genetic variation of brown trout Salmo trutta populations of the Adriatic and Danubian drainages in Switzerland. The allozyme and other protein loci data show a major replacement of native stocks from the Adriatic drainages by introduced hatchery trout of Atlantic basin origin. In most samples, diagnostic alleles for the Adriatic form of Salmo trutta f. fario and for the marbled trout Salmo trutta marmoratus are found at very low frequencies (f<0.15). Taking into account previous genetic studies on brown trout of this basin, the Danubian samples are not heavily contaminated with foreign alleles. The results are consistent with records of local stocking activities which account in part for the high introgression rates of Atlantic alleles into local populations of the Adriatic drainages. In addition, introgression is enhanced by a decrease of natural reproduction which is caused by a deterioration of trout habitats through human activities. Furthermore, a third mechanism is proposed that may contribute to the high introgression rates observed: if Atlantic trout are introduced, the reproductive barriers between the two native forms, marbled trout and Adriatic fario respectively, break down. Atlantic trout apparently hybridize with both native forms and generate gene flow between them. In some parts of Adriatic drainages in Switzerland, the patterns of introgression and hybridization are further complicated by introduction of trout from the Danubian system. Alleles of the marbled trout are also found in the samples of the Danubian drainage system. These are due to stocking activities across the watershed.     

The relationship between smolt density and fry density in salmonids

If the Ricker stock–recruitment model describes the relationship between egg density and survivor density at different stages of the life cycle, then the relationship between smolt density and fry density is not simple. Using data from a long-term study (1966–1990) of a sea trout population Salmo trutta , the relationship between density of potential smolts and fry densities in late M ay/early June or late August/early September is shown to be a reflexed curve with zero origin, so that there are two smolt densities for each fry density. A linear relationship is obtained only when the exponential parameter in the Ricker model is constant for the different life Stages.     

Genetic structure of two Turkish brown trout populations

The genetic structure of two brown trout Salmo trutta populations living in Lake Abant in Bolu and Üzüm River in Antalya was determined by examining 15 enzyme coding loci ( AAT, ADH, LDH, MDH, MEP, GPI, PGM and SOD ) using starch gel electrophoresis. Population specific mobilities were observed for the fixed alleles of LDH-B2, mMEP-2 and SOD-1 loci. Polymorphisms in sAA T-4, GPI-B2 loci were observed within the populations. Average heterozygosity of Abant and Antalya populations was 0.0358 and 0.0224 respectively. For LDH-C which is the post glaciation marker locus, the ancestral allele * 105 was found to be fixed in both of the populations. Nei's genetic distance between the two populations was 0.2507 which is the level of genetic distance often found between different species. This difference seems to be due to the presence of unique alleles in the LDH-B2, mMEP-2 and SOD-1 loci of the Abant population, indicating that the conservation of the Abant population and its heterozygosity is of prime importance.     

Introgression in the genus Salmo via allotriploids

Hybridization between sympatric species is not uncommon in the wild. Wild allotriploids (individuals with two chromosome sets from a species + one chromosome set from another species) are generally the result of a backcross between interspecific hybrids that produce unreduced gametes and one of the parental species. In animals, allotriploids are commonly sterile, except for some vertebrate species complexes in which allotriploids reproduce by parthenogenesis, gynogenesis and/or hybridogenesis, producing generally clonal or hemiclonal gametes; nuclear DNA introgression between hybridizing species is considered to be extremely rare. Employing species-specific molecular markers, we show genetic introgression between the chromosomally well-differentiated salmonids Atlantic salmon (2n = 58) and brown trout (2n = 80) through spontaneous bisexual reproduction of allotriploids leading to salmon-like offspring bearing some brown trout genes. Although introgression between these Salmo species can occur via allotriploids, we hypothesize that extinction of parental species can be discarded based on very low survival of allotriploid offspring.