植被覆盖度和综合治理对纸坊沟流域土壤氮素流失的影响

同小流域土壤侵蚀一样,小流域土壤氮素随洪流流失也受到植被覆盖度的影响,通常经过调整小流域内土地利用结构以达到控制水土流失.该研究以8.27 km2纸坊沟流域和1:400比例流域模型为研究对象,研究植被覆盖度和综合治理对纸坊沟流域土壤氮素流失的影响.结果表明:在模拟降雨下,当流域植被覆盖度分别为60%、40%、20%和0时,流域模型铵态氮流失量分别为87.08、44.31、25.16和13.71 kg/km2,硝态氮为85.50、74.05、63.95和56.23 kg/km2,全氮为0.81、1.18、1.98和7.51 t/km2;在自然降雨下,1998年与1992年相比,全流域年土壤侵蚀量为1 086 t/km2和1 119 t/km2,氮素流失量为8 758.5和7 562.2 kg,减少了15.8%,其中农地减少了52.0%.流域对降水中的矿质氮具有过滤作用,硝态氮的过滤作用明显高于铵态氮.洪流泥沙中＜20 μm微团聚体富集造成了泥沙有机质和全氮的富集.植被覆盖虽能有效地减少流域土壤侵蚀和全氮的流失,却能增加土壤矿质氮的流失.坡地退耕还林草可显著减少流域土壤氮素流失.     

植被覆盖度和综合治理对纸坊沟流域土壤氮素流失的影响

同小流域土壤侵蚀一样,小流域土壤氮素随洪流流失也受到植被覆盖度的影响,通常经过调整小流域内土地利用结构以达到控制水土流失。该研究以8.27 km2纸坊沟流域和1:400比例流域模型为研究对象,研究植被覆盖度和综合治理对纸坊沟流域土壤氮素流失的影响。结果表明:在模拟降雨下,当流域植被覆盖度分别为60%、40%、20%和0时,流域模型铵态氮流失量分别为87.08、44.31、25.16和13.71 kg/km2,硝态氮为85.50、74.05、63.95和56.23 kg/km2,全氮为0.81、1.18、1.98和7.51 t/km2;在自然降雨下,1998年与1992年相比,全流域年土壤侵蚀量为1 086 t/km2和1 119 t/km2,氮素流失量为8 758.5和7 562.2 kg,减少了15.8%,其中农地减少了52.0%。流域对降水中的矿质氮具有过滤作用,硝态氮的过滤作用明显高于铵态氮。洪流泥沙中<20 mm微团聚体富集造成了泥沙有机质和全氮的富集。植被覆盖虽能有效地减少流域土壤侵蚀和全氮的流失,却能增加土壤矿质氮的流失。坡地退耕还林草可显著减少流域土壤氮素流失。     

水蚀条件下不同土壤氮素和有机质流失规律

人工模拟施水冲刷试验研究结果表明,随施水冲刷强度的增大,不同土壤硝态氮、铵态氮、有机质和全氮流失加剧,泥沙全氮和有机质富集程度减少;当给不同土壤施等量的硝酸铵时,发现随径流流失化肥的铵态氮和硝态氮分别占施入量的０．９％－３．５％和８．２％－１９．７％,硝酸铵主要随径流流失,以泥沙颗粒流失量甚微;土壤侵蚀、有机质和全氮流失量与〉２０μｍ团聚体相关系数分别为－０．８９３５、－０．７９２８和－０．８１５     

北京市山区小流域治理前后土壤侵蚀强度及空间格局分析

根据2016年实施治理的北京市平谷区金海湖镇中心村小流域的地形地貌和综合治理措施的实施情况, 优化了地形因子 和梯田的水土保持措施因子 的提取方法, 利用北京土壤流失方程(BJSLE), 结合GIS、RS, 定量的分析了中心村小流域综合治理前后的土壤侵蚀状况和空间格局分布情况。分析结果为: 治理后的中心村小流域的土壤侵蚀总量比治理前减少了1397.51 t, 综合治理前, 年平均土壤侵蚀模数为558.71 t·(km2·a)-1; 综合治理后, 年平均土壤侵蚀模数为496.57 t·(km2·a)-1, 年平均土壤侵蚀模数减小了62.14 t·(km2·a)-1。研究区治理前后的土壤侵蚀量有一定的变化, 土壤的侵蚀级别正在从高级别向低级别转化。通过研究, 准确地得出综合治理前后中心村小流域的土壤侵蚀状况, 为实现北京市京津风沙源治理二期工程规划中的效益总体评价目标提供技术支撑。     

侵蚀泥沙、有机质和全氮富集规律研究

在自然降雨下,研究降雨,坡度,耕作和施肥对侵蚀泥沙,有机质和全N富集率的影响,分析土壤和泥沙颗粒组成,富集与泥沙有机质和全N富集的关系,揭示土壤有机质和全N在泥沙中的富集规律,结果表明,泥沙粘粒的富集导致有机质和全N的富集,泥沙粘粒,有机质和全N富集率分别平均为1．77,2．09和1．61,土壤侵蚀模数与泥沙有机质和全N富集率呈显著的负相关关系,降雨,坡度,施肥和耕作措施对泥沙有机质富集作用的影响通过减少土壤侵蚀模数来实现的,减少土壤侵蚀的措施可增加泥沙有机质和全N的富集。     

平衡施肥及雨强对紫色土养分流失的影响

利用人工降雨装置模拟3种不同强度的降雨,采用模拟径流小区,研究了四川紫色丘陵区玉米净作条件下雨强及平衡施肥对土壤养分损失量及载体的影响.结果表明:雨强是影响地表径流量、径流总量及土壤侵蚀量的最主要因素.在小雨强条件下,无地表径流及土壤侵蚀发生;随着雨强的增大,地表径流量、径流总量及土壤侵蚀量都急剧增加.磷素和钾素流失总量也随雨强的增加而增加,而雨强对氮素流失的影响不大.在3种雨强条件下,3种施肥处理的氮素流失总量表现为:高氮施肥>农户习惯施肥>平衡施肥,平衡施肥能减少氮素流失,而高氮施肥增加氮素的流失.农户习惯施肥处理的磷流失总量和钾流失总量均高于平衡施肥和高氮施肥两种施钾处理,在紫色土坡耕地增施钾肥能减少磷、钾养分的流失.     

植物多样性与生态系统土壤保持功能关系及其生态学意义

 测定物种丰富度呈梯度变化的半湿润常绿阔叶林不同次生演替阶段小区地表径流、土壤侵蚀和总磷流失及影响这些过程的植物群落郁闭度、个体密度、胸高断面积、植物叶吸附水,分析物种多样性与生态系统土壤保持功能、稳定性及直接影响土壤保持功能的群落结构、树冠截留间的关系。结果表明,在降雨、坡度、坡向、坡位、土壤类型等水土保持影响因子相同条件下,随着各小区物种多样性的增加,地表产流次数不断下降;在3个降雨季节,物种多样性最低的小区产生地表径流77次,而物种多样性最高小区产生地表径流才9次;系列小区地表径流、土壤侵蚀和总磷流失随着物种多样性增加呈幂指数下降;物种多样性最低的小区地表径流、土壤侵蚀和总磷流失分别为960.20 m3•hm-2•a-1,11.4 t•hm-2•a-1,127.69 kg•hm-2•a-1,而物种多样性最高的小区为75.55 m3•hm-2•a-1、0.28 t•hm-2•a-1、4.71 kg•hm-2•a-1,分别相差12、50和25倍;地表径流、土壤侵蚀和总磷流失变异系数也呈幂指数下降,物种多样性最高的小区地表径流、土壤侵蚀和总磷流失的变异系数分别为57.93、187.94和 59.2,而物种多样性最低的小区变异系数高达287.6、534.21、315.47,分别相差4、3和5倍。物种多样性与影响土壤保持功能的群落郁闭度、密度和胸高断面积呈正相关关系。不同演替阶段植物叶吸附水量差异显著,吸附水量最高的演替阶段是次生半湿润常绿阔叶林,为12.28 t•hm-2•a-1, 最低是云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)林, 为4.15 t•hm-2•a-1。“植物多样性_土壤保持功能相关群落结构因子及树冠截留效应_生态系统土壤保持功能”的耦合关系表明了植物多样性通过植物群落结构削弱了降雨动能,减少了地表径流,减轻了土壤及营养元素的流失,以间接方式调控生态系统土壤保持功能,维持系统营养的持续性,在不同尺度上实现生态系统生产力。物种多样性的提高,促进了生态系统土壤保持功能的稳定性。植物多样性_生态系统土壤保持过程的研究可能是生态系统稳定性研究的好方法。用植物叶吸附水测定可评价群落树冠截留效应。由于植物多样性与生态系统土壤保持功能间存在相关关系,基于植物多样性对生态系统土壤保持功能作用模式,可增进对生命系统和地球系统界面间相互作用关系的了解。     

基于2009-2018年径流小区观测数据的武汉市土壤侵蚀因子定量评价

武汉市位于桐柏山大别山国家级水土流失预防区与幕阜山省级水土流失治理区之间,其土壤侵蚀问题对长江中游生态安全具有重要影响。基于2009-2018年武汉市蔡店、磨盘山、西湖流域、燕子山等4个水土保持监测站35个径流小区的观测数据（139组）,定量分析了坡度、侵蚀性降水量、土地利用和水土保持措施对土壤侵蚀的影响,并借鉴USLE模型识别土壤侵蚀主导因子。结果表明,裸地小区的平均土壤侵蚀模数最高（2597.57 t km^-2 a^-1）,其次是经济林、草地和耕地小区且三者的侵蚀模数相差不大,土壤侵蚀模数与侵蚀性降雨量、坡度之间呈显著二元线性或幂函数关系;与天然植被小区相比,植物篱（草带、茶树、紫穗槐）及石坎梯田措施均显著降低了土壤侵蚀模数,其中植物篱措施的效果更优,且草带植物篱小区的侵蚀模数最低（46.13 t km^-2 a^-1）;3个坡度等级（0-10°、10-20°、20-25°）小区平均侵蚀模数分别为892.07、911.15、2087.60 t km^-2 a^-1,表明坡度超过20°后土壤侵蚀严重加剧;武汉市土壤侵蚀的主导因子为水土保持措施、植被覆盖与管理因子。研究结果可为武汉市水土保持措施合理布设及侵蚀预报模型的完善提供依据,基于径流小区长期观测数据的土壤侵蚀定量研究值得进一步深入。     

浙江赋石水库集水区板栗林土壤氮素迁移特征

本研究通过在板栗林地设置径流小区,于2013年1—10月间采集径流水样进行测试,同时结合雨季前后土壤氮素数据,分析了浙江北部赋石水库集水区板栗林土壤氮素迁移特征.结果表明: 板栗林地的10次地表径流事件中,各径流小区径流水量差别较大,最大达0.51 m³;其中氮是主要的流失元素,硝态氮(NO₃^--N)、铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)、总氮(TN)和化学需氧量(COD_Mn)的浓度分别为0.02～1.87、0.04～3.53、1.69～5.33和5.30～14.07 mg·L^-1,各水质指标受径流水量影响较大,且用一元一次方程可以较好地拟合氮素流失量与径流水量之间的相关关系;雨季前后板栗林地径流场上部、中部和下部3个位置的土壤中,氮素含量差异较大;总的变化趋势是随着海拔升高氮素含量增加,随着土层深度加深氮素含量降低.比较雨季前后4种土壤氮素(NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N、TN 和水解性氮Hydro-N)的差异发现,差异较大的为Hydro-N和TN,平均差异值为20.21和307.49 mg·kg^-1.该区氮素随径流流失风险较大,对赋石水库水体富营养化构成潜在压力,需重点关注.     

基于大气沉降与径流的乌鲁木齐河源区氮素收支模拟

选取天山乌鲁木齐河源区作为自然状态下内陆河源区的代表,将区域氮循环简化为大气沉降输入与径流输出,模拟了该区域内的氮素收支状况,得出结论:(1)乌鲁木齐河源区(总控制水文点以上区域)的年均氮素干湿沉降量为17.0 t/a,且以有机氮为主,其次为铵态氮与硝态氮;年均氮素沉降通量为5.92 kg·hm-2·a-1,明显小于下游受人类活动影响更为强烈的地区。(2)河源区氮素的径流输出主要包括大气沉降直接随径流流失、冰川融水流失与泥沙输移流失等,在总控制水文点以上区域以泥沙输移为主,其次为大气沉降直接随径流流失,冰川融水携带氮量相对较少。(3)河源区氮素的输入量普遍小于输出量,该区域表现为一个氮源;在仅计算大气沉降与径流的情况下,总控制水文点以上区域的年均氮素净通量为-2.64 kg·hm-2·a-1,若将生物固氮与反硝化作用纳入考虑则氮源效应更加显著。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.