油菜素内酯调控作物农艺性状和非生物胁迫响应的研究进展

植物对不利环境的适应依赖于将外部胁迫信号传递到内部信号通路中,在进化过程中形成一系列的胁迫响应机制。其中,油菜素内酯(brassinosteroids, BRs)是一种类固醇激素,广泛参与植物生长发育和逆境响应过程。BRs被包括受体BRI1和共受体BAK1在内的细胞表面受体感知,继而触发信号级联,导致蛋白激酶BIN2的抑制和转录因子BES1/BZR1的激活,BES1/BZR1可直接调控数千个下游响应基因的表达。在模式植物拟南芥中的研究表明,BR的生物合成和信号转导通路成员,特别是BIN2和其下游的转录因子BES1/BZR1,可以被各种环境因子广泛地调节。本文系统总结了BR相关的最新研究进展,对BR的生物合成和信号转导是如何被复杂的环境因子所调节,以及BR与环境因子如何协同调控作物重要农艺性状、冷胁迫和盐胁迫的响应进行了综述。     

Protein kinases in plant responses to drought,salt, and cold stress

Protein kinases are major players in various signal transduction pathways. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses has become critical for developing and breeding climate-resilient crops. In this review,we summarize recent progress on understanding plant drought, salt, and cold stress responses, with a focus on signal perception and transduction by different protein kinases, especially sucrose nonfermenting1(SNF1)-related protein kinases(Sn RKs),mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) cascades,calcium-dependent protein kinases(CDPKs/CPKs),and receptor-like kinases(RLKs). We also discuss future challenges in these research fields.     

Rapid systemic signaling during abiotic and biotic stresses: is the ROS wave master of all trades?

Rapidly communicating the perception of an abiotic stress event, wounding or pathogen infection, from its initial site of occurrence to the entire plant, i.e. rapid systemic signaling, is essential for successful plant acclimation and defense. Recent studies highlighted an important role for several rapid whole‐plant systemic signals in mediating plant acclimation and defense during different abiotic and biotic stresses. These include calcium, reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydraulic and electric waves. Although the role of some of these signals in inducing and coordinating whole‐plant systemic responses was demonstrated, many questions related to their mode of action, routes of propagation and integration remain unanswered. In addition, it is unclear how these signals convey specificity to the systemic response, and how are they integrated under conditions of stress combination. Here we highlight many of these questions, as well as provide a proposed model for systemic signal integration, focusing on the ROS wave.     

Ethylene – and oxygen signalling – drive plant survival during flooding

Flooding is a widely occurring environmental stress both for natural and cultivated plant species. The primary problems associated with flooding arise due to restricted gas diffusion underwater. This hampers gas exchange needed for the critical processes of photosynthesis and respiration. Plant acclimation to flooding includes the adaptation of a suite of traits that helps alleviate or avoid these stressful conditions and improves or restores exchange of O₂ and CO₂. The manifestation of these traits is, however, reliant on the timely perception of signals that convey the underwater status. Flooding‐associated reduced gas diffusion imposes a drastic change in the internal gas composition within submerged plant organs. One of the earliest changes is an increase in the levels of the gaseous plant hormone ethylene. Depending on the species, organ, flooding conditions and time of the day, plants will also subsequently experience a reduction in oxygen levels. This review provides a comprehensive overview on the roles of ethylene and oxygen as critical signals of flooding stress. It includes a discussion of the dynamics of these gases in plants when underwater, their interaction, current knowledge of their perception mechanisms and the resulting downstream changes that mediate important acclimative processes that allow endurance and survival under flooded conditions.     

Oral shear stress predicts flavour perception in viscous solutions

The perception of sweetness and flavour were studied in viscous solutions containing 50 g/l sucrose, 100 p.p.m. iso-amyl acetate and varying concentrations of three hydrocolloid thickeners (guar gum, lambda-carrageenan and hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose). Zero-shear viscosity of the samples ranged from 1 to 5000 mPas. Perception of both sweetness and aroma was suppressed at thickener concentrations above c* (coil overlap concentration, the point at which there is an abrupt increase in solution viscosity as thickener concentration is increased). Sensory data for the three hydrocolloids was only loosely correlated with their concentration relative to c* (c/c* ratio), particularly above c*. However, when perceptual data were plotted against the Kokini oral shear stress (tau), calculated from rheological measurements, data for the three hydrocolloids aligned to form a master-curve, enabling the prediction of flavour intensity in such systems. The fact that oral shear stress can be used to model sweetness and aroma perception supports the hypothesis that somatosensory tactile stimuli can interact with taste and aroma signals to modulate their perception.     

Transient alkalinization in the leaf apoplast of Vicia faba L. depends on NaCl stress intensity: an in situ ratio imaging study

The apoplast is suggested to be involved not only in the response, but also in the perception and transduction of various environmental signals. In this context, apoplastic alkalinization has previously been discussed as a general stress factor caused by abiotic and biotic stress events. In this study, an ion-sensitive fluorescence probe in combination with inverted fluorescence microscopy has been used for in planta monitoring of apoplastic shoot pH during challenging of Vicia faba L. plants by NaCl stress encountered at the roots. We demonstrate that transient increases in leaf apoplastic pH are dependent on the NaCl stress intensity. Moreover, we have visualized spatial pH gradients within the leaf apoplast. Our results indicate that these pH responses are propagated from root to leaf and that this occurs along the apoplast.     

解析植物冷信号转导途径: 植物如何感知低温

低温胁迫(冷害和冻害)严重影响植物的生长发育和地理分布, 是制约作物产量和品质的主要因素之一。在自然界, 植物通过感知低温信号并启动一系列响应机制来抵御冷冻伤害。MAP蛋白激酶家族在植物响应逆境胁迫信号过程中发挥重要作用, 但其是否参与冷冻胁迫信号传递仍不清楚。最近, 朱健康、杨淑华和种康研究团队先后报道了拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)和水稻(Oryza sativa)通过MAPK级联反应途径参与冷冻胁迫应答反应, 通过磷酸化ICE1来调控其稳定性, 并阐明了ICE1提高植物抗冷冻能力的分子机制。他们的研究完善了ICE1介导的低温应答网络, 是植物低温应答研究领域的重要突破, 并为未来的作物分子设计育种提供了强有力的理论依据。     

Alternative complex formation of the Ca-regulated protein kinase CIPK1 controls abscisic acid-dependent and independent stress responses in Arabidopsis

Intracellular release of calcium ions belongs to the earliest events in cellular stress perception. The molecular mechanisms integrating signals from different environmental cues and translating them into an optimized response are largely unknown. We report here the functional characterization of CIPK1, a protein kinase interacting strongly with the calcium sensors CBL1 and CBL9. Comparison of the expression patterns indicates that the three proteins execute their functions in the same tissues. Physical interaction of CIPK1 with CBL1 and CBL9 targets the kinase to the plasma membrane. We show that, similarly to loss of CBL9 function, mutation of either CBL1 or CIPK1 renders plants hypersensitive to osmotic stress. Remarkably, in contrast to the cbl1 mutant and similarly to the cbl9 mutant, loss of CIPK1 function impairs abscisic acid (ABA) responsiveness. We therefore suggest that, by alternative complex formation with either CBL1 or CBL9, the kinase CIPK1 represents a convergence point for ABA-dependent and ABA-independent stress responses. Based on our genetic, physiological and protein-protein interaction data, we propose a general model for information processing in calcium-regulated signalling networks.     

AtHsfA2 modulates expression of stress responsive genes and enhances tolerance to heat and oxidative stress in Arabidopsis

In nature, plants are subject to changes of tempera-ture. Thus, like other organisms, plants have evolved strategies for preventing damage caused by rapid changes in temperature and for repairing what damage is unavoidable. Heat stress responses have been well documented in a wide range of organisms. In all spe-cies studied, the heat shock (HS) response is charac-terized by a rapid production and a transient accumu-lation of specific families of proteins known as heat shock proteins (Hsps) th…     

Separate signal pathways regulate the expression of a low-temperature-induced gene in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.

A cDNA clone corresponding to a novel low-temperature-induced Arabidopsis thaliana gene, named lti140, was employed for studies of the environmental signals and the signal pathways involved in cold-induced gene expression. The single-copy lti140 gene encodes a 140 kDa cold acclimation-related polypeptide. The lti140 mRNA accumulates rapidly in both leaves and roots when plants are subject to low temperature or water stress or are treated with the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA), but not by heat-shock treatment. The low-temperature induction of lti140 is not mediated by ABA, as shown by normal induction of the lti140 mRNA in both ABA-deficient and ABA-insensitive mutants and after treatment with the ABA biosynthesis inhibitor fluridone. The effects of low temperature and exogenously added ABA are not cumulative suggesting that these two pathways converge. The induction by ABA is abolished in the ABA-insensitive mutant abi-1 indicating that the abi-1 mutation defines a component in the ABA response pathway. Accumulation of the lti140 mRNA in plants exposed to water stress was somewhat reduced by treatment with fluridone and in the ABA-insensitive mutant abi-1 suggesting that the water stress induction of lti140 could be partly mediated by ABA. It is concluded that three separate but converging signal pathways regulate the expression of the lti140 gene.     

从水分胁迫的识别到ABA积累的细胞信号转导

由于植物在生长和发育过程中不可避免地要遭受各种环境胁迫的影响,植物只有通过对环境胁迫的快速感知和主动反应才得以生存和发展.植物这种对环境胁迫的快速感知和主动反应体现在环境胁迫下植物可以通过一系列基因的表达调控来实现各种抗逆的生理生化反应.虽然得以鉴定的水分胁迫应答基因越来越多,但其中只有极少的基因在抗逆中的基本功能已得到初步认识.从细胞对水分胁迫原初信号的感知到基因表达调控包括了一系列复杂的细胞逆境信息传递过程.脱落酸(abscisic acid, ABA)作为重要的细胞逆境信号物质介导了一系列基因表达,因此从细胞对水分胁迫原初信号的感知到编码ABA生物合成关键酶基因的表达是一条最为关键的细胞逆境信息传递途径.逆境应答基因功能的鉴定以及对整个细胞信号传递过程中详尽的分子机制的了解无疑是今后最有趣的也是最为重要的研究课题.     

医学研究生失眠现状及其相关因素的调查研究

目的了解医学研究生失眠现状及其相关因素,为提高医学研究生生活质量和促进高层次人才的培养提供建议。方法采用一般资料调查表、阿森斯失眠量表及中文版压力知觉量表于2020年4月17日~5月2日通过网络平台对某医科大学在读硕士研究生进行问卷调查,并进行统计分析。结果本研究共收集416份有效问卷,有45.9%的在读医学研究生发生失眠;阿森斯失眠量表平分为(5.6±3.8)分,压力知觉量表平分为(27.3±7.9)分,其中压力正常者占65.4%,压力较大者占30%,压力太大者占4.6%。压力知觉总体处于正常水平,压力知觉和失眠量表得分呈正相关关系(r=0.51,P<0.01)。结论医学研究生的压力知觉及睡眠状况不容乐观,且压力与睡眠之间存在相关关系。提示有关部门应针对这一群体提供心理和社会支持和相应的医疗支持,以促使医学研究生采取积极的态度和行为应对压力,改善睡眠质量。     

Histidine kinase Hik33 is an important participant in cold-signal transduction in cyanobacteria

Acclimation of living organisms to cold stress begins with the perception and transduction of the cold signal. However, traditional methods failed to identify the sensors and transducers of cold stress. Therefore, we combined systematic mutagenesis of potential sensors and transducers with DNA microarray analysis in an attempt to identify these components in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. We identified histidine kinase Hik33 as a potential cold sensor and found that Hik33 participates in the regulation of the expression of more than 60% of the cold-inducible genes. Further study revealed that Hik33 is also involved in the perception of hyperosmotic stress and salt stress and transduction of the signals. Complexity of responses to cold and other environmental stresses is discussed.