田间棉铃虫种群对Cry1Ac蛋白的抗性基因频率

【目的】系统了解河南省新乡市田间棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)种群对Cry1Ac蛋白的敏感性变化,可为该虫的抗性治理策略提供重要的科学依据。【方法】采用单雌系F1/F2代并结合诊断剂量法于2013-2016年连续监测了河南省新乡市棉铃虫种群对Cry1Ac蛋白的抗性基因频率以及种群敏感度的变化。【结果】2013-2016年河南省新乡市棉铃虫种群对Cry1Ac的抗性基因频率小于0.002 12,抗性基因频率处于较低水平;种群的相对平均发育级别由2013年的0.506分别下降到2015和2016年的0.448和0.442,表明棉铃虫对Cry1Ac蛋白的敏感度增加。【结论】河南省新乡市棉铃虫种群对转Cry1Ac基因棉花仍处于较为敏感阶段,转Bt基因棉花的种植面积在河南新乡地区的大面积缩小可能是其抗性发展缓慢的重要原因。     

棉铃虫田间种群Bt毒素Cry1Ac抗性基因频率的估算

采用改进的F₁筛查法检测了2005年采自华北地区的棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)田间种群对Bt毒素Cry1Ac的抗性基因频率。2005年从河南安阳和河北沧县转Bt基因抗虫棉上采集二代棉铃虫卵,在室内用人工饲料饲养至2龄幼虫,用1 μg/cm² 的Cry1Ac活化毒素进行初筛,将初筛存活成虫与室内筛选的GYBT抗性品系成虫进行单对杂交,并用区分剂量(2.5 μg/cm²)对F₁代进行检测。经检测,2005年河南安阳棉铃虫种群和河北沧县棉 铃虫种群对Cry1Ac抗性基因频率基本一致,分别为1.4×10^-3和1.5×10^-3。用毒素涂表法测定了2004、2005年采自河南安阳、河北高阳、河北沧县、新疆阿克苏和新疆沙湾棉铃虫田间种群对Cry1Ac活化毒素的敏感性水平,结果表明华北棉区与新疆内陆棉区棉铃虫种群对Cry1Ac的敏感性存在一定的地区性差异（<8倍）。总体上,我国华北棉区棉铃虫种群对Cry1Ac还未产生明显抗性,抗性基因频率处于正常水平。棉铃虫对转Bt基因抗虫棉的抗性风险依然存在,需要尽快启动全国性的早期抗性检测和预警工作。     

新疆棉区田间棉铃虫种群对Bt Cry1Ac毒蛋白的敏感性研究

为了明确新疆棉区棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)种群对Bt Cry1Ac毒蛋白的敏感性变化,本次研究采用单雌系F1/F2代诊断剂量法于2013-2019年连续监测了新疆库尔勒市棉铃虫种群对Cry1Ac毒蛋白的抗性频率以及种群敏感度的变化.结果表明,2013-2019年新疆库尔勒市棉铃虫种群...     

从卵巢发育特点揭示新疆地区棉铃虫迁飞习性

为探索棉铃虫成虫在新疆地区是否具有迁飞性,在新疆北部石河子垦区146团和147团、乌苏、新疆南部阿克苏地区(阿克苏市、阿瓦提县、12团)和麦盖提,监测了棉铃虫田间卵巢发育和交配频率.结果表明:雌蛾卵巢发育到l级时开始出现交配,且交配次数与卵巢发育级数呈显著正相关;146团、147团、乌苏、阿克苏第3代棉铃虫以及阿瓦提县第3代和第4代棉铃虫卵巢发育级别3级以上的个体均占到65％以上,表明其种群主要由外地迁入;高峰期棉铃虫雌蛾平均交配率和交配频率分别为81.63％和1.96.各监测区域棉铃虫雌蛾的交配率和雌雄比例均符合迁入种群的生理特征,表明新疆地区棉铃虫存在迁飞.探明棉铃虫在新疆地区的迁飞和交配情况将为该地区棉铃虫的区域防治提供重要科学依据.     

盐城棉区棉铃虫田间种群对Bt蛋白的抗性基因频率

【背景】转Bt基因抗虫棉已经在我国进行了近20年的大规模商业化种植,产生了显著的经济和环境效益。但是,靶标害虫棉铃虫的抗性是转Bt基因抗虫棉产业健康发展所面临的最大问题,而抗性监测是解决这一问题的必要管理措施。盐城市是江苏省转基因抗虫棉的主产区,但有关该地区棉铃虫对转Bt基因抗虫棉的抗性基因频率未见报道。【方法】于2012年在盐城三龙镇和东台镇棉区采集田间棉铃虫种群,检测了初孵幼虫对花铃期转Bt基因抗虫棉中30幼嫩叶片的敏感性,用区分剂量法检测了2龄幼虫对Bt蛋白的抗性基因频率。【结果】取食转Bt基因抗虫棉叶片后,棉铃虫初孵幼虫在9 d内全部死亡;三龙镇和东台镇棉铃虫2龄幼虫对Bt蛋白的抗性基因频率分别为7.6×10-3和6.9×10-3。【结论与意义】目前,盐城棉区的棉铃虫对转Bt基因抗虫棉仍保持很高的敏感性,棉铃虫种群对Bt蛋白的抗性基因频率没有发生显著变化,但仍需持续监测。     

F1代法监测田间棉铃虫对转Bt基因棉的抗性

采用表达单价Cry1Ac毒素的转Bt基因棉棉叶喂饲法比较了棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)抗、感亲本及正反交后代在Bt棉上5 d的发育速率,确定棉铃虫在Bt棉上5 d发育到2龄中期以上、体重≥0.6 mg的个体作为判别抗性纯合子的标准。2006年采用F₁代法在室内用Bt棉叶喂饲法检测河北省邱县Bt棉田棉铃虫对Bt棉的抗性等位基因频率。结果表明,127头田间雄虫中24头携带抗性基因,估测抗性等位基因频率为0.94（95%CI：0.044～0.145）,该值为在国内首次检测到的高抗性等位基因频率。该地区长期大面积种植转单价Bt棉和缺少非Bt棉作为有效庇护区导致田间抗性快速进化,需要尽快采取有效的抗性治理策略。本文还讨论了影响大田产生抗性的因素以及田间存在的抗性风险等。     

不同Bt棉种植年代棉铃虫种群的波动性不对称

波动性不对称 (Fluctuating asymm etry,FA)是指相对于生物两侧对称发育的一种细微的随机偏离 ,通常用来指示生物在外界环境压力下发育的稳定性程度。 2 0 0 2年在我国北方棉区 1 3个具有 1～ 5 a转 Bt基因棉种植史的市、县采集了棉铃虫上灯蛾 ,测定了各点成虫后足腿节的波动性不对称 (Fluctuating asymmetry,FA)。结果表明 ,1 2个采集地的棉铃虫后足腿节均表现出 FA;相关性分析发现 ,各采集点的 FA值与 Bt棉的种植年代间存在着显著的负相关关系 (r=- 0 .77) ,显示出棉铃虫自然种群对 Bt棉的适应性随着 Bt棉种植时间延长而渐增的趋势。讨论了棉铃虫对 Bt棉的适应以及 FA作为棉铃虫田间种群对 Bt棉早期抗性监测指标的可能性     

棉铃虫对转Bt基因抗虫棉花的抗性机制及治理

棉铃虫是危害棉花最严重的害虫之一. 作为生物技术产品, 转Bt杀虫基因棉花产生的Cry毒素对棉铃虫有高效毒杀作用. Bt棉花已在世界范围内商业化种植, 通过有效控制棉铃虫种群数量, 而显著减少了化学农药的用量. 尽管没有发现棉铃虫田间种群对Bt棉花产生高水平抗性, 但室内持续筛选已培育出多个高水平抗性品系, 表明存在棉铃虫对Bt棉花产生抗性的风险. 鉴于棉铃虫对Bt棉花产生抗性可能对Bt棉花利用价值的影响, 国内外近10年来对此进行了系统深入地研究. 本文综述了棉铃虫对Bt棉花抗性的生物化学和分子机制、抗性治理与监测技术的最新研究进展, 并分析了中国、澳大利亚和印度等国家棉铃虫对Bt棉花的抗性治理策略.     

湖北棉区转Bt基因棉对棉铃虫的控制作用

2000-2001年通过田间系统调查,表明转Bt基因棉（品种为GK19）在湖北江汉平原棉区对棉铃虫抗性稳定。试验设3个处理：转Bt基因棉化防田（使用化学农药控制害虫）、转Bt基因棉自控田（依靠天敌控制害虫）及常规棉对照田（利用综合防治措施控制害虫）。从棉铃虫的第2代到第5代整个发生期内,即使在不进行化学防治的情况下,棉铃虫在Bt棉田的发生量也保持在极低的水平(最高百株虫量为12头)。室内饲养结果表明,转Bt基因棉对棉铃虫的生长发育（幼虫体重、蛹重）有较为明显的影响,使6龄幼虫体重减少25.6%,蛹重减少18.2%。棉铃虫幼虫取食转Bt基因棉组织后,发育迟缓,相对于常规棉喂养的整个发育历期延长17 d,使棉铃虫在田间的危害减少至少一个世代。另外,接虫试验表明,棉铃虫幼虫在常规棉上的取食时间是转Bt基因棉株上的6.1倍,极大地减轻了棉铃虫的危害程度。     

棉铃虫对Bt生物农药早期抗性及与转Bt基因棉抗虫性的关系

用饲料感染法建立了棉铃虫Helicoverpa rmigera(Hubmer)敏感品系(SUS1)对Bt生物农药的敏感毒力基线和区分剂量,1995年测定了五省六县棉铃虫初孵幼虫对Bt生物农药的敏感性,结果表明：山东阳谷、河北邯郸、河南新乡、安徽萧县及江苏丰县棉铃虫已产生早期抗性,抗性个体百分率为5%～10%,与敏感品系相比,LC₅₀值稍有增加,但斜率b值明显变小;而江苏东台棉铃虫仍属敏感。这是国内外首次诊测到棉铃虫对Bt生物农药抗性。用棉叶喂饲法测定比较了转Bt基因棉花品系对不同种群棉铃虫的抗虫性效果,结果表明：用早期抗性的阳谷和新乡棉铃虫初孵幼虫接虫5d后平均死亡率较敏感品系下降16%～29%,说明棉铃虫对Bt农药与转Bt生物基因棉花品系间存在交互抗性。还讨论了Bt农药的抗性治理对策。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.