虫害诱导的植物挥发性次生物质及其对寄生蜂的招引作用

在植物-植食性昆虫-寄生蜂三级营养系统中,虫害诱导的植物挥发性次生物质是当前害虫生物防治、化学生态学和昆虫行为学研究的热点之一.本文概述了虫害诱导的植物挥发性次生物质的特性及其对寄生蜂的招引作用,可望为害虫生物防治研究提供参考.     

虫害诱导植物挥发物(HIPVs)对植食性昆虫的行为调控

虫害诱导植物挥发物(herbivore induced plant volatiles,HIPVs)具有植物种类、品种、生育期和部位的特异性,也具有植食性昆虫种类、虫龄、为害程度、为害方式和其他一些环境因子的特异性。由于其释放量明显大于健康植株,因此更易被天敌、害虫以及邻近的植物等所利用,从而调节植物、植食性昆虫与天敌三者之间的相互作用关系,增强植物在自然界的生存竞争能力。本文对HIPVs在植食性昆虫寄主定位行为中的作用、HIPVs对植食性昆虫的种群调控功能及其应用现状2个方面加以综述,并在展望中对目前研究中存在的一些问题进行了探讨。     

虫害诱导植物防御的分子机理研究进展

从虫害诱导的系统损伤信号、昆虫特异性激发子、间接防御、直接防御和负防御等方面,综述了虫害诱导植物防御的最新研究进展.在植物与昆虫的相互进化过程中,植物利用诱导防御物质对付昆虫的危害,昆虫则利用其特有的激发子降低植物的防御反应.文中比较了间接防御涉及的4种代谢途径,以及诱导挥发物释放的机制;阐明了虫害诱导植物直接防御的概念、防御物质及其作用机理;分析了虫害诱导植物负防御的机制.同时,也强调了虫害诱导林木防御反应的分子机理.     

虫害诱导的植物挥发性次生物质及其在植物防御中的作用

虫害诱导的植物挥发性次生物质及其在植物防御中的作用＊张瑛严福顺＊＊（中国科学院动物研究所北京１０００８早在１９世纪初,Ｋｉｒｂｙ和Ｓｐｅｎｃｅ就提出：几乎没有一种植物能够避免昆虫的取食为害,同时也没有一种植物能被所有植食性昆虫取食为害。后一种情况反应...     

虫害诱导植物间接防御反应的激发与信号转导途径

植物通过产生和释放挥发性物质增加植食性昆虫的天敌对其寄主或猎物的定位,减少植食性昆虫对植物的取食,从而达到间接防御的目的。植物对植食性昆虫所做出间接防御反应激发因子和信号转导途径的研究,对应用虫害诱导植物挥发物引诱害虫天敌,并进一步从植物、植食性昆虫及其天敌间三级营养关系,研究动植物协同进化机理和病虫害防治具有深远意义。本文根据国内外最新研究进展,对虫害诱导植物间接防御反应的激发因子,昆虫取食信号的转导途径及对植物间接防御相关基因的激活等方面进行了系统地综述。     

虫害诱导的植物挥发物:基本特性、生态学功能及释放机制

植物在遭受植食性昆虫攻击时,能通过释放挥发物调节植物、植食性昆虫及其天敌三者间的相互关系,并由此而防御植食性昆虫。主要就虫害诱导的植物挥发物的基本特性、生态学功能及其释放机制进行了系统性综述,并提出了今后的研究方向。     

虫害诱导植物合成防御性次生代谢产物的研究进展

昆虫对植物的取食活动可以激活植物的防御反应,诱导植物通过调控自身的代谢网络合成防御性次生代谢产物,抵御外界不良刺激。虫害诱导植物合成防御性次生代谢产物及其机制研究已成为近年来的研究热点之一。现对虫害诱导的植物防御性次生代谢产物、昆虫危害产生的各类激发子、植物对激发子的识别、虫害应答相关的信号转导通路及其对次生代谢物质积累的调控进行了综述,可为虫害诱导植物合成防御性次生代谢产物的机制研究提供参考,为植物虫害防治研究、植物次生代谢物质的生产和利用提供理论依据。     

虫害诱导的植物挥发物:植物与植食性昆虫及其天敌相互作用的进化产物

综述了植物、植食性昆虫及其天敌相互作用的进化过程。虫害诱导的植物挥发物的特征和功能是植物-植食性昆虫-天敌之间长期进化的结果。在植物、植食性昆虫与天敌相互作用的进化过程中,3个不同营养级,包括植物、植食性昆虫和天敌有着各自的调节和利用虫害诱导的植物挥发物的策略。但有一些问题,如通过实验研究得出的诱导防御在田间是否真正能起到保护作用等需进一步研究、阐明。     

昆虫幼虫标本的采集和制作

本刊1954年6月号,曾发表过昆虫標本的採集制作和保存方法,详尽的介绍了全部制作昆虫標本的过程。这对于昆虫学的教学或研究工作,起了很大的作用。此外昆虫幼虫的標本同样是昆虫学;或与昆虫有关的各种学科不可缺少的研究材料,特别是农业和林业方面的虫害情况调查中,常常需要採集幼虫标本,以观察幼虫的形态和表示幼虫为害的经过。幼虫标本的採集对象主要是鳞翅目昆虫,其次是其他完     

治理有害动物的战略与策略——主要以中国棉虫为讨论材料

前言 有害动物,本文着重谈其中的有害昆虫。所谓有害,是指这些动物或昆虫对人类生命和生活起着有害的作用。地球上已知约一百万种昆虫中,一部分对人类造成严重灾害。举若干有数据可查的例子来说:美国约有一万种害虫和螨类,其中约七百种(212种从国外传入)为害比较严重(smith、et al.1973,p.446)。世界上棉花害虫的记载有1,326种(Hargreaves,1948),美国有一百种左右昆虫和螨类为害棉花,1951—1960年平均年损失五千万美元,约为年产量的19％(Metcalf et al.1975,p.379)。印度1963—1964年因虫害损失粮食15％,约计1,300万吨。Cramer(1969)根据世界各地许多资料分析研究,估计世界上农业因虫害损失每年产量的13.8％,约值200—300亿美元。     

Aliphatic amino diacid Asu functions as an effective mimic of Tyr(SO3H) in sulfakinins for myotropic and food intake-inhibition activity in insects

The aliphatic amino diacid alpha-aminosuberic acid can function as an effective, stable mimic of the hydrolysis-susceptible Tyr(SO3H) group in sulfakinin neuropeptide analogs for both hindgut contractile activity in cockroach and food intake-inhibition activity in the desert locust. In the analog, the acidic sulfate group is replaced with an acidic carboxyl group. The degree of activity of sulfakinin analogs is correlated with the carboxyl/alpha-carbon distance in the cockroach hindgut contractile assay. The results represent an important step in the design and synthesis of biostable, sulfakinin analogs that could potentially suppress the feeding behavior of destructive insect pests of agricultural importance.     

气流控制农业害虫的发展与利用

气流控制技术工作原理是利用流动的空气消灭农作物上的害虫。利用气流控制技术原理制造产生流动的空气清除、杀死和收集农作物上害虫的机械装置称捕虫机或称吸虫机。应用捕虫机防治马铃薯、甘薯、茄子、香葱、草莓、茶树等农作物上的害虫方法,具有不污染环境、无残留、对人体健康无伤害、对土壤微生物影响较小等优点。本文从气流控制农业害虫的基本原理、发展和利用、局限性以及展望四个方面出发,阐述了国内外昆虫学者利用气流控制农业害虫研究的进展,目的是为我国研发和利用其技术防治农业害虫提供参考。     

贵州玉米田害虫绿色灯光防控技术研究

为探明贵州玉米田昆虫群落结构和杀虫灯对害虫的防治效果,选取贵州玉米田3个具有代表性的点分别安装诱虫灯,进行诱集调查,并对近灯区（距离灯20 m以内）、远灯区（距离灯20~150 m）和对照区的昆虫种群消长情况进行田间调查。结果表明,贵州玉米田昆虫共有11目66科132种,主要为同翅目、鞘翅目、鳞翅目、膜翅目、直翅目、双翅目和半翅目类昆虫;灯诱共获得89个种类,其中害虫占64.77%,益虫占15.91%,中性昆虫占19.32%。田间调查结果显示,近灯区物种丰富度最高,对照区次之,远灯区最低;近灯区玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis、黏虫Mythimna seperata (Walker)、灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus和条赤须盲蝽Trigonotylus coelestialium (Kirkaldy)等趋光性昆虫的种群数量长期高于其他区域。综上所述,风吸式诱虫灯对玉米田害虫有较好的防治效果,为玉米田害虫的绿色防控提供了参考。     

蝗虫光电诱导滑移捕集调控行为的研究(英文)

目的:为获得蝗虫捕集装置的优化参数,给蝗虫灾害机械化捕集装置研制提供技术支持。方法:针对近光激发蝗虫趋光特性,利用蝗虫光电诱导滑移捕集行为装置,测试了机械捕集物理环境中蝗虫滑移捕集行为特征,分析了捕集光照环境及其物理特征引起的蝗虫生物摩擦行为对滑移捕集的影响,探讨了蝗虫趋光滑移捕集的增益因素及机理。结果:LED光源恒定光照突变特性,对蝗虫趋光视觉行为的调控,易化了趋光捕集实现,而通道光照及倾斜捕集环境特征,强化了其行为响应,产生了增益捕集实现的滑移弹跳碰撞捕集行为,且当通道高度及上、下层通道倾角组合为65 mm和(30°、45°)时,捕集作用效果最佳;通道内微弱光照环境,对蝗虫运动视觉的抑制性突变刺激,有效调控了生物摩擦控制下的响应调节,产生了或滑移或滑移弹跳碰撞捕集行为,且上层通道对蝗虫弹跳碰撞阻碍效应及下层通道滑移的导引作用,有助于蝗虫趋光捕集的快速实现;30 ms发光间隔频闪光照激发蝗虫趋光捕集效果较优,640 ms发光周期交变光照调控蝗虫行为反应效果较佳。结论:试验中,频闪交变及恒定捕集光照环境调控蝗虫生物摩擦控制下滑移行为响应的敏感性,制约了捕集效果,则需利用频闪交变耦合光照的激发特性,结合通道结构组合的最佳捕集参数,增加有效激发捕集通道内蝗虫滑移弹跳行为的调控性措施,来提高蝗虫的趋光捕集效果。     

Locust flight activity as a model for hormonal regulation of lipid mobilization and transport

Flight activity of insects provides a fascinating yet relatively simple model system for studying the regulation of processes involved in energy metabolism. This is particularly highlighted during long-distance flight, for which the locust constitutes a long-standing favored model insect, which as one of the most infamous agricultural pests additionally has considerable economical importance. Remarkably many aspects and processes pivotal to our understanding of (neuro)hormonal regulation of lipid mobilization and transport during insect flight activity have been discovered in the locust; among which are the peptide adipokinetic hormones (AKHs), synthesized and stored by the neurosecretory cells of the corpus cardiacum, that regulate and integrate lipid (diacylglycerol) mobilization and transport, the functioning of the reversible conversions of lipoproteins (lipophorins) in the hemolymph during flight activity, revealing novel concepts for the transport of lipids in the circulatory system, and the structure and functioning of the exchangeable apolipopotein, apolipophorin III, which exhibits a dual capacity to exist in both lipid-bound and lipid-free states that is essential to these lipophorin conversions. Besides, the lipophorin receptor (LpR) was identified and characterized in the locust.In an integrative approach, this short review aims at highlighting the locust as an unrivalled model for studying (neuro)hormonal regulation of lipid mobilization and transport during insect flight activity, that additionally has offered a broad and profound research model for integrative physiology and biochemistry, and particularly focuses on recent developments in the concept of AKH-induced changes in the lipophorin system during locust flight, that deviates fundamentally from the lipoprotein-based transport of lipids in the circulation of mammals. Current studies in this field employing the locust as a model continue to attribute to its role as a favored model organism, but also reveal some disadvantages compared to model insects with a completely sequenced genome.     

Allosteric interactions among pyrethroid,brevetoxin, and scorpion toxin receptors on insect sodium channels raise an alternative approach for insect control

Intensive pyrethroid use in insect control has led to resistance buildup among various pests. One alternative to battle this problem envisions the combined use of synergistically acting insecticidal compounds. Pyrethroids, scorpion - and β-toxins, and brevetoxins bind to distinct receptor sites on voltage-gated sodium channels (NaChs) and modify their function. The binding affinity of scorpion -toxins to locust, but not rat-brain NaChs, is allosterically increased by pyrethroids and by brevetoxin-1. Brevetoxin-1 also increases the binding of an excitatory β-toxin to insect NaChs. These results reveal differences between insect and mammalian NaChs and may be exploited in new strategies of insect control.     

中国昆虫生态学研究的透视

<正> 昆虫生态学在我国是通过几十年来密切结合农、林、牧实际,解决生产中不断提出的重大问题而发展起来的。随着研究问题不断深入,交叉学科不断渗透,使昆虫生态学在生物学宏观领域中成为迅速发展的一门学科。现将7个主要领域研究的动态加以评述。     

飞蝗及沙漠蝗信息素概述

飞蝗和沙漠蝗自古以来就是重要的农业害虫,这与其生物学特性是密不可分的.信息素对飞蝗和沙漠蝗生物学特征的调节起到了非常重要的作用.到目前为止,沙漠蝗Schistocerca gregaria和飞蝗Locusta migratoria 的研究较为深入,本文对其主要成果进行了综述,以此作为以后飞蝗和沙漠蝗信息素进一步研究的参...     

RNAi technology: a new platform for crop pest control

The insect pests are big threat in meeting the food demands for future generation. The present pest control strategies, including the existing transgenic approaches show certain limitations and are not completely successful in limiting the insect pests. However, the sequence-specific gene silencing via RNA interference (RNAi) holds a great promise for effective management of agricultural pests. RNAi is naturally occurring conserved process responsible for gene regulation and defense against pathogens. The efficacy of RNAi varies among different insect orders and also depends upon various factors, including the target gene selection, method of dsRNAs delivery, expression of dsRNAs and presence of off-target effects. RNAi-mediated silencing of different insect genes involved in various physiological processes was found to be detrimental to insects growth, development and survival. In this article, we have reviewed the potential of RNAi-based strategies for effective management of insect pests. We have also discussed the various parameters, which are to be considered for host-induced RNAi-mediated control of insect pests without producing any effect on non-target organisms and environment.     

Moroccan locust Dociostaurus maroccanus (Thunberg, 1815): a faunistic rarity or an important economic pest?

The Moroccan locust, Dociostaurus maroccanus (Thunberg), was traditionally considered as one of the most dangerous agricultural pests in the Mediterranean (s.l.) zone. Its broad polyphagy, extreme voracity, enormous fecundity and capability to migrate in swarms made it a major enemy of agriculturists from the Canary Islands to Afghanistan. However, outbreaks of the Moroccan locust seem to have been more frequent in the past and, in many regions, the species has become rare. Climatic factors, in particular the amount of spring rainfall, are critical for the developmental cycle of D. maroccanus. However, anthropogenic factors appear to have the most powerful effect on the locust's population dynamics. On the one hand, deforestation and overgrazing create the necessary prerequisites for colonization by the Moroccan locust. On the other hand, converting grasslands into croplands makes the habitat totally unsuitable for the insect because females can lay eggs into undisturbed soil. These two conflicting tendencies appear to govern the current evolution of Moroccan locust populations, their manifestations being different according to the geographical zone. Although in some regions (e.g. in many European countries) D. maroccanus has lost its formerly high economic importance, in others (North African and central Asian countries) the species continues to flourish and may even increase its pest status.