燕麦属细胞遗传学研究进展

整理燕麦属(Avena L.)细胞遗传学研究文献,总结相关研究进展。燕麦属有7组29种植物,分属5个基因组类型(A、C、AB、AC、ACD)。基于荧光原位杂交技术和种间杂交实验表明,A、C基因组染色体结构差异较大,A基因组二倍体物种具有等臂染色体,C基因组二倍体物种具有不等臂染色体。燕麦属植物D基因组和A基因组间分化程度较小,B基因组有可能是A基因组的变型——A′基因组。普遍观点认为A基因组二倍体物种可能是燕麦属六倍体物种母系亲本,砂燕麦(A.strigosa)为该属多倍体物种A基因组祖先的假说备受争议,有学者认为加那利燕麦(A.canariensis)可能是多倍体物种A或D基因组的供体。燕麦属多倍体物种基因组互换及染色体重排事件,增加燕麦属种间亲缘关系、多倍体物种基因组起源研究的困难。结合基因组学、分子细胞遗传学技术,有望为上述问题提供新证据。     

齿蟾属的系统学研究进展

齿蟾属(Oreolalax)为中国特有属,主要分布在我国西南地区。本文对该属的系统学研究进行了综述,包括属的建立与物种组成、地理分布特征、细胞分类学、系统发育研究历史,以及尚需研究或进一步研究的问题。     

麻蜥属Eremias的系统学研究进展

由于各种原因, 麻蜥属的分类仍较混乱.本文对麻蜥属的系统学研究历史做了系统回顾, 从属、亚属、种等各级分类水平叙述了其研究历史, 包括属的建立与订正、物种组成、地理分布特征, 总结了通过外部形态和分子等研究手段, 在分类、系统发育、生物地理等研究层次上所取得的成果, 在此基础上提出需要深入研究麻蜥属的系统发育、谱系地理和物种形成机制等, 包括该属分布格局与青藏高原隆升、天山隆升及中亚荒漠化和第四纪冰期的关系.     

中国壁虎属动物系统学研究进展

壁虎属动物是一种分布非常广泛的动物,在我国除东北外其它各地都有分布。本文主要对国内壁虎属动物分类及系统学研究进行了总结,提出了壁虎属动物该方面研究现状和存在的问题。     

中国壁虎属Gekko动物系统学研究进展

壁虎属动物是一种分布非常广泛的动物 ,在我国除东北外其它各地都有分布。本文主要对国内壁虎属动物分类及系统学研究进行了总结 ,提出了壁虎属动物该方面研究现状和存在的问题。     

沙虎属Teratoscincus系统学研究进展

沙虎属是壁虎科中比较特化的沙生蜥蜴类,主要分布在中亚及其临近地区的低海拔荒漠中,本文结合文献资料和实物标本,对沙虎属的形态分类概况、染色体研究及分子生物学进行进行了初步总结;并在此基础上,提出了沙虎属尚待研究的问题。     

杜鹃花科白珠树属分子系统学和生物地理学研究进展

白珠树属(Gaultheria) 在杜鹃花科(Ericaceae)系统演化中占有十分重要的地位, 其系统位置和演化关系一直备受争议。最近的分子系统学研究认为, 白珠树属已经不再属于传统上的越橘亚科(Vaccinioideae)的綟木族(Andromedeae), 而是与一些相关属组成了白珠树族(Gaultherieae)。对白珠树属产于美洲的类群和相关类群的分子系统学的初步研究则表明, 该属与Diplycosia、Tepuia和Pernettya等属(均为“常绿类群”)关系密切, 可能应将这几个属并入到白珠树属中, 但其属下分类系统关系还需要对产于亚洲的类群进行深入的研究后才能确定。白珠树属与其近缘属的进化历史和生物地理学关系较为复杂, 与杜鹃花科其他大多数属不同, 白珠树属为典型的环太平洋分布。关于白珠树属的起源问题存在两种不同的推测: 一种观点认为该属起源于南半球的冈瓦纳古陆; 另一种观点则认为其起源于北半球的劳亚古大陆。本文概述了近年来白珠树属的分子系统学和生物地理学研究进展, 并对该属尚存的一些问题进行了讨论。     

杜鹃花科白珠树属分子系统学和生物地理学研究进展

白珠树属(Gaultheria)在杜鹃花科(Ericaceae)系统演化中占有十分重要的地位,其系统位置和演化关系一直备受争议.最近的分子系统学研究认为,白珠树属已经不再属于传统上的越橘亚科(Vaccinioideae)的綟木族(Andromedeae),而是与一些相关属组成了白珠树族(Gaultherieae).对白珠树属产于美洲的类群和相关类群的分子系统学的初步研究则表明,该属与Diplycosia、Tepuia和Pernettya等属(均为"常绿类群")关系密切,可能应将这几个属并入到白珠树属中,但其属下分类系统关系还需要对产于亚洲的类群进行深入的研究后才能确定.白珠树属与其近缘属的进化历史和生物地理学关系较为复杂,与杜鹃花科其他大多数属不同,白珠树属为典型的环太平洋分布.关于白珠树属的起源问题存在两种不同的推测:一种观点认为该属起源于南半球的冈瓦纳古陆;另一种观点则认为其起源于北半球的劳亚古大陆.本文概述了近年来白珠树属的分子系统学和生物地理学研究进展,并对该属尚存的一些问题进行了讨论.     

适应辐射类群穇属的系统学研究进展

综合花序拓扑学、比较形态学、分子系统发育、细胞遗传学等资料,对适应辐射类群穆属(Eleusine Gaertn.)的系统学研究进展进行了述评.穆属系统位置--Eleusiinae亚族成员得到分子系统发育证据的支持.该属具有3种花序类型、7个基因组类型、多倍体均由二倍体杂交起源、C4植物高度适应半湿润-半干旱镶嵌气候等特征.据可靠化石记载和现代地理分布推断,穆属很可能起源于东非,时间是晚中新世,而适应辐射则发生在上新世-中新世间隔.总的来说,分子系统发育、细胞遗传学、古地质、古气候数据的整合研究能够为穆属多倍体起源和谱系多样化历史提供令人信服的证据.     

分子系统学研究进展

分子系统学 ( molecular systematics)是近 30年发展起来的一门综合性前沿学科 ,它在分子水平上对生物进行遗传多样性、分类、系统发育和进化等方面的研究 ,其研究结果对于保护生物多样性 (尤其是遗传多样性 ) ,揭示生物进化历程及机理具有十分重要的意义。1　分子系统学的定义及发展简史分子系统学是通过检测生物大分子包含的遗传信息 ,定量描述、分析这些信息在分类、系统发育和进化上的意义 ,从而在分子水平上解释生物的多样性、系统发育及进化规律的一门学科。它以分子生物学、系统学、遗传学、分类学和进化论为理论基础 ,以分子生物学…     

A new species of Phaeohelotium from Nothofagus forests in Argentina and Chile, with a key to the Southern Hemisphere species

Phaeohelotium nothofagi, sp.nov., found on fallen wood and leaves of Nothofagus dombeyi, is described and illustrated. The fungus is characterized by pale yellow discs, and fumose ascospores with asperulate walls. A key with distributional data for the five species of the genus now known in the Southern Hemisphere is provided.     

禾本科燕麦属植物的地理分布

为探讨燕麦属(Avena L.)植物的地理分布,通过野外调查及查阅标本和文献资料,对燕麦属植物的地理分布进行整理和研究。结果表明,燕麦属植物约有29种,主要分布在欧洲、地中海地区、北非、西亚、东亚和美洲。中国有4种,分布于华北、西北、西南各省(区)的高海拔地区。燕麦属下分7个组,分别是多年生燕麦组[sect.Avenotrichon(Holub)Baum]、偏凸燕麦组(sect.Ventricosa Baum)、耕地燕麦组(sect.Agraria Baum)、软果燕麦组(sect.Tenuicarpa Baum)、埃塞俄比亚燕麦组(sect.Ethiopica Baum)、厚果燕麦组(sect.Pachycarpa Baum)和真燕麦组(sect.Avena)。其中,埃塞俄比亚燕麦组分布在埃塞俄比亚、沙特阿拉伯、也门,其他6个组分布在欧洲、地中海、西北非洲、西亚、东亚和美洲地区。地中海、西北非洲、西亚地区分布有除埃塞俄比亚燕麦组之外的所有6个组,因此推断该地区可能是燕麦属的现代分布中心和多样性中心,而燕麦属的起源地尚需确证。     

Growth of Avena coleoptiles and pH drop of protoplast suspensions induced by chlorinated indoleacetic acids

Several indoleacetic acids, substituted in the benzene ring, were compared in the Avena straight growth bioassay. 4-Chloroindoleacetic acid, a naturally occurring plant hormone, is one of the strongest hormones in this bioassay. With an optimum at 10^-6 mol l^-1, it is more active than indoleacetic acid, 2,4-dichlorphenoxyacetic acid and naphthaleneacetic acid. 5-Chloro- and 6-chloroindoleacetic acids are very strong auxins as well. Other derivatives tested have a lower activity. 5,7-Dichloro- and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acids have very low auxin activity at 10^-4 mol l^-1 and may be anti-auxins. Some of the derivatives were compared for their effect on pH decline in stem protoplast suspensions of Helianthus annuus L. and Pisum sativum L. The change of pH occurs without a lag period or with only a very short one. Derivatives which are very active in the Avena straight growth assay cause a larger pH decline than indoleacetic acid, while inactive derivatives cause effectively no pH decline.Abbreviations IAA Indoleacetic acid - 4-Cl-IAA 4-chloroindoleacetic acid - 5,7-Cl₂-IAA etc 5,7-dichloroindoleacetic acid     

The genus Setulipes (Marasmiaceae) in Madagascar and the Mascarenes, including a key to other African taxa

The authors report first records for the genus Setulipes in Madagascar, with the presence of Setulipes cf. hakgalensis and two new species, Setulipes funaliformis and S. moreaui, as well as a new species from Mauritius: S. mauritiensis. A key to these taxa, as well as to other African species, is supplied.     

Isozyme diversity in sour,sweet, and ground cherry

Thirty-six sour (Prunus cerasus L.), sweet (P. avium L.), and ground cherry (P. fruticosa Pall.) selections were evaluated for seven enzyme systems and principal coordinate analysis was used to examine isozyme divergence among these cherry species. The enzyme systems studied were phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), phosphoglucomutase (PGM), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), shikimate dehydrogenase (SKDH), and malate dehydrogenase (MDH). The first principal coordinate, which accounted for 41% of the total variation, separated the diploid sweet cherry selections from the sour, ground, and sour x ground cherry tetraploids. An additional 86 selections were evaluated for up to six of the enzyme systems to determine the polymorphisms at the enzyme loci and the level of heterozygosity between the diploid sweet cherry and the tetraploid species and interspecific hybrids. 6-PGD was the most polymorphic enzyme exhibiting 16 patterns. The tetraploid cherry species were more heterozygous than the diploid sweet cherry with an average heterozygosity of 78% compared to 19% for the diploids.     

Electrical field effects induced in membranes of developing chloroplasts

Etioplasts, etiochloroplasts, and chloroplasts of Avena sativa L. purified on a Percoll gradient were subjected to increasing electric field strengths in the orifice of a hydrodynamically focussing Coulter Counter. The change in resistance of the orifice when an organelle is present correlates well with the size of the plastid for field strengths up to about 3.5 kV cm^-1. Beyond this field strength, depending on the size of the organelle, the size is underestimated. The underestimation of the size is caused by the dielectric breakdown of the envelope membranes once a critical membrane potential has been exceeded. Beyond breakdown the signal of the particle is predominately determined both by the internal conductivity and the increased membrane conductivity. Measurements of the breakdown voltage of different developmental stages of the plastids reveal that the breakdown voltage decreases from 1.2 V in etioplasts to about 0.9 V in chloroplasts after 48 h illumination. The decrease in breakdown voltage can be explained in terms of increasing incorporation of proteins into the inner envelope membrane during development.This view is consistent with conclusions drawn by other authors from transport and biochemical studies. The underestimation of the size beyond breakdown is about 20% and increases to a constant value of about 40% during the first 3 h of illumination. The underestimation decreases again to about 10% when the chloroplast stage is reached. This result is consistent with the current view of chloroplast development. Mobilisation of glucans, the transformation of the prolamellar body of etioplasts into thylacoid membranes as well as an intensive synthesis of pigments and enhanced rates of ions transport in the first hour of illumination gives rise to an increased pool of ionic compounds within the plastid stroma.It should be noted that purification of the plastids on Percoll gradient leads to size distributions which are almost normally distributed over the whole field range, suggesting that the preparations are also electrically homogeneous (U. Zimmermann, F. Riemann and G. Pilwat: Biochim. Biophys. Acta 436, 460–474 (1976)). In contrast with results of Lürssen, K., Z. Naturforsch. 25b, 1113–1119 (1970) only a slight increase of the modal volume from the etioplast stage to the chloroplast stage is observed.     

A reconsideration of the genusRabdosiella (Lamiaceae,Nepetoideae, Ocimeae)

The two generaPlectranthus andIsodon are compared and found to be very dissimilar.Isodon ist considered to be misplaced inOcimeae subtribePlectranthinae and apparently is more closely related to subtribeHyptidinae. The disjunct genusRabdosiella is compared to these two genera and regarded to be polyphyletic. The AfricanR. calycina (Benth.)Codd is returned toPlectranthus and calledP. calycinusBenth., while the AsianR. ternifolia (D. Don)Codd is placed inIsodon sect.Pyramidium and calledI. ternifolius (D. Don)Kudo.     

The use of the central raphe endings as a taxonomic character

The use of the central raphe endings as a key character in the classification ofNitzschia is argued to be of doubtful validity. Some aspects of the evolution of the raphe are discussed in relation to variation in raphe structure within fibulate genera.Notes for a monograph of theBacillariaceae (Bacillariophyta) 1.