街尘与城市降雨径流污染的关系综述

街尘是引起城市面源污染分布最为广泛、最重要的污染物载体,街尘及其负载的污染物与降雨冲刷相关过程的全面认识,对有效控制城市地表径流污染有着重要的意义.针对全球快速城市化背景下街尘及其降雨冲刷污染的研究现状,阐明了街尘及其降雨冲刷污染的不足与难点,并对未来研究方向的突破性给予展望.     

滤渠-塘组合系统对城市旅游区降雨径流污染的离线截控作用

提出了一种控制城市旅游区降雨径流污染的滤渠-塘离线组合处理系统,并研究了该系统对降雨径流污染的离线截控作用.结果表明:无论从单次降雨事件还是从年度上分析,该系统通过有效地分流初期污染降雨径流,均可降低降雨径流中污染物的浓度和体积平均粒径,并对降雨径流中污染物的负荷具有较高的持留效率,是一种高效的处理系统,比较适用于土地利用相对紧张的城镇区域.2005年该系统对降雨径流中总悬浮物(TSS)、化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)负荷的年持留率分别达到86.4%、85.5%、83.9%和82.9%.以2005年6月26日的次降雨事件为例,该系统对降雨径流水量的削减率为67.9%,对污染物中各种形态氮的去除效率高于磷,对TSS、COD、TN和TP负荷的持留率分别为97.0%、89.2%、94.9%和96.2%.该系统还可以有效地拦截降雨径流中的大部分颗粒物.     

降雨对北方城市5种典型城市绿化树种叶面滞尘的影响

城市树木和森林植被净化大气颗粒污染物的功能受到了广泛的重视,但由于受多种植被特征与环境因素的影响,定量评价城市植被净化大气颗粒污染物功能非常困难。研究了不同降雨条件下大叶黄杨、银杏、栾树、五角枫、杜仲5种我国北方城市绿化典型树种叶面滞尘量的变化特征。在选定的样树冠层分上、中、下3层和东、南、西、北4个方向,采集成熟叶片,采用刷洗样本叶表,抽取水样及分级抽滤并烘干称重的方法,测定这5种树种降雨后12d(夏季累积滞尘量)、14mm降雨后(小雨)、29mm降雨后(中雨)以及室内模拟降雨30mm/h(15mm雨量)后叶片表面不同粒径大气颗粒污染物的滞留量。研究结果表明:降雨对不同粒径颗粒物去除能力有较大差异,除银杏以外,PM10以上颗粒物更容易去除;小雨对颗粒物的冲刷能力有限;中雨可以冲刷掉50%以上总颗粒物;室内模拟强降雨可以冲刷掉90%以上颗粒物,随着降雨增大,各粒径颗粒物随之冲刷量增加;同时叶表结构对抗冲刷能力有显著影响,革质叶片更容易滞尘及冲刷,绒毛结构滞尘能力较低,抗冲刷能力较强;北方大叶黄杨具有综合去除空气中颗粒物优势(小雨TSP冲刷量为(775.06±33.99)mg/m~2),银杏具有去除细颗粒物优势(中雨PM_(2.5)冲刷量为(426.55±40.83.99)mg/m~2)。     

大辽河水系表层水中多环芳烃的污染特征

采用GC/MS对大辽河水系的浑河、太子河和大辽河表层水和悬浮物中的多环芳烃 (PAHs) 进行了定量分析,探讨了大辽河水系表层水和悬浮物中多环芳烃分布特征与来源.结果表明,水样和悬浮颗粒物中PAHs总量浓度分布范围分别为：水样946.1～13 448.5 ng·L^-1;悬浮颗粒物317.5～238 518.7 ng·g^-1.多环芳烃的浓度分布表现为太子河>大辽河>浑河,靠近工业区的PAHs浓度明显高于城市和非工业区.水样中PAHs以3～5环为主,悬浮颗粒物样中PAHs以2环为主.PAHs特定分子比率分析表明,大辽河水系受到石油输入和热解的复合PAH污染,采样站位附近石油化工和钢铁工业是PAHs的主要来源.与世界其他河流和海洋地区相比,水和悬浮颗粒物中污染浓度较高,具有一定的生态风险.     

赣江下游典型蔬菜地地表径流的氮磷流失特征

在赣江下游代表性蔬菜地设置径流小区, 研究常规施肥条件下蔬菜地生态系统地表径流中氮、磷的流失状况。结果表明, 在连续多次监测期内, 自然降雨条件下常规施肥蔬菜地地表径流总氮平均浓度为10.32 mg⋅L–1, 总磷平均浓度为4.71 mg⋅L–1, 硝态氮与溶解性正磷酸盐是该区域蔬菜地降雨径流中氮、磷的主要存在形态, 故而地表径流流入至附近水体存在富营养化的风险。此外, 蔬菜地降雨径流中氮、磷流失量与降雨量呈极显著的正相关关系。研究表明, 施肥和降雨量是影响地表径流氮、磷流失的主要因素, 针对赣江下游蔬菜地氮、磷流失特点需制定相应的氮、磷流失的防治措施。     

模拟降雨对常绿植物叶表面滞尘的影响

通过模拟降雨实验的方法,在15 mm/h和30 mm/h降雨强度的不同历时条件下,从动态变化、滞尘阈值和建立关系3个方面量化了降雨过程对叶表面不同粒径颗粒物的影响。研究结果表明:叶表面颗粒物滞留率随降雨历时先急剧下降,后趋于稳定状态。降雨初期对叶面尘的影响最为明显,降雨强度较大时洗脱时间更短。颗粒物滞留量和滞留率的阈值均随降雨强度的增加而减小。颗粒物滞留量阈值呈现出10—100μm2.5—10μm0.2—2.5μm的规律,与未降雨前一致。侧柏各粒径颗粒物均能被降雨较有效洗脱;大叶黄杨10—100μm的颗粒物更易被降雨洗脱;油松的颗粒物滞留率阈值达30%—50%,不易被洗脱。降雨量与叶表面颗粒物滞留率有良好的拟合关系,随降雨量的增大,颗粒物滞留率呈指数减小,且减小速率在降雨量10mm内较大,大于10 mm后曲线较为平缓。     

城市地表径流污染来源的分类与特征

城市地表径流中污染物的分布和浓度等污染特征取决于其污染来源。本文依据3种分类方法分析了城市地表径流污染物的来源及其特征,重点讨论了城市地表径流中主要的污染物悬浮颗粒物、持久性有机污染物、农药、重金属、营养元素、有机质和其他有代表性的工业源化合物的来源、污染特征和生态风险等,介绍了城市地表径流对受纳水体的影响及其评价方法,并探讨了今后的研究重点。     

模拟降雨下麻栎林地表径流和壤中流及氮素流失特征

为探讨人工林地地表径流和壤中流产流机制及其氮素流失规律,选择鲁中南山区典型林地麻栎林为研究对象,采用模拟降雨试验方法,研究麻栎林与荒草地的产流及氮素流失特征。结果表明:(1)麻栎林的总产流量、地表径流量、壤中流量分别是荒草地的80.5%、61.4%、162.2%。地表径流产流呈不断增加且趋于稳定的特征;壤中流产流时间明显滞后于地表径流的,产流过程径流量波动比较小,保持相对稳定。地表径流量和壤中流量随时间的变化过程可分别通过对数函数和多项式函数进行模拟。(2)麻栎林的全氮总流失浓度、地表径流全氮流失浓度、壤中流全氮流失浓度为11.5、13.1、8.9 mg/L,分别比荒草地低19.0%、13.8%、8.2%。地表径流全氮流失浓度一般前期较大,而后递减并趋于稳定;壤中流全氮流失浓度在整个产流过程中保持相对稳定。地表径流和壤中流全氮流失浓度随降雨时间的变化过程可分别通过幂函数和多项式函数进行模拟。(3)在整个降雨产流过程中,麻栎林和荒草地的地表径流量分别占总产流量的61.8%和81.1%,麻栎林和荒草地的地表径流全氮流失量分别占全氮总流失量的70.4%和87.0%,径流、氮素的流失都以地表径流为主。与荒草地相比,麻栎林具有明显增加壤中流,减少氮素流失效果。     

黄龙带水库甲藻水华的脂肪酸组成特征

浮游植物是水体颗粒物中最重要的组成,同时也是生态系统中物质和能量传递的重要物质基础。脂肪酸是浮游植物细胞内一种重要的生理构件,并具有重要和特殊的生理功能。由于不同浮游植物所含的颗粒脂肪酸不同,因此自然水体中的颗粒脂肪酸种类和数量的组成与变化反映了水体中浮游植物的群落结构及演替过程。在水体富营养化过程中,浮游植物的组成也随之变化,因此研究水体中颗粒脂肪酸的浓度和组成结构可以直接反映水体的富营养化水平和特征的生化指标,也能有利于掌握不同类型浮游植物水华的发生机制。2005年4月,在中国广东一座处于北回归线中营养型水平的水库-黄龙带水库中发生了二角多甲藻水华,本研究主要研究了此次水华过程中的浮游植物群落结构的变化、水体中颗粒物的脂肪酸组成和浓度的变化,探讨了热带亚热带地区二角多甲藻水华过程中浮游植物群落与脂肪酸组成特征、脂肪酸组成特征与水体营养状态之间的关系。结果表明:黄龙带水库为中富营养水平水库,此次共鉴定出藻类28种,二角多甲藻(Peridinium bipes Stein)是这次水华的优势种。其生物量变化为0～5138μg·L^-1。在水华高峰期二角多甲藻生物量占总生物量的80%以上,水华消退期占30%以下。硅藻生物量在水华高峰期有下降趋势,水华消失期有上升趋势;蓝藻的增长趋势更加明显,绿藻在整个过程中生物量较低,波动不大。水华过程中脂肪酸的种类丰富,浓度很高。共检测出脂肪酸21种,包括各种饱和脂肪酸(SFA),单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),含量变化为0～74.593μg·L^-1。在水华高峰期,偶碳数饱和脂肪酸占有非常明显的优势,而奇碳数脂肪酸相对浓度较少,总脂肪酸浓度为85.5～192.2μg·L^-1。与水华高峰期相比,水华消退期的总脂肪酸浓度仅有16.5～45.5μg·L^-1。水华消退期饱和脂肪酸的相对丰度要高于水华高峰期,而多不饱和脂肪酸的相对丰度则相反。C18:5和EPA、DHA等甲藻标志脂肪酸的检出频率和浓度较高,颗粒物脂肪酸特征较好地反映了甲藻水华过程浮游植物群落结构的变化;并为淡水甲藻脂肪酸的研究提供一些基础资料。     

太湖地区典型水稻土稻-麦轮作地表径流中磷的变动规律

为了了解来自农田土壤径流磷浓度对太湖水体富营养化的贡献状况,采用田间小区试验的方法,研究了太湖地区安镇爽水型水稻土和常熟囊水型水稻土2000～2002年度磷素流失浓度变化及其原因。结果表明:太湖地区农田水稻土磷素流失的主要形态是颗粒态磷;施磷处理对地表径流磷浓度有显著影响;两种水稻土的径流中磷浓度呈现出随时间而降低的趋势;稻季土壤磷素流失的最大风险时期约在水稻移栽后一个月内,而麦季约在磷肥施用后1～2个月内;对于同期地表径流事件,囊水型水稻土径流中DP和TP浓度均高于爽水型水稻土;土壤类型对地表径流次数有明显的影响,并且随季节表现不同。     

Ca-Cd interaction in the prymnesiophyte Cricosphaera elongata

Abstract. ⁴⁵Ca and ¹⁰⁹Cd uptake were followed in Criscosphaera elongata Prymnesiophyceae. In both cases, after a rapid increase for the first 5 min, the incorporation rate slowed during the hour of observation. Verapamil, a blocker of voltage-dependent slow calcium channels, inhibited ⁴⁵Ca uptake except during the first rapid phase when adsorption should predominate. Cadmium also decreased ⁴⁵Ca labelling, suggesting that the two metals are antagonistic. However, verapamil was shown to augment ¹⁰⁹Cd incorporation, contrary to what occurs in animals cells; this effect is detectable in continuous labelling as well as in pulse experiments. The data support the presence of calcium channels in the alga and suggest several processes in Cd accumulation: adsorption on peripheral envelopes and diffusion of uncharged Cd.     

四种灵长类肘关节的生物力学研究

对懒猴、猕猴、叶猴和长臂猿的肘关节形态与功能和前臂伸、屈肌肌肉电生理的研究结果表明,随着上肢运动功能的加强,肘关节的灵活性亦相应增大。猕猴各肌的肌电活动相对较弱,肘关节的结构明显不同于其它3个种,表现出对四足型运动和维持关节稳定性的适应特点。叶猴肘关节的形态结构和前臂各肌的肌电活动类似于长臂猿,表现出与臂摆荡有关的活动特点。对前臂伸、屈肌有关指数的判别分析表明,与骨骼相比,4个种的前臂各肌的形态差异明显较大。肱肌的近侧起点指数。肱桡肌的止点指数和肱三头肌内侧头的起点指数可作为4个种的鉴定特征。     

Mass-spectrometric investigations on hydration of nucleic acid components in vacuum. II. N-methylated adenines

Association reactions between water and N-methylated adenines (M), occurring under field-ionization conditions in a mass spectrometer at the tungsten point emitter surface, were studied at a number of temperatures. The origin of the peaks observed in the mass spectra at m/e ratios corresponding to MH+ was assigned to M X H2O monohydrates , of those corresponding to (MH X H2O)+ and (MH2)2+ to double hydrates M(H2O)3. Measurements of the relative peak intensities allowed calculation of apparent equilibrium constants, Kass, for successive hydration steps, and hence the respective van't Hoff enthalpies of hydration. Both the equilibrium and the energy parameters obtained support the available quantum-mechanical single-layer hydration schemes of adenine and of its N-methylated derivatives.     

High-pressure effect on the equilibrium and kinetics of cyanide binding to chloroperoxidase

The kinetics of cyanide binding to chloroperoxidase were studied using a high-pressure stopped-flow technique at 25 degrees C and pH 4.7 in a pressure range from 1 to 1000 bar. The activation volume change for the association reaction is delta V not equal to + = -2.5 +/- 0.5 ml/mol. The total reaction volume change, determined from the pressure dependence of the equilibrium constant, is delta V degrees = -17.8 +/- 1.3 ml/mol. The effect of temperature was studied at 1 bar yielding delta H not equal to + = 29 +/- 1 kJ/mol, delta S not equal to + = -58 +/- 4 J/mol per K. Equilibrium studies give delta H degrees = -41 +/- 3 kJ/mol and delta S degrees = -59 +/- 10 J/mol per K. Possible contributions to the binding process are discussed: changes in spin state, bond formation and conformation changes in the protein. An activation volume analog of the Hammond postulate is considered.     

Salinity response of a freshwater charophyte, Chara vulgaris

Abstract. Chara vulgaris L. growing in an oligohaline lake was adapted to laboratory conditions and subjected to long-term salinity treatments ranging from 0 to 350 mol m ³ NaCl added to the lake water (40–680 mosmol kg ¹). Osmotic potential and concentration of the main osmotically active solutes (K⁺, Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl and sucrose) in the vacuolar sap of the central internodal cells were estimated. C. vulgaris did regulate turgor but incompletely. Turgor decreased from 335 mosmol kg ¹ under control conditions to 52–111 mosmol kg ¹ at 350 mol m ³ NaCl. The enhancement of πⁱ was achieved by increase in both ions and sucrose. Sterile and fertile plants differed in their response to osmotic stress. In sterile plants, the ions accounted for about 87% of the vacuolar osmotic potential. The increase of πⁱ under osmotic stress was exclusively due to an accumulation of Na⁺ and Cl^-. In fertile plants, sucrose accounted for about 35% of πⁱ and ions for about 51% Under osmotic stress, sucrose content increased together with the ionic content of Na⁺ and Cl^-.     

Lipids, carbohydrates and amino acids exuded from the axenic roots of rape seedlings exposed to water-deficit stress

Abstract. Rape ( Brassica napus [L.]) plants were cultivated for 25 d with axenic roots in a growth system with quartz sand and circulating nutrient solution. After a water stress period of 24h. fresh nutrient solution was added and root exudates were collected 3d later. The stress did not cause significant differences in the weights between the stressed and the control plants. The stressed plants tended to exude more soluble organic carbon than the control plants. This was not reflected in the amounts of low molecular weight carbohydrates exuded. A significantly lower proportion of the soluble organic carbon exuded by the stressed plants was made up of amino acids in comparison with the control plants, 7% and 28% respectively. Exuded hydrophobic substances could be recovered from the sand particles. The stressed plants exuded more sterols than the control plants, and an increased number of polar lipid types. The exudates of the stressed and control plants also differed regarding their fatty acid composition.