肺形侧耳线粒体基因组多态性鉴定

线粒体是能量转化与ATP形成的重要场所,已有多种食用真菌的线粒体基因组被相继组装注释,但肺形侧耳的线粒体基因组鲜有报道。本研究对野生肺形侧耳X2菌株的线粒体基因组进行组装并注释,由野生菌株X2与主栽菌株JX线粒体大片段差异序列,构建分子标记来鉴别野生和主栽肺形侧耳菌株。结果显示X2的线粒体基因组为大小75 709bp的闭合环状结构,含有rRNA的大小亚基基因,25个负责携带氨基酸的tRNA基因以及14个常见蛋白编码基因,在cox1基因上含有9个内含子。内含子主要为IB型,包含LAGLIDADG_1 superfamily、GIY-YIG_Cterm superfamily保守结构域。位于菌株X2与JX内含子和基因间区上的大片段差异序列,是造成种内线粒体多态性的主要因素。根据两菌株的差异片段构建系统进化树的结果显示,内含子、rnl-trnX、trnD-atp6序列能够将两株野生菌株和其他主栽菌株区分开,可用于野生肺形侧耳种内鉴定,而且trnD-atp6效果最佳。     

灵芝线粒体及其对菌丝生长、主要活性成分影响的分析

线粒体是为细胞提供能量（ATP）的细胞器,携带着自己的DNA——mtDNA,已有多种灵芝属菌株的线粒体基因组相继报道,但对于种内的线粒体基因组的分析较少,对核相同、线粒体不同的菌株间差异的研究也鲜有报道。本研究对两株灵芝线粒体基因组进行组装注释,根据差异片段构建分子标记进行种间分类。结果显示：两株灵芝线粒体基因组大小分别为49 233bp、61 563bp的闭环结构,含有15个常见蛋白编码基因,rRNA大小亚基基因及26个携带氨基酸的tRNA基因,其差异区段主要为内含子序列、大亚基及基因间区。根据cob、cox2基因序列能够进行灵芝种间区分,用于灵芝种间鉴定。本研究还根据灵芝119、灵芝无孢的单核菌株构建同核异质体（TY-119、TY-W）,分析线粒体对菌落形态、菌丝生长速度及多糖、三萜成分的影响,结果显示：同核异质体TY-W与TY-119菌落形态上有一定差异,同核异质体TY-W菌丝生长速度为4.77mm/d,是TY-119菌丝生长速度4.50mm/d的1.06倍,同核异质体TY-119菌丝、子实体阶段多糖含量分别为4.45mg/g、12.14mg/g是TY-W菌丝体多糖含量（3.23mg/g）的1.38倍、子实体多糖含量（10.24mg/g）的1.19倍;同核异质体TY-W菌丝、子实体阶段的三萜含量分别为6.82mg/g、11.45mg/g是同核异质体TY-119菌丝体三萜含量（9.26mg/g）的0.74倍,子实体三萜含量（9.10mg/g）的1.26倍。利用高效液相色谱分析同核异质体中灵芝酸含量显示同核异质体TY-W灵芝酸A、灵芝酸E、灵芝酸F含量分别为3.77μg/mL、14.29μg/mL、12.91μg/mL;是TY-119灵芝酸A含量（2.59μg/mL）的1.46倍、灵芝酸E含量（13.65μg/mL）的1.17倍、灵芝酸F含量（12.72μg/mL）的1.06倍。对同核异质体菌丝、子实体阶段多糖、三萜合成通路关键基因（pgm、ugp、gls、hmgs、hmgr、mvd、fps、sqs）表达量进行检测,显示两菌株间多数基因具有显著性差异。结果表明线粒体的不同会影响灵芝菌落形态、菌丝生长速度及多糖、三萜的含量,有助于我们进一步研究线粒体基因组。     

过表达GDP-D-甘露糖焦磷酸化酶（GMP）基因提高灵芝多糖的生产

灵芝多糖是灵芝的主要生物活性成分之一,具有多种药理活性,但灵芝多糖的低产量限制了其广泛应用。相关研究表明,灵芝中过表达多糖生物合成相关基因能够提高多糖产量,但过表达GDP-D-甘露糖焦磷酸化酶（GMP）基因提高灵芝多糖产量未有报道。本研究克隆获得了灵芝gmp基因,并成功构建出了过表达gmp基因的工程菌株（GMP菌株）,同时对野生型菌株（WT）和GMP菌株的胞内多糖（IPS）、胞外多糖（EPS）产量以及GDP-甘露糖合成相关基因甘露糖磷酸变位酶1（PMM1）基因及甘露糖磷酸变位酶2（PMM2）基因的表达水平进行了检测。研究结果表明,在悬浮发酵培养条件下,灵芝中gmp基因的过表达增加了灵芝多糖的积累。与WT菌株相比,GMP菌株的EPS以及IPS的含量最高达到了0.991g/L和21.59mg/100mg干重,比WT菌株分别提高了21.1%和19.5%。gmp基因的过表达也提高了基因pmm1和pmm2的表达。与WT菌株相比,GMP菌株中pmm1以及pmm2基因的表达水平分别上调了2.87倍和2.55倍。研究结果表明,过表达gmp基因是一种提高灵芝多糖产量的有效方法,并且过表达gmp基因提高了灵芝多糖的合成及pmm1和pmm2基因的表达。     

蝙蝠蛾鳞翅虫草Samsoniella hepiali模式菌株线粒体基因组系统发育分析

蝙蝠蛾鳞翅虫草Samsoniella hepiali是重要的药用虫生真菌,根据现代分类系统,隶属于虫草科Cordycipitaceae鳞翅虫草属Samsoniella。本研究对蝙蝠蛾鳞翅虫草模式菌株(ICMM 82-2)线粒体基因组进行测序、组装和注释,发现其线粒体基因组成闭合环状,大小为24 246 bp。基因区域占比为85.10%,共编码42个基因,包括15个蛋白质编码基因(PCGs)、2个rRNA基因和25个tRNA基因。15个PCGs均以ATG为起始密码子,以TAA为终止密码子,偏好密码子为UUA。各氨基酸使用频率具有较大差异,其中亮氨酸(Leu)出现频率最高。25个tRNA基因可转运全部20种氨基酸,其中19个tRNA基因二级结构为三叶草结构。本研究基于线粒体基因组中14个PCGs基因串联数据集,构建肉座菌目6科50个物种的系统发育树,进一步证实蝙蝠蛾鳞翅虫草模式菌株系统发育位置隶属于肉座菌目Hypocreales虫草科Cordycipitaceae鳞翅虫草属Samsoniella。通过虫草科线粒体基因组共线性分析,发现其中12个物种有5个同源区,3个物种存在6个同源区,同源区域A和B长度变异较大。与其他虫草科物种相比,蝙蝠蛾鳞翅虫草线粒体基因组较小,同源区域相对较短。蝙蝠蛾鳞翅虫草模式菌株线粒体基因组信息有助于鉴别其物种特异性,确定其系统发育关系,将为虫草系统发育研究提供新思路,为继续研究鳞翅虫草属物种药用价值提供系统发育依据。     

鸻形目鸟类线粒体基因组测序策略

鸻形目（Charadriiformes）,全世界约有384个物种,分属于19科94属,种类繁多、分布广泛,是研究迁徙和觅食行为的良好材料。近年来,线粒体基因组的研究快速发展,由于样品难以收集,缺乏系统的测序策略,鸻形目鸟类线粒体基因组的研究相对滞后。引物设计对聚合酶链式反应（PCR）至关重要,一个成功的PCR实验依赖于高质量的特异性引物,本研究拟设计一套用于鸻形目鸟类线粒体基因组扩增的通用引物。对GenBank中现有的鸻形目物种线粒体基因组进行多重比对,发现若干个保守性区域,本研究在该区域设计13对扩增鸻形目鸟类线粒体基因组的通用引物,扩增的目的片段长度均在1.5 kb左右。我们选取4个物种,即灰头麦鸡（Vanellus cinereus）、丘鹬（Scolopax rusticola）、白腰草鹬（Tringa ochropus）和针尾沙锥（Gallinago stenura）,进行PCR扩增验证,设计的引物在4个物种中均能顺利扩增、测序,该引物在鸻形目鸟类线粒体基因组扩增中的具有普遍适用性。本研究设计的13对通用引物在扩增鸻形目物种线粒体全基因组中具有较强的应用价值,将为鸻形目的系统发育关系、种群遗传学和生物地理学研究提供珍贵的资源。     

乙烯调控灵芝酸生物合成关键基因的筛选

灵芝是我国著名的药用真菌,灵芝酸是其主要活性成分,具有多种药理活性。乙烯可以促进灵芝酸的生物合成,但其调控机理尚不明确。本实验利用非靶向代谢组研究发现Top 20差异代谢物中含有6种灵芝的活性成分(灵芝酸η、赤芝酸F、赤芝酸N、丹芝酸A、灵芝酸V1和灵芝酸δ),其中有4种灵芝酸(灵芝酸η、赤芝酸F、赤芝酸N和灵芝酸V1)为上调积累,2种灵芝酸(灵芝酸δ和丹芝酸A)为下调积累。通过非靶向代谢组与转录组的关联分析发现基因GL23307、GL25546和GL29595同时与3种灵芝酸积累显著相关,并通过启动子顺式元件预测,发现分别编码泛素蛋白和抑肽酶基因GL25546、GL23307的启动子区域含有响应乙烯信号的顺式作用元件GCC-box,因此,推测这两个基因在乙烯调控灵芝酸生物合成中发挥重要作用。     

通用引物双重PCR在节肢动物物种鉴定中的应用

【目的】本研究旨在使用基于线粒体基因通用引物的双重PCR技术同时扩增单一样本中两条标记基因,从而达到简化节肢动物物种鉴定流程的目的。【方法】在一次PCR实验中同时加入可扩增线粒体COI基因和16S rDNA两个不同分子标记的引物,对3纲8目14科的14种节肢动物物种标本的基因组DNA进行扩增;扩增产物经电泳和胶回收后测序,并BLAST在线搜索相似序列,验证基于通用引物的双重PCR在不同的动物类群中用于物种鉴定的有效性。【结果】应用基于COI和16S rDNA的引物从分属于3纲8目14科的14种节肢动物基因组DNA中均可成功扩增目的基因;扩增产物测序结果进一步证实了扩增的准确性。【结论】通过本方法进行物种的分子鉴定,不仅可以保证物种鉴定的高准确率,还可以明显减少时间与DNA样本量的消耗,这对需要快速准确鉴定物种或珍稀的材料样本十分重要。     

灵芝β-葡萄糖苷酶基因的克隆与功能分析

灵芝是我国著名的药用真菌,具有抗癌、抗肿瘤等功效。灵芝酸属于三萜类化合物,是灵芝的主要活性成分,并已成为评价灵芝品质的重要指标之一。β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-glucosidase,BG)是次生代谢产物合成途径中的关键限速酶,能够调节次生代谢产物的生物合成。本研究通过同源序列比对,注释获得了灵芝β-葡萄糖苷酶基因(GlBG),并通过RNAi技术对灵芝β-葡萄糖苷酶进行功能分析。序列分析结果显示GlBG基因的DNA全长为2 759 bp,包含7个外显子和6个内含子,编码793个氨基酸,其编码的蛋白序列中含有β-糖苷水解酶的2个保守结构域。灵芝β-葡萄糖苷酶基因的沉默转化子中灵芝酸含量比野生型菌株的灵芝酸含量平均降低了38%,并且灵芝酸生物合成途径中的关键酶基因(hmgs、hmgr、fps、sqs和osc)的表达量也显著下降,实验结果表明灵芝β-葡萄糖苷酶在灵芝酸生物合成过程中具有重要作用,并为灵芝次生代谢途径及其调控机制提供了参考。     

基于线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶Ⅰ基因序列的细胞种属鉴别及细胞交叉污染分析

目的建立一种快速、简便、敏感和特异的基于线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶I(cytochrome C oxidase subunit I,CoI)基因序列的细胞基质检测方法,用于细胞种属鉴别和不同种属间的细胞交叉污染分析。方法①提取非洲绿猴肾细胞(Vero细胞)、狗肾细胞(MDCK细胞)和牛肾细胞(MDBK细胞)基因组DNA,以PCR扩增相应细胞的线粒体CoI基因保守区的基因条码序列,将扩增产物经琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测其基因片段的大小,并与文献报道的来源于ATCC相应细胞系线粒体CoI基因保守区的基因条码序列片段大小进行对比,以确定细胞的种属类别;②用Vero细胞、MDCK细胞和MDBK细胞的线粒体CoI基因保守区的基因的特异性引物分别与相应细胞和其他不同种属的细胞的基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,检测方法的特异性;用不同浓度的细胞基因组DNA与相应细胞的线粒体CoI基因保守区的基因的特异性引物进行PCR扩增,检测方法的灵敏度;③以不同种属细胞的线粒体CoI基因保守区的基因的特异性引物分别与多种细胞混合液提取的细胞基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,检测细胞间的交叉污染。结果 Vero细胞、MDCK细胞及MDBK细胞线粒体CoI基因保守序列中的基因条码序列片段大小,与来源于ATCC相应细胞系线粒体CoI基因保守序列中的基因条码序列片段大小相符。该方法具备较好的特异性,检测灵敏度为1.0 ng/μL,不同种属间细胞的交叉污染可被检出。结论该方法可有效地判断细胞的种属来源,亦可用于不同种属间细胞交叉污染的分析。     

SEFA-PCR法克隆灵芝鲨烯合酶基因启动子及其序列分析

鲨烯合酶是灵芝三萜生物合成的关键酶,灵芝鲨烯合酶基因的表达和活性的高低决定了灵芝中三萜含量的高低。根据已经获得的灵芝鲨烯合酶全长cDNA序列设计一对专一引物,通过PCR扩增得到了灵芝鲨烯合酶基因的基因组全长,序列长1984bp,含有3个内含子。根据其基因组序列设计引物,采用SEFA-PCR的方法,以总DNA为模板,克隆了灵芝鲨烯合酶基因的启动子序列,长1042bp。序列分析发现灵芝鲨烯合酶基因启动子中没有明显的TATA和CAAT框,但是含有CCAAT-bindingfactor、GATA-1、GC-box、TFⅡD等重要的转录因子的结合位点,以及在人和酿酒酵母鲨烯合酶基因启动子中发现的甾醇调节相关的顺式调控元件。     

Complete mitochondrial genome of the darkling beetle Gonocephalum outreyi (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) with phylogenetic implications

The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Gonocephalum outreyi was determined by using next-generation sequencing approach. The full length of this mitogenome is 15,836?bp, which consists of 37 typical metazoan mitochondrial genes with an identical genome organization to ancestral insects. The majority of the protein-coding genes begin with the codon ATN, except for cox1 and cox2 with AAT and AAA, respectively. To elucidate the phylogenetic position of G. outreyi, we used various sequence coding schemes for protein-coding genes and the combined nucleotide sequences of all mitochondrial genes for tree building under the Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood inferences. The phylogenetic results consistently supported G. outreyi as a member of the family Tenebrionidae. The monophyly of both Tenebrionoidea and Tenebrionidae were strongly supported. The Scraptiidae and Melandryidae were recovered to be non-monophyletic in regards to the Osphya. Within Tenebrionidae, the subfamilies Diaperinae and Tenebrioninae were found to be non-monophyletic.     

Mitochondrial genome of the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and comparison with other Lepidopterans

We present the complete sequence of the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera. The 15,347-bp mitogenome of H. armigera was arranged in the same order described for all other sequenced lepidopterans, which differs from the most common type found in insects, due to the movement of trnM to a position 5'-upstream of trnI. The gene overlap in the H. armigera mitogenome is totally 23 bp in six locations. The H. armigera mitogenome has a total of 175 bp of intergenic spacer sequences spread over 14 regions ranging in size from 1 to 45 bp. The nucleotide composition of the whole mitogenome of H. armigera is highly A+T biased, accounting for 80.97%, with a slightly positive AT skewness and negative GC skewness, indicating the occurrence of more A than T, C more than G. The protein-encoding genes have typical mitochondrial start codons, except for cox1, which contains the unusual CGA. The cox1, cox2, and nad4 genes have incomplete stop codons (T). The lrRNA and srRNA genes are 1395 and 794-bp long, respectively. All tRNAs have a typical cloverleaf structure of mitochondrial tRNAs, except for trnS1(AGN), the dihydrouridine arm of which could not form a stable stem-loop structure. The H. armigera A+T-rich region contains a conserved structure combining the motif ATAGA and a 19-bp poly-T stretch, but absence of the 9-bp poly-A element upstream of trnM.     

The complete mitochondrial genome of the wild silkworm moth, Actias selene

The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Actias selene (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) was determined to be 15,236 bp, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and a control region. The arrangement of 13 PCGs was similar to that of other sequenced lepidopterans. The AT skew of the mitogenome of A. selene was slightly negative, indicating a higher number of T compared to A nucleotides. The nucleotide composition of the mitogenome of A. selene was also biased toward A+T nucleotides (78.91%). All PCGs were initiated by ATN codons, except for the gene encoding cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1), which may be initiated by the TTAG, as observed in other lepidopterans. Three genes, including cox1, cox2, and nad5, had incomplete stop codons consisting of just a T. With an exception for trnS1(AGN), all the other tRNA genes displayed a typical clover-leaf structure of mitochondrial tRNA. The A+T-rich region of the mitogenome of A. selene was 339 bp in length, and contains several features common to the Lepidopteras, including non-repetitive sequences, a conserved structure combining the motif ATAGA and an 18-bp poly-T stretch and a poly-A element upstream of trnM gene. Phylogenetic analysis showed that A. selene was close to Saturniidae.     

Species‐specific mitochondrial gene rearrangements in biting midges and vector species identification

Abstract Partial mitochondrial gene sequences of 16 Culicoides species were determined to elucidate phylogenetic relations among species and to develop a molecular identification method for important virus vector species. In addition, the analysis found mitochondrial gene rearrangement in several species. Sequences of the mitochondrial genome region, cox1–trnL2–cox2 (1940–3785 bp) of 16 Culicoides and additional sequences were determined in some species, including whole mitochondrial genome sequences of Culicoides arakawae. Nine species showed common organization in this region, with three genes cox1–trnL2–cox2 and a small or no intergenic region (0–30 bp) between them. The other seven species showed translocation of tRNA and protein‐coding genes and/or insertion of AT‐rich non‐coding sequences (65–1846 bp) between the genes. The varied gene rearrangements among species within a genus is very rare for mitochondrial genome organization. Phylogenetic analyses based on the sequences of cox1+cox2 suggest a few clades among Japanese Culicoides species. No relationships between phylogenetic closeness and mitochondrial gene rearrangements were observed. Sequence data were used to establish a polymerase chain reaction tool to distinguish three important vector species from other Culicoides species, for which classification during larval stages is not advanced and identification is difficult.     

The mitochondrial genome of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. 2. Localization of genes by interspecific hybridization in strain ade7-50h- and cloning of the genome in small fragments

A series of 18 small overlapping restriction fragments has been cloned, covering the complete mitochondrial genome of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. By hybridizing mitochondrial gene probes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Neurospora crassa with restriction fragments of Schizosaccharomyces pombe mitochondrial DNA, the following homologous genes were localized on the mitochondrial genome of S. pombe: cob, cox1, cox2 and cox3, ATPase subunit 6 and 9 genes, the large rRNA gene and both types of open reading frames occurring in mitochondrial introns of various ascomycetes. The region of the genome, hybridizing with cob exon probes is separated by an intervening sequence of about 2500 bp, which is homologous with the first two introns of the cox1 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (class II introns according to Michel et al. 1982). Similarly, in the cox1 homologous region, which covers about 4000 bp, two regions were detected hybridizing with class I intron probes, suggesting the existence of two cox1 introns in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Hybridization with several specific exon probes with a determined order has revealed that cob, cox1, cox3 and the large rRNA gene are all transcribed from the same DNA strand. The low intensities of hybridization signals suggest a large evolutionary distance between Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Neurospora crassa mitochondrial genes. Considering the length of the mitochondrial DNA of Schizosaccharomyces pombe (about 19.4 kbp) and the expected length of the localized genes and intron sequences there is enough space left for encoding the expected set of tRNAs and the small rRNA gene. The existence of leader-, trailer-, ori- and spacer sequences or further unassigned reading frames is then restricted to a total length of about 3000 bp only.     

Dynamic evolution of eukaryotic mitochondrial and nuclear genomes: a case study in the gourmet pine mushroom Tricholoma matsutake

Fungi, as eukaryotic organisms, contain two genomes, the mitochondrial genome and the nuclear genome, in their cells. How the two genomes evolve and correlate to each other is debated. Herein, taking the gourmet pine mushroom Tricholoma matsutake as an example, we performed comparative mitogenomic analysis using samples collected from diverse locations and compared the evolution of the two genomes. The T. matsutake mitogenome encodes 49 genes and is rich of repetitive and non-coding DNAs. Six genes were invaded by up to 11 group I introns, with one cox1 intron cox1P372 showing presence/absence dynamics among different samples. Bioinformatic analyses suggested limited or no evidence of mitochondrial heteroplasmy. Interestingly, hundreds of mitochondrial DNA fragments were found in the nuclear genome, with several larger than 500 nt confirmed by PCR assays and read count comparisons, indicating clear evidence of transfer of mitochondrial DNA into the nuclear genome. Nuclear DNA of T. matsutake showed a higher mutation rate than mitochondrial DNA. Furthermore, we found evidence of incongruence between phylogenetic trees derived from mitogenome and nuclear DNA sequences. Together, our results reveal the dynamic genome evolution of the gourmet pine mushroom.     

Complete Mitochondrial Genome of the Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum

Ganoderma lucidum is one of the well-known medicinal basidiomycetes worldwide. The mitochondrion, referred to as the second genome, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells and participates in critical cellular functions. Elucidating the structure and function of this genome is important to understand completely the genetic contents of G. lucidum. In this study, we assembled the mitochondrial genome of G. lucidum and analyzed the differential expressions of its encoded genes across three developmental stages. The mitochondrial genome is a typical circular DNA molecule of 60,630 bp with a GC content of 26.67%. Genome annotation identified genes that encode 15 conserved proteins, 27 tRNAs, small and large rRNAs, four homing endonucleases, and two hypothetical proteins. Except for genes encoding trnW and two hypothetical proteins, all genes were located on the positive strand. For the repeat structure analysis, eight forward, two inverted, and three tandem repeats were detected. A pair of fragments with a total length around 5.5 kb was found in both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes, which suggests the possible transfer of DNA sequences between two genomes. RNA-Seq data for samples derived from three stages, namely, mycelia, primordia, and fruiting bodies, were mapped to the mitochondrial genome and qualified. The protein-coding genes were expressed higher in mycelia or primordial stages compared with those in the fruiting bodies. The rRNA abundances were significantly higher in all three stages. Two regions were transcribed but did not contain any identified protein or tRNA genes. Furthermore, three RNA-editing sites were detected. Genome synteny analysis showed that significant genome rearrangements occurred in the mitochondrial genomes. This study provides valuable information on the gene contents of the mitochondrial genome and their differential expressions at various developmental stages of G. lucidum. The results contribute to the understanding of the functions and evolution of fungal mitochondrial DNA.     

Complete mitochondrial genome of the Antarctic amphipod Gondogeneia antarctica (Crustacea, amphipod)

The complete sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the Antarctic amphipod Gondogeneia antarctica was determined to be 18,424 bp in length, and to contain 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNA genes, and large (rrnL) and small (rrnS) rRNA genes. Its total A+T content is 70.1%. The G. antarctica mitogenome is the largest known among those of crustaceans, due to the existence of two relatively large intergenic non-coding sequences. The PCG arrangement of G. antarctica is identical to that of the ancestral pancrustacean ground pattern, although the tRNA arrangement differs somewhat. The complete mitogenome sequences of 68 species of pancrustacea have been added to the NCBI database, only 4 of which represent complete mitogenome sequences from amphipods. This is the first report of a mitogenome sequence of an Antarctic amphipod, and provides insights into the evolution of crustacean mitochondrial genomes, particularly in amphipods.