真菌毒素的微生物脱毒技术

尽管可采用不同的物理或化学方法去除粮食或饲料中污染的真菌毒素 ,然而 ,具有实用价值的方法却很少。最新研究认为最佳的脱毒方法是通过筛选微生物 ,在温和条件下降解真菌毒素 ,无须使用有害的化学试剂、不影响适口性且无营养价值的重大流失。文中综述了该领域的最新研究进展.     

乳酸菌对真菌毒素的脱毒作用研究进展

真菌毒素广泛存在于农业产品中,对人和动物的健康构成巨大威胁。乳酸菌作为一种公认安全的微生物,在食品生物减毒方面具有巨大的应用潜力,成本低廉且不会对食品品质及生态环境造成不良影响。文章主要根据近年来国内外研究进展,阐述乳酸菌对食品和饲料中几种常见真菌毒素的脱毒作用(抑制真菌生长、毒素的吸附和降解),关注乳酸菌在生物脱毒方面的实际应用,为乳酸菌在食品保鲜领域的应用提供理论指导。     

环境胁迫下HOG-MAPK途径对真菌毒素形成的调控机制

真菌为了适应在生长侵染食品、饲料等农产品的过程中所面临的各种环境胁迫的考验,包括热胁迫、氧化胁迫、渗透压胁迫、紫外胁迫等,进化出一套高渗透性甘油促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(high osmolarity glycerol mitogen-activated protein kinase,HOG-MAPK)途径。该途径对真菌的生长发育、真菌毒素的产生和致病性都具有重要影响。HOG-MAPK途径共有两个分支,其中SLN1分支相比另一分支(SHO1分支)具有较为敏感的渗透压胁迫感应能力,能在高渗压和高盐浓度下进行渗透压胁迫反应。SHO1分支参与多种信号感应传导,比如氧化胁迫、热胁迫等。本文综述了真菌HOG-MAPK途径中关键基因sln1、sho1、ste11、ssk2、pbs2和hog1在应对渗透压胁迫、氧化胁迫等不同环境胁迫时所发挥的功能,说明HOG-MAPK途径可以响应多种环境信号,并参与调控黄曲霉、赭曲霉等致病真菌的生长和黄曲霉毒素(aflatoxin)、赭曲霉毒素(ochratoxin)等真菌毒素的产生。在不同环境胁迫下,HOG-MAPK途径对真菌毒素调控机制的研究可为食品和饲料等农产品真菌毒素的防控提供理论基础和指导方向。     

传感器技术检测小麦真菌毒素的应用进展

真菌毒素是食物或饲料中的真菌生长过程中的代谢产物,对人和动物都有害,可使人体出现幻觉、肌肉痉挛等症状,也可使畜禽中毒。因此,检测和监控食物中的真菌毒素尤为重要。目前,对于小麦中真菌毒素的检测方法很多,但都存在操作时间长、灵敏度不高等问题。因此,探索高效精准的真菌毒素检测技术成为了当前科研领域的重点研究课题。利用传感器技术可以实现对小麦中霉变气体的快速检测,且检测稳定性好,灵敏度高。     

植物病原真菌毒素的研究现状

近几年来,关于寄主专化性毒素(Host-Specific Toxin,HST)的作用机制及分子生物学方面的研究有了新进展;在14种寄主专化性毒素中,以Alternaria属的病原菌产生的专化性毒素的研究更为深入。非寄主专化性毒素(Non-Host-Specific Toxin,NHST)的研究着重在毒素产生的条件、生物活性测定、抗性鉴定以及检测被感染植物体的毒素含量等。本文综述了一些能产生专化性毒素和非专化性毒素的植物病原真菌,有链格孢(Alternaria)、镰孢(Fusarium)、尾孢(Cercospora)、轮枝孢(Verticillium)、梨孢(Pyricularia)、疫霉(Phytophthora)、长蠕孢(Helminthosporium)、黑团孢(Periconia)和核盘菌(sclerotinia)等属的病原菌。从所发表的文献表明真菌毒素在植物病害发展中起着重要作用。     

食品常见真菌毒素的危害及其防止措施

真菌毒素是一类由真菌产生的普遍存在的化合物。危害人类健康的真菌毒素主要源于曲霉Aspergillus、青霉Penicil-lium、麦角菌属Claviceps和镰刀菌Fusarium等产生的次生代谢物。从全球范围来看,粮食安全问题经常是由谷物、坚果、水果和绿色咖啡豆上的真菌毒素造成的。其中,玉米和花生仁中的黄曲霉素经常超过安全阈值。在以这些食物作为主食的地处温暖和潮湿气候国家的消费者特别容易食用到黄曲霉素污染的食物。而真菌毒素往往会引起人类和动物急性中毒、慢性中毒和致癌。其不可避免地、广泛地、持续地影响着全球人类的健康。目前的防止措施包括选用抗真菌植物、采用适当方法贮藏食物以及食用绿色蔬菜等来预防癌症等。本文阐述了食品中常见真菌毒素的污染情况及其毒性,并对常用防止措施进行了综述,以期为食品真菌毒素防控工作提供参考。     

黄曲霉菌主要真菌毒素次级代谢与调控的研究进展

黄曲霉菌(Aspergillus flavus)是一种腐生型好氧真菌,其次级代谢产生的黄曲霉毒素(Aflatoxin,AFT)是一种强致癌性剧毒物质。黄曲霉菌侵染农作物导致相关农产品黄曲霉毒素的污染,危及食品安全及人和动物的健康。黄曲霉菌有8条染色体,基因组大小约37 Mb,含有13 000多个功能基因,55个次级代谢基因簇,其中只明确了AFT、环匹阿尼酸(Cyclopiazonic acid,CPA)和黄曲霉震颤素(Aflatrem)3个次级代谢基因簇的特征。次级代谢基因簇的表达受不同环境条件、次级代谢调控因子、酶活性、复杂的脂氧合物转导信号及群体密度效应的调控。LaeA和VeA是抑制AFT、CPA和黄曲霉震颤素等真菌毒素生物合成的次级代谢调控因子,抑制加氧酶类(Ppo和Lox)的表达则能促进真菌毒素的合成,而其氧化产物(脂氧合物)则是真菌-寄主互作的重要信号分子。群体密度和水解酶类也影响黄曲霉菌的次级代谢,群体密度高能降低黄曲霉毒素的生成量而增加分生孢子的形成;α-淀粉酶、果胶酶、蛋白酶等酶活性的改变可以影响黄曲霉菌分生孢子萌发、菌丝生长,以及真菌毒素的次级代谢。本文系统评述了黄曲霉主要真菌毒素的次级代谢与调控的研究进展。此外,对黄曲霉次级代谢物的研究也做了进一步的评述和讨论。     

外界影响因素导致先天性尿道下裂形成研究

对近五年PubMed收录的环境因素影响导致尿道下裂形成的原始研究性文章展开综述。搜索2007至2012年英文,标题中含有”hypospadias”的原始研究性文章,排除综述、评论及病例报道,明确提出对具体环境因素进行研究的原始研究性文章达到入选标准。25篇文章达到入选标准,对其分类汇总,从化学物质、父母特性、营养及激素水平四方面对其展开综述。尽管已经证明一些环境因素与尿道下裂形成有联系,但仍缺乏权威性研究结果,仍需进一步研究。     

基于全基因组数据华根霉产真菌毒素分析

【目的】在对中国传统优势浓香型白酒产业中重要功能微生物华根霉菌株CCTCCM201021全基因组测序的基础上,以生物信息学的方法和手段主要针对真菌毒素的合成代谢途径及关键基因进行分析,考察微生物在食品工业应用中的安全性。【方法】应用Illumina平台Solexa测序技术对华根霉进行基因组测序,运用SOAPdenovo组装软件进行拼接,并进行一系列生物信息分析,考察根霉素、小孢根霉素及典型丝状真菌毒素代谢的主要途径及相关基因,包括PKS、NRPS与PKS-NRPS混合代谢途径;萜类化合物代谢和其他代谢途径等,判断华根霉是否具有产真菌毒素的潜在危害性。【结果】测序结果表明华根霉全基因组大小为45.70 Mb左右,GC含量为36.99%。通过基因预测软件分析得到基因17 676个,共注释基因13 243个。通过进化树与同源基因比较分析,与目前基因组测序完成的仅有的3株接合菌基因组相比,序列相似性普遍偏低,与华根霉存在较为显著的差异,但同源基因的相似性在60%左右。代谢分析表明,华根霉中仅存在较少聚酮合成、萜类化合物合成途径代谢基因,存在大量异源物质降解途径基因。【结论】华根霉基本不具备产目前已知的真菌毒素的关键基因或合成能力,可以认为其发酵产品是相对安全的。在酿造过程中,不仅可作为糖化菌,在混菌发酵时,对部分具有抑菌能力的抗生物质具有降解功能,是发酵工业中应用的相对安全的重要生产菌。     

Mycotoxin formation in HY-320 wheat during granary storage at 15 and 19% moisture content

Eleven-kilogram parcels of HY-320 wheat, a cultivar of the new Canada Prairie Spring class, were kept at 15 and 19% initial moisture contents (IMC) in simulated storage in a Manitoba farm granary for 60 weeks to determine biotic and abiotic changes and mycotoxin production. Ochratoxin A reached a maximum of 0.24 ppm by week 20 in the 19% IMC wheat, but was absent in the 15% IMC wheat; no other mycotoxins were detected. Temperature, moisture content, O₂ and CO₂ levels, fat acidity values, seed germination, microfloral incidence and abundance, and the presence of other mycotoxins were monitored. Principal component analysis of all variables showed that the first principal components accounted for 32–41% of the system variability, and contained the ochratoxin A variable. Ochratoxin A was produced in moist grain that had decreased seed germination andAltermaria activity, and high fungal activity byPenicillium andAspergillus versicolor. Compared to other stored cereals previously studied, HY-320 wheat would be ranked in a low-risk category for mycotoxin formation, based on the ochratoxin A levels observed.Contribution No. 1382, Agriculture Canada Research Station, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2M9, Canada     

Deoxynivalenol (DON) in hartweizen

Deoxynivalenol (DON) in Durum Wheat High contamination levels of deoxynivalenol (DON) were found during an investigation of noodles in 2001 and initiated an additional survey of Durum wheat used as raw material for these products. Analyses of 53 samples of Durum wheat by HPLC revealed 89% positives and a median concentration of 790 ug/kg, which clearly exceeded the EU action level of 500 μg/kg. Based on these findings, producers increased quality controls on Durum wheat. In 2002 a total of 60 samples were analysed and 85% positives found. The median, however, lay at 215 μg/kg, below a probable maximum level of 500 μg/kg and demonstrated the positive efforts of food producers to decrease the contamination levels of DON in pasta products.     

传统腌酵调味食品中真菌的概述

文中对豆酱、酱油、腐乳等主要的传统盐腌发酵调味食品的真菌进行了归纳总结。为发酵食品生产中有益真菌菌种的开发应用以及发酵过程中微生态的研究提供了数据,并为食品安全标准的制定、有害真菌的识别与防治提供了相关依据。     

Chemiluminescent and bioluminescent assays as innovative prospects for mycotoxin determination in food and feed.

Mycotoxin contamination of food and feedstuffs is among the top priorities for human and animal safety. The currently used techniques for mycotoxin determination, either chromatography or ELISA, are unsuitable for routine in-field assessment. There is an urgent need for other accurate, simple and cost-effective techniques that can be used as a screening tool for a rapid estimation of mycotoxin contamination in commodity lots. This paper reviews the literature on the use of chemiluminescence (CL) and bioluminescence (BL) assays for direct or indirect mycotoxin assessment. The chemiluminescence immunoassays, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence and bioassays are reviewed and their advantages and limitations discussed. These techniques used in food testing and the pharmaceutical industry offer promise as rapid techniques for mycotoxin determination. Chemiluminescence and bioluminescence bioassays are the most innovative alternatives to the conventional techniques used for mycotoxin determination in food and feed.     

Fumonisin intake of the German consumer

In order to calculate the dietary fumonisin intake of the German consumer, a large survey was carried out on a variety of potentially contaminated products in the period between December 1998 and July 2001. A total of 1960 food samples comprising all known relevant groups of products were analysed for fumonisins. Furthermore, 272 of these samples were also analysed for hydrolysed fumonisins (HFB). For routine analysis enzyme immunoassay was used, confirmatory and control analyses were performed using HPLC-FLD after precolumn derivatisation, or by LC-MS/MS. Daily intake of fumonisins was calculated by combining fumonisin contamination data obtained in this study with available food consumption data for Germany. In a “mean case” scenario, median fumonisin levels in foods and mean food intake values were used. To generate a “bad case” scenario, the 90^th percentile of fumonisin levels in foods and mean food intake values were combined. The overall daily fumonisin intake by the German consumer was 1.1 μg in the “mean case” scenario, and 21 μg in the “bad case” scenario. It was concluded that in general there is no increased risk for the German consumer in aspects of exceeding the recommended tolerable daily intake of fumonisins (2 μg/kg body weight). However, certain products (and certain brands of products) were repeatedly found to contain elevated fumonisin levels, which in a “worst case” scenario (“high” food intake of maize-based products) could pose a potential risk for the consumer, in particular concerning foods for infants and young children. High fumonisin levels were found in infant foods in 1999, but contamination levels decreased strongly in the following years. HFBs (mostly HFB₁) were frequently found in processed cereals such as corn flakes, but in relatively low concentrations. According to our findings, the new European Union maximum levels for fumonisins are suitable to eliminate peak contamination levels of fumonisins in foods, but would lead to a regular excess of the TDI for infants and young children if these maximum levels would indeed be exhausted. Financial support: This work was financially supported by the German Federal Ministry for Nutrition, Agriculture and Consumer Protection, research grant 415-6080-1/60 (BMG alt).     

Mycoflora and trichothecene toxins of paddy grains from Egypt

120 species and 38 genera were collected from 64 samples of paddy grains on glucose- and cellulose-Czapek's agar at 28 °C. The total count of glycophilic and cellulose-decomposing fungi fluctuated between 216–29760; and 124–11320 colonies/g paddy grains on the two media, respectively.On glucose agar, the most common species were Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A. sydowi, A. terreus, A. fumigatus, A. ochraceus, Penicillium chrysogenum, P. corylophilum, Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Trichoderma viride and Mucor racemosus.On cellulose agar with pH 5.5 & 8.0, the most prevalent fungi were Stachybotrys chartarum, S. bisybi, Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria alternata, Drechslera sativus and Acremonium strictum.Extracts from 64 paddy samples were tested against brine shrimp larvae (Artemis salina). Of these 9 displayed varying degrees of toxicity. Trichothecene-toxins were detected in the extracts of three paddy samples only. Diacetoxyscirpenol and T-2 toxin were detected in two samples and only T-2 toxin in the other.     

农产品中主要真菌毒素微生物及微生物酶解毒研究与发展趋势

真菌毒素是一类丝状真菌次级代谢产物,为高毒性天然污染物,在农产品生产和贮运过程中难以完全消除,污染率高、危害性大,已成为农产品安全主要风险因子之一。农产品中主要真菌毒素生物解毒研究对污染原料再利用、动物健康养殖和食品安全具有重要意义。研究表明,微生物菌株或微生物酶对真菌毒素可进行高效地降解转化或生物吸附。近十年,主要真菌毒素生物解毒研究已逐渐成为真菌毒素污染控制领域的关注重点,但关于生物降解机制的研究仍处于初步发展阶段,很多微生物菌种的降解转化机制仍不清楚。本文将从农产品中主要真菌毒素生物降解菌种、生物解毒酶及作用方式等方面进行总结,以期为生物解毒深入研究及产业化技术发展提供思路。