羊鼻蝇蛆病的防治

羊鼻蝇即羊狂蝇oestrusov0Llnnaeus属狂蝇科狂蝇属昆虫l‘’。羊鼻蝇蛆病是由于羊鼻蝇的幼虫寄生于羊的鼻腔和与其相通的腔窦内而引起的一种慢性寄生虫病。我国产羊地区均有流行,内蒙古及西北地区较为严重。主要危害绵羊,山羊受害较轻,也可侵袭鹿。成蝇也可将幼虫产于人的眼、鼻孔、唇部而引起一定的危害。回病原羊鼻蝇体色呈淡灰色,以黑色斑纹占优势,成虫（蝇）体长Ic～12mm,全身密生绒毛。形体似蜂,头大,呈半圆形,带黄灰色,胸部给节上有细长毛,腹部有银白色的闪光点,翅透明,口器退化,产完幼虫（蛆）后,雌蝇立即死亡,雄蝇…     

中国云南巨尾蝇属三新种记述(双翅目,丽蝇科)(英文)

记述采自云南的巨尾蝇属Hypopygiopsis Townsend3新种:云南巨尾蝇Hypopygiopsis yunnanensis sp. nov.,指突巨尾蝇H. dactylis sp. nov.和离叶巨尾蝇H. diversis sp. nov.。文中编制了该属所有已知种的检索表,新种详细的形态特征及其与近缘种的鉴别特征,并建立了两个新种群:紫色巨尾蝇群H. violacea-group和斑翅巨尾蝇群H. fumipennis group。新种的模式标本保存于作者所在单位。     

中国贵州毛盾蝇属二新种记述(双翅目,蝇科)

记述采自贵州地区的毛盾蝇属Lasiopelta Malloch 2新种:红棕毛盾蝇L.rufescenta Wei et Jiang,sp.nov.和黄色毛盾蝇,L.flava Wei et Cao,sp.nov..文中编制了该属所有已知种的检索表、新种详细的形态特征及其与近缘种的鉴别特征;并建立了斑翅毛盾蝇群Lasiopelta maculipennis-group.新种的模式标本保存于作者所在单位.     

基于几何形态测量学的植物鉴定方法

物种鉴定是植物研究中的一个重要环节,尤其对近缘种的鉴定是个难点。野外调查和采样时通常使用直接观察形态特征的方法来鉴定物种,容易产生鉴定误差。本文以同域分布的两个近缘种槲树（Quercus dentata Thunb.）和槲栎（Q.aliena Blume）为研究对象,通过叶片形态研究,探讨几何形态测量学方法,并对该方法的植物物种鉴定能力进行总结。该方法除了具备操作简单和分析准确的优势外,还弥补了传统物种鉴定方法的不足,可显著提高植物物种的鉴定能力。     

中国贵州妙蝇属(双翅目,蝇科)研究及双色妙蝇群一新种记述(英文)

系贵州地区妙蝇属Myospila Rondani研究的系列论文之一,记述该属1新种群:双色妙蝇群Myospila bina species group并描述新种群1新种:长妙蝇Myospi lalonga sp.nov.。文中给出了双色妙蝇群的定义,编制了新种群所有已知种的检索表,描述了其详细的形态特征及其与近缘种的鉴别特征。新种的模式标本保存于作者所在单位。     

A TAXONOMIC STUDY OF THE GENUS MYOSPILA RONDANI (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE) FROM GUIZHOU, CHINA, DESCRIPHONS OF THREE NEW SPECIES BELONGING TO THE NEWLY DEFINED M.FEMORATA-GROUP

系贵州地区妙蝇属Myospila Rondani研究的系列论文之一,记述该属1新种群,黄股妙蝇群Myospila femorata species-group,并描述该新种群3新种:弯端妙蝇Myospila acrula sp.nov.,黄叶妙蝇Myospila flavilobulusa sp.nov.和绯角妙蝇Myospila ruficornica sp.nov.文中给出了黄股妙蝇群的定义,编制了该新种群所有已知8种的检索表,描述了新种详细的形态特征及其与近缘种的鉴别特征.新种的模式标本保存于作者所在单位.     

中国贵州妙蝇属(双翅目,蝇科)研究及净妙蝇群五新种记述(英文)

系贵州地区妙蝇属Myospila Rondani研究的系列论文之一,记述该属1新种群:净妙蝇群M.species-lauta并描述该新种群5新种:冯氏妙蝇M.fengisp.nov.,肖黄基妙蝇M.flavibasisoides sp.nov.,亚黄基妙蝇M.subflavibasis sp.nov.,亚净妙蝇M.sublauta sp.nov.和黄褐妙蝇M.xuthosa sp.nov.。文中给出了净妙蝇群的定义,编制了新种群所有已知种的检索表,描述了新种详细的形态特征及其与近缘种的鉴别特征。新种的模式标本保存于作者所在单位。     

羽角姬小蜂属寄生林木食叶害虫的二新种记述(膜翅目,姬小蜂科)

记述了中国羽角姬小蜂属2新种:袋蛾羽角姬小蜂Sympiesis chaliloides sp.nov.与舟蛾羽角姬小蜂Sympiesis closterae sp.nov..袋蛾羽角姬小蜂Sympiesis chaliloieds sp.nov.寄生白囊袋蛾Chaliloides kondonis Matsumura的幼虫;舟蛾羽角姬小蜂Sympiesis closterae sp.nov.寄生杨扇舟蛾Clostera aanachoreta(Fabricius)的幼虫.文中描述了两新种的外部形态特征,绘制了部分形态特征图,并与近缘种进行了形态比较.模式标本保存于中国林业科学研究院昆虫标本馆.     

上海常见蝇类幼虫小志

本文用检索表的方式报告了采自上海的50多种与人类杂处的常见蝇类和其他双翅类的幼虫鉴别特征;其中34种(内3种非上海产)有种的鉴别特征,其余的有些仅鉴别到属、亚科或科。对过去还未见记载的元厕蝇和斑跖黑蝇的幼虫、以及绯胫纹蝇和突额家蝇的蛹的形态,文内作了必要的描述。从绯胫纹蝇的口咽器和卵的形态看来,纹蝇属是与棘花蝇类很近缘的。     

黑须污蝇(Wohlfahrtia magnifica Schin.)——草原上常见的一种致蝇蛆症的蝇子

在我国西北、内蒙的草原上,牲畜常常因一些蝇类幼虫的寄生而罹致各种蝇蛆症,如寄生在牛的皮蝇,寄生在马的胃蝇,寄生在羊的狂蝇和寄生在各种牲畜的黑须污蝇,都是发生普遍和为害严重的一些种类。近年来我们到内蒙和西北等牧区调查的同时,对黑须污蝇也作了一些初步的观察,现在结合文献资料作一简单的报导。     

Morphological variability and genetic identity in Rhinoestrus spp. causing horse nasal myiasis

Larvae of Rhinoestrus purpureus (Brauer) and Rhinoestrus usbekistanicus Gan (Diptera: Oestridae) cause nasal myiases of equids. During a recent epidemiological survey in southern Italy some morphological and taxonomical doubts arose concerning the identification of Rhinoestrus third stage larvae on the basis of the features of the posterior spiracles and the distribution of dorsal spines on the third segment. Four different morphotypes were retrieved: R. usbekistanicus-like, R. purpureus-like and two morphotypes with shared features. The genes encoding for the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and for the ribosomal subunits 16S and 28S of the four morphotypes of Rhinoestrus were investigated to determine whether they belonged to a single taxon or they displayed genetic differences indicative of more than one species. The three genes showed a very low level of sequence variation (COI 0-0.43%, 16S 0-1.45%, 28S 0-0.23%) falling within the intraspecific ranges previously described for Oestridae species. Finally, the peritreme features and the spinulation of the third segment of the four morphotypes examined could not be used to differentiate the two species.     

Comparative ontogenesis and cytomorphology of the nasal organs in some species of cichlid fish (Cichlidae, Teleostei)

This study compares the ontogenesis, morphology and cytology of olfactory organs of several species of Cichlidae (Pisces, Teleostei), from Asia, Africa and America, belonging to the subfamilies Tilapinae and Haplochrominae. Cichlids, in contrast to most other fish families, possess only one naris on each side of the nose that serves as both inlet and outlet opening. The olfactory rosettes are round, 1.8–4.2 mm diameter, and situated directly below the nares. Each rosette consists of a central raphe with attached lamellae whose number increases with age, remains constant in adults and differs in the various species. Onset of organization of the nasal organs from the neuroectoderm begins 14–16 hours after fertilization in bottomspawner cichlids, and 30–53 hours after fertilization in mouthbrooder embryos. A comparative ontogenetic study of embryos and larvae of both ethological types has shown that this difference in timing of morphogenesis also continues in the formation of the nasal pits, the development of the nasal epithelium, and the olfactory nerves. Comparative data are provided for these processes, including LM, TEM and SEM of the stereocilia and kinocilia-bearing cells, as well as of the microvillar cells. The distribution of these cell-types on the olfactory lamellae differs in the various species. The faster development of the nasal organs observed in larvae of bottomspawners as compared to mouthbrooders also matches the development of other vital organs in these two etho-types and seems to be of high adaptive value, providing the bottomspawners at an earlier stage with sensitive organs in the surrounding hostile habitats.     

Comparative characterization of the microflora of the upper respiratory tract mucous membranes in bronchial asthma and allergic persistent rhinitis

A total of 250 patients with diagnosed bronchial asthma (BA) were examined by microbiological methods. Among them--188 children and 62 adults. In 87 patients the microflora of nasal mucosa was studied, in 40--of pharynx only and in 123 patients--both the nasal and the pharynx. For comparative analysis earlier data obtained in 69 patients with persistent allergic rhinitis (PAR) were used. The cultures isolated from the nasal mucosa of BA patients were shown to number 18 genera and 42 species, while among those isolated from pharynx mucosa 20 genera and 40 species. Monocultures were isolated from the nasal mucosa only in 23% of the examined patients and from the pharynx mucosa--only in 1.42%. Associations with different numbers of components were isolated from nasal and pharynx mucosa (2 to 6, 2 to 8 respectively). Staphylococcus aureus was regarded as the main species of nasal biocenosis in BA and PAR, as well as pharynx biocenosis in BA. Besides, in BA other Staphylococcus species (schleiferi, caprae, capitis, hominis, etc.), reversely related to the main species, could be isolated from both mucous membranes. Similarities and differences in microflora of biocenoses in both nosological forms, confirming links between PAR and BA, are considered.     

Phylogenetic analysis of nasal avian schistosomes (Trichobilharzia) from aquatic birds in Mazandaran Province,northern Iran

Nasal schistosomes are trematodes in the family Schistosomatidae, many members of which are causative agents of human cercarial dermatitis (HCD). Little is known about the species diversity and distribution of nasal dwelling schistosomes of water birds, particularly in countries outside of Europe; even less is known in countries like Iran. Nasal schistosomes are of particular interest since these species migrate via the central nervous system to the nasal cavity once they penetrate their host. Thus, there must be efforts to determine the incidence of HCD due to nasal schistosomes. HCD outbreaks are reported seasonally in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran, an area well known for rice cultivation leading to increased person contact with water and infected snails. Such places include favorable habitat for both domestic ducks year round, and wild migratory ducks in the winter through spring. Recent reports have detected the presence of both nasal and visceral schistosomes in ducks in this area but with little species characterization. In this study, we examine a diversity of aquatic birds to determine the distribution, prevalence and bird host use of nasal schistosomes. We apply for the first time a molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of these schistosomes. From 2012 to 2014, the nasal cavity of 508 aquatic birds from Mazandaran Province were examined that included species in Anseriformes, Gruiformes, Charadriiformes and Phoenicopteriformes. Nasal schistosomes were found in 45 (8.9%) birds belonging to Anseriformes (Anas platyrhynchos and Anas clypeata). Phylogenetic analysis of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer 1 rDNA and the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase1 gene of isolated eggs revealed that all samples grouped in a sister clade to the European Trichobilharzia regenti. However, Trichobilharzia from this study were more similar to a unique haplotype of Trichobilharzia, isolated from the nasals of an A. clypeata in France. The genetic and phenotypic differences between the species found herein and T. regenti from Europe, may prove with additional data to be a distinct species of Trichobilharzia.     

Ratings of overall olfactory function

The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy of self-reported ratings of olfactory function in 83 healthy subjects. Such ratings were compared with quantitative measures of olfactory function, as well as with ratings of nasal patency. In experiment 1 subjects rated olfactory function and nasal patency before olfactory testing, whereas in experiment 2 the reverse was the case. No feedback regarding test results were provided until after completion of the testing. The principal findings were: (i) when ratings preceded measurements of olfactory function, there was no significant correlation between the two parameters. However, ratings of olfactory function correlated significantly with ratings of nasal airway patency. (ii) In contrast, when measurements of olfactory function preceded the ratings, this constellation switched. Now ratings of olfactory function correlated significantly with measured olfactory function, whereas there was no significant correlation between ratings of nasal airway patency and ratings of olfactory function. In conclusion, these data suggest that ratings of olfactory function are unreliable in healthy, untrained subjects. The ratings seem to reflect changes of nasal airway patency to a larger degree than measurable olfactory function. The results further indicate that this is mainly due to the limited attention the sense of smell receives in daily life.     

Development of a computational fluid dynamics model for mucociliary clearance in the nasal cavity

Intranasal drug delivery has attracted significant attention because of the opportunity to deliver systemic drugs directly to the blood stream. However, the mucociliary clearance poses a challenge in gaining high efficacy of intranasal drug delivery because cilia continuously carry the mucus blanket towards the laryngeal region. To better understand mucus flow behaviour on the human nasal cavity wall, we present computational model development, and evaluation of mucus motion on a realistic nasal cavity model reconstructed from CT-scans. The model development involved two approaches based on the actual nasal cavity geometry namely: (i) unwrapped-surface model in 2D domain and (ii) 3D-shell model. Conservation equations of fluid motion were applied to the domains, where a mucus production source term was used to initiate the mucus motion. The analysis included mucus flow patterns, virtual saccharin tests and quantitative velocity magnitude analysis, which demonstrated that the 3D-shell model results provided better agreement with experimental data. The unwrapped-surface model also suffered from mesh-deformations during the unwrapping stage and this led to higher mucus velocity compared to experimental data. Therefore, the 3D-shell model was recommended for future mucus flow simulations. As a first step towards mucus motion modelling this study provides important information that accurately simulates a mucus velocity field on a human nasal cavity wall, for assessment of toxicology and efficacy of intranasal drug delivery.     

The gram-positive tonsillar and nasal flora of piglets before and after weaning

AIMS: To investigate gram-positive nasal and tonsillar microbial flora of piglets before and after weaning. METHODS AND RESULTS: The nasal and tonsillar gram-positive bacterial flora of 20 non-weaned piglets (2 weeks of age) and 20 weaned piglets (6 weeks of age), obtained from four different piggeries, was quantified by culture and identified by tDNA-PCR. The most widely occurring species from nasal conchae before as well as after weaning in the different piglets investigated were Streptococcus suis and Rothia nasimurium. After weaning a wide variety of Lactobacillus species appeared but in low numbers. In the tonsils, Strep. suis, Strep. dysgalactiae, S. hyicus, S. aureus, Arcanobacterium pyogenes and Actinomyces hyovaginalis were the species isolated from the largest number of pigs before and after weaning. S. aureus and most lactobacilli became more prevalent after weaning. Bacteria not known to be associated with pigs found in the present study included R. nasimurium, Strep. gallolyticus, Pediococcus pentosaceus and some Lactobacillus species. CONCLUSIONS: Over 30 different gram-positive bacterial species may occur in nasal conchae and tonsils of unweaned piglets at 2 weeks of age and of 6-week-old weaned piglets. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study demonstrated that weaning is associated with changes in prevalence of only a small minority of the highly diversified bacterial flora of the nares and tonsils of pigs.     

Analysis of the African American female nose

The African American nose has been broadly classified as ethnic yet it differs significantly in morphology from that of other ethnic groups with which it is categorized. The objectives of this study were to (1) establish an objective protocol for analysis of the African American female nose using anthropometric measurements, and (2) determine whether subjective subcategorization schemes are a reliable replacement for anthropometry. African American women (n = 107) between the ages of 18 and 30 years consented to participate in this study. Photographs and 14 standard anthropometric measurements were taken of the face and nasal region, including nose length, nose width, special upper face height, intercanthal distance, mouth width, nasal bridge inclination, nasal tip protrusion, ala thickness, nasal root width, nasal bridge length, tangential length of ala, length of columella, nasofrontal angle, and nasolabial angle. Nasal indices including nose width-nose height index, nasal tip protrusion-nose height index, and nasal tip protrusion-nasal width index were calculated. In addition, photographic analysis was performed to evaluate nostril shape, nasal base shape, and nasal dorsal height. Proportional relationships and subcategorization schemes were evaluated. A new method of nasal analysis for the African American woman uses the proportional relationships of the anthropometric measurements. Proportional relationships included a columellar to lobule ratio of 1.5:1, a nasolabial angle of 86 degrees, and an alar width to intercanthal distance ratio of 5:4. The nasal dorsal height classification scheme was the most reliable for subjective analysis. The degree of variability found within this group of young African American women is illustrated by the following indices and their respective ranges: nose width-nose height index mean, 79.7 (range, 57 to 102); nasal tip protrusion-nose height index mean, 33.8 (range, 23 to 46); and nasal tip protrusion-nose width index mean, 42.8 (range, 32 to 61). The guidelines provided are a baseline from which to begin analysis and evaluation.