粤东柘林湾根管藻(Rhizosolenia)群落组成的季节特征

于2004年5月至2005年2月对粤东大规模养殖区柘林湾的根管藻(Rhizosolenia)种群的时空分布进行了季节性调查.调查期间,共发现根管藻16种(含变种、变型),其中柔弱根管藻(R. delicatula),脆根管藻(R. fragilissima),刚毛根管藻(R. setigera)和笔尖根管藻粗径变种(R. styliformis var. latissima)均为全年出现种.柘林湾根管藻种类丰富度和群落密度的季节变化均呈现高温季节高低温季节低的特点,而平面分布均表现出由湾内向湾外递增的趋势.整体而言,柘林湾是一个根管藻种类数很高而群落密度处于中等水平的海湾.分析表明,水温是影响柘林湾根管藻种类丰富度和群落密度季节变化的关键因素,而光照、种间竞争和浮游动物群落结构的组成是影响其时空分布的主要因素.     

粤东柘林湾角毛藻（Chaetoceros）群落生态学特性的季节变化

于2004年5月至2005年2月对粤东大规模养殖区柘林湾的角毛藻(Chaetoceros)群落的时空分布进行了季节性调查.调查期间,共发现角毛藻54种(含变种、变型),包括3个未知角毛藻种,其中柔弱角毛藻(C.debilis),双孢角毛藻(C didymus vat.didymus),劳氏角毛藻(C.lorenzianus),小角毛藻(C.minutissimus)和聚生角毛藻(Chaetoceros socialis)均为柘林湾全年出现种.柘林湾角毛藻种类丰富度和细胞丰度的季节变化均呈现高温季节高低温季节低的特点,而平面分布均表现出由湾内向湾外递增的趋势.整体而言,是一个角毛藻种类数很高而细胞丰度较低的海湾.分析表明,水温是影响角毛藻种类丰富度和细胞丰度季节变化的关键因素,而光照、种间竞争和浮游动物群落结构的组成是影响其时空分布的主要因素.     

深圳近海表层浮游细菌分布特征及其环境影响因素

于2015年3月、5月、8月和10月在深圳市近岸海域(珠江口、深圳湾和大亚湾)采集表层水样,利用流式细胞仪测定总浮游细菌、高DNA含量亚群细菌(HNA)、低DNA含量亚群细菌(LNA)的丰度,分析它们的时空分布特点,阐释环境因子对浮游细菌时空分布格局的影响。结果表明,珠江口、深圳湾和大亚湾海域表层浮游细菌的平均丰度依次降低,分别为3.82×10~6个/mL、7.67×10~6个/mL和3.38×10~6个/mL。珠江口海域浮游细菌丰度由远岸到近岸递增,深圳湾海域湾内各站位浮游细菌丰度差异较小,大亚湾海域浮游细菌丰度空间差异不显著(P0.05)。浮游细菌丰度时间差异主要受温度影响,空间差异主要受营养盐和叶绿素a影响。HNA亚群丰度时空差异性比LNA亚群的大,HNA亚群受温度影响显著(P0.01),而LNA亚群与温度相关性不显著(P0.05)。环境对HNA和LNA亚群丰度的影响有许多相似之处,但两者对某些环境因子有着不同的响应,说明它们在近海表层生态系统中可能扮演着部分重叠但略有不同的角色。     

2000～2001年粤东柘林湾营养盐分布

2000年5月-2001年5月对粤东大规模增养殖区柘林湾及湾外附近海域进行了大量营养盐,浮游生物和一般理化因子的周年调查。结果表明,调查海域溶解性无机氮,磷,硅含量都明显偏高,年平均值分别达到22.64,1.95和59.7μmol/L,其中,氮,磷含量均超过国家三类海水的水质标准,由于湾顶黄冈河和湾周边排污排废的影响,营养盐的分布基本表现为由湾内向湾外,近岸向离岸递减的格局,大规模增养殖业造成的2次污染对该湾营养盐的时空分布具有重要的影响,柘林湾氮,磷,硅含量虽全面偏高,但如以Justic和Dortch等的标准来衡量,该湾浮游植物生长受控于单一营养盐限制因子的出现率为氮41.75%,磷22.9%,硅2.36%。     

枯林湾浮游桡足类生态研究

2000年7月至2001年7月的周年调查结果表明,粤东柘林湾浮游桡足类29属57种,其中,强额拟哲水蚤Para-ca;amis crassorpstris和短角长腹剑水蚤Ootjpma brevicomis为优势种,合计占浮游桡足类总个体数的66.7%.柘林湾是一个浮游桡足类相对丰富的海湾,年均总个体数达5.4×103ind.@m-3.浮游桡足类的种类数和总个体数均表现为湾外大于湾内的平面分布格局,周年变化基本上为单峰型,高峰期位于5～10月,最低谷位于冬季1月.     

粤东柘林湾中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)种群生态学

于2000年5月～2004年12月对粤东大规模养殖区柘林湾的赤潮藻中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）种群的时空分布进行了长达5a的调查。结果表明,中肋骨条藻种群密度的周年变动模式基本为双峰型,平面分布没有显著的空间差异。调查期间,中肋骨条藻种群密度的站位实测值为0～1．4×10^7cells／dm^3,总均值为3．3×10^5cells／dm^3,占浮游植物总细胞数的67．1％,为调查海区第1优势种。在总共1045份样品中,有中肋骨条藻出现的样品数为1020份。其中,种群密度大于10^6cells／dm^3的样品有65份,大于10^7cells／dm。则有4份。以大于10^6cells／dm^3为中肋骨条藻的赤潮密度标准,在调查期间至少于2000年、2003年发生4次赤潮。运用灰关联理论对中肋骨条藻种群密度与13个环境因子的关系进行排序分析发现,水温、pH值和浮游动物是影响柘林湾中肋骨条藻种群时空分布的关键因子。水温还与中肋骨条藻种群密度的对数值具极显著意义的线性关系,而达到赤潮密度的样品均落在24．5～32．0℃区间,即每年的5～9月份高温季节。由于柘林湾浮游动物的年高峰期也出现在高温季节,说明浮游动物摄食压力的存在可能是柘林湾中肋骨条藻赤潮发生的重要抑制因子。2004年调查海区中肋骨条藻种群密度和在浮游植物群落中的优势度骤然降低,可能与水体营养盐结构和Fe含量的变化有关。因此,长期调查与监测对于研究海湾生态学和赤潮发生机制是极为重要的。     

拓林湾浮游桡足类生态研究

2000年7月至2001年7月的周年调查结果表明,粤东柘林湾浮游桡足类29属57种,其中,强额拟哲水蚤Paracalanus crassirostris和短角长腹剑水蚤Oithona brevicornis为优势种,合计占浮游桡足类总个体数的66.7%.柘林湾是一个浮游桡足类相对丰富的海湾,年均总个体数达5.4×10³ind.·m^-3.浮游桡足类的种类数和总个体数均表现为湾外大于湾内的平面分布格局,周年变化基本上为单峰型,高峰期位于5~10月,最低谷位于冬季1月。     

桑沟湾春季叶绿素a浓度分布及其影响因素

依据2014年5月走航和定点连续调查资料,分析了桑沟湾叶绿素a的空间分布及昼日变化特征,结合理、化环境因素的相关性分析,探讨影响叶绿素a浓度的主要因素。(1)走航调查的结果显示,桑沟湾春季叶绿素a浓度较低,叶绿素a浓度范围为0.11—1.40μg/L,平均为(0.64±0.36)μg/L。叶绿素a浓度从湾内向湾外逐步降低,贝类区混养区海带区外海区;湾内表层叶绿素a浓度均高于底层,而湾外的非养殖区则相反(2)网箱区叶绿素a浓度最高,日平均为1.70μg/L,显著高于其它3个区;海草区最低,为0.57μg/L,与海带养殖区无显著性差异,显著低于贝类养殖区和网箱区。叶绿素a浓度的总体趋势为:网箱区贝类区海带区和海草区。而且,不同养殖区域,叶绿素a浓度昼夜变化规律各不相同,反映了养殖活动的影响。海草区白天表层高于底层,而夜间则相反;网箱区底层均高于表层;贝类区表层均高于底层;海带区表底层叶绿素a浓度呈现出升降交替的规律。(3)叶绿素a浓度与硅酸盐、水温显著正相关,与其他环境因子,如氨氮、亚硝酸盐、磷酸盐等无显著相关性。硅酸盐和温度可能为影响桑沟湾春季浮游植物生长的主要限制性因素。(4)桑沟湾春季浮游植物生长受多重因素的限制,湾内营养盐浓度与叶绿素a浓度并未呈现显著的规律性,营养盐的上行控制和贝类摄食的下行控制均能影响浮游植物的生长。     

柘林湾骨条藻的数量变动及其与环境因子的关系

2000年5月～2002年6月对粤东柘林湾进行的骨条藻数量及各环境要素的调查表明,骨条藻细胞数的平面分布表现为湾内低于湾外的基本格局,而季节波动模式为单峰型。以相关分析该海域骨条藻数量与环境因子的关系,结果表明柘林湾氮和磷都可能成为骨条藻的限制因子,而磷限制更容易发生。     

粤东柘林湾中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）种群生态学

于2000年5月~2004年12月对粤东大规模养殖区柘林湾的赤潮藻中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）种群的时空分布进行了长达5a的调查。结果表明,中肋骨条藻种群密度的周年变动模式基本为双峰型,平面分布没有显著的空间差异。调查期间,中肋骨条藻种群密度的站位实测值为0~1.4×10⁷ cells/dm³,总均值为3.3×10⁵ cells/dm³,占浮游植物总细胞数的67.1%,为调查海区第1优势种。在总共1045份样品中,有中肋骨条藻出现的样品数为1020份。其中,种群密度大于10⁶ cells/dm3的样品有65份,大于10⁷ cells/dm³则有4份。以大于10⁶ cells/dm³为中肋骨条藻的赤潮密度标准,在调查期间至少于2000年、2003年发生4次赤潮。运用灰关联理论对中肋骨条藻种群密度与13个环境因子的关系进行排序分析发现,水温、pH值和浮游动物是影响柘林湾中肋骨条藻种群时空分布的关键因子。水温还与中肋骨条藻种群密度的对数值具极显著意义的线性关系,而达到赤潮密度的样品均落在24.5~32.0℃区间,即每年的5~9月份高温季节。由于柘林湾浮游动物的年高峰期也出现在高温季节,说明浮游动物摄食压力的存在可能是柘林湾中肋骨条藻赤潮发生的重要抑制因子。2004年调查海区中肋骨条藻种群密度和在浮游植物群落中的优势度骤然降低,可能与水体营养盐结构和Fe含量的变化有关。因此,长期调查与监测对于研究海湾生态学和赤潮发生机制是极为重要的。     

Pollen,ovules, and pollination in pea: Success,failure, and resilience in heat

Field pea (Pisum sativum), a major grain legume crop, is autogamous and adapted to temperate climates. The objectives of this study were to investigate effects of high temperature stress on stamen chemical composition, anther dehiscence, pollen viability, pollen interactions with pistil and ovules, and ovule growth and viability. Two cultivars (“CDC Golden” and “CDC Sage”) were exposed to 24/18°C (day/night) continually or to 35/18°C for 4 or 7 days. Heat stress altered stamen chemical composition, with lipid composition of “CDC Sage” being more stable compared with “CDC Golden.” Heat stress reduced pollen viability and the proportion of ovules that received a pollen tube. After 4 days at 35°C, pollen viability in flower buds decreased in “CDC Golden,” but not in “CDC Sage.” After 7 days, partial to full failure of anthers to dehisce resulted in subnormal pollen loads on stigmas. Although growth (ovule size) of fertilized ovules was stimulated by 35°C, heat stress tended to decrease ovule viability. Pollen appears susceptible to stress, but not many grains are needed for successful fertilization. Ovule fertilization and embryos are less susceptible to heat, but further research is warranted to link the exact degree of resilience to stress intensity.     

Love, careers, and heights in France, 2001

Short men are less likely to be married or live in a permanent relationship than their taller counterparts. This pattern is not due to their social status. While blue-collar workers are shorter on average than managers, the effects of height on finding a mate are similar in the two social groups. Being tall is also economically advantageous for men. With identical educational attainment levels, tall men have better careers than short men as they are given greater supervisory responsibilities. In making a commitment, some women might take height into account as an anticipated indicator of future resources of the household. Choice of partner is also influenced by social norms--i.e., partners should be physically well-matched--which is more difficult for shorter men.     

Magnesium,calcium, copper,and zinc in meals

Meals of 12 diets were prepared from conventional foods with precautions against contamination by metallic elements because of epidemiologic associations between ischemic heart disease and the metabolism of magnesium, calcium, copper, and zinc. Magnesium, calcium, copper, and zinc were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry with satisfactory accuracy and precision. The mean daily amount of copper in the diets was less than the apparent adult requirement. Mean amounts of magnesium and zinc were close to apparent requirements; however, adults consuming amounts less than one standard deviation below these means may be depleting body stores and be at risk of pathology. Magnesium and copper were highly correlated (r=0.849,P=0.0001) in meals. This and other significant correlations probably will prevent the relationships of these elements to ischemic heart disease from being elucidated by epidemiology. Metabolic experiments will be necessary to differentiate among several hypotheses.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Diet,intestinal morphology,and nitrogen assimilation efficiency in the damselfish,Stegastes lividus,in Guam

Synopsis Analysis of stomach contents of Stegastes lividus revealed a shift from omnivory in juveniles to herbivory in adults. Red algae, primarily Polysiphonia spp., Gelidiopsis intricata and Ceramium spp., formed the bulk of the diet in all size classes. Foraminifera and small crustaceans were of particular importance in the diet of juveniles. Net nitrogen assimilation efficiency of field-fed S. lividus was approximately 61%, and did not vary with fish size. The net assimilation efficiencies of fish fed on Enteromorpha in the laboratory ranged from size-class means of 36–79% for nitrogen and from 29–72% for total organic material, and increased from juveniles to adults. Apparently, juveniles compensate for a lower efficiency in assimilating plant food by including a higher percentage of animal material in their natural diets. The ratios of intestine length to standard length (IL/SL) and to intestine diameter (IL/ID) increased rapidly in juveniles and leveled off in adults. The retention time for ingested food items may only be about one-half as long in juveniles as in adults. The combination of observed IL/ID ratios and estimated retention times proved most valuable in the interpretation of ontogenetic changes in feeding habits and assimilation efficiency.     

Correlations of calcium accumulations in arteries, veins, cartilages, ligaments, and bones in single humans

To show the relationships of calcium accumulation in the thoracic aorta to the other tissues, calcium contents were determined with a microwave-induced plasma-atomic emission spectrometer on arteries, veins, cartilages, ligaments, and bones. These tissues were resected from 18 individuals, consisting of 11 men and 7 women who died in the age range 59–91 yr. As thoracic and abdominal aortas are routinely used for radiographic examination of arterial calcification, they appear to be standard tissues of the calcium accumulation. The calcium accumulations were determined in the femoral artery, the superior and inferior venae cavae, the internal jugular vein, cartilages of the articular disk of the temporomandibular joint and the intervertebral disk, both the ligaments of the anterior cruciate ligament and the ligamentum capitis femoris, and the calcaneus, in contrast with the thoracic aorta. As calcium increased in the thoracic aorta, it increased in the femoral artery, the articular disk of the temporomandibular joint, the intervertebral disk, both ligaments of the anterior cruciate ligament, and the ligamentum capitis femoris, but it did not increase in veins, such as the superior and inferior venae cavae and the internal jugular vein. In contrast, it decreased in the calcaneus.     

Seroepidemiology of human parechovirus types 1, 3, and 6 in Yamagata,Japan, in 2014

To clarify the seroepidemiology of human parechovirus type 1 (HPeV1), 3 and 6, neutralizing antibodies (NT Abs) were measured in 214 serum specimens collected in 2014 in Yamagata, Japan. The seroprevalence against HPeV1 was 100% in all age groups, while that against HPeV3 and HPeV6 was 79.4% and 66.8%, respectively, overall. The geometric mean titers of NT Abs against HPeV1, 3 and 6 were 755.2, 255.0 and 55.9, respectively, overall. Our findings indicate that HPeV1 is the most prevalent HPeV circulating in Yamagata, followed by HPeV3 and HPeV6.