两种荒漠植物叶片脱水下水分生理和PSⅡ活性特征

以塔克拉玛干南缘的优势物种疏叶骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifolia)和引进种大果白刺(Nitraria roborowskii)的离体叶片为实验材料,比较了不同水分状况下水势、气孔导度和叶绿素荧光参数的变化特征。结果显示:(1)大果白刺在脱水胁迫初期气孔导度值(Gs)高达495.7mmol.m-2.s-1,相对含水量(RWC)>96%时Gs降幅较小,维持较高气孔开度进行光合作用;骆驼刺气孔对脱水胁迫反应较灵敏,Gs值控制在180mmol.m-2.s-1以内且Gs总体下降缓慢。(2)大果白刺在RWC>84%时水势高于骆驼刺并保持平稳下降,骆驼刺始终保持较缓慢下降趋势。(3)二者叶片气孔导度与水势绝对值均呈负指数回归关系,-2.2Mpa为大果白刺水势临界点,未发现骆驼刺有明显临界点。(4)二者的叶绿素荧光参数在脱水胁迫下均表现为初始荧光F0显著上升,PSⅡ最大光化学效率Fv/Fm和潜在活性中心Fv/F0值下降;骆驼刺的单位反应中心捕获的能量(TRo/RC)和单位反应中心数目(RC/CSo)呈波动变化,大果白刺在RWC<78%时各项荧光比活性值急剧上升且荧光曲线转为平台型。研究表明,骆驼刺具有低水势忍耐脱水的抗旱方式,并且反应中心可能存在可逆失活和能量陷阱等方式响应水分胁迫,而大果白刺具有高水势延迟脱水特征,其水分胁迫极限阈值RWC为78%;骆驼刺作为当地的优势种对干旱具有较强的适应性和耐受性,而大果白刺并不适宜在长期干旱胁迫或者地下水位波动较大的地区进行引种推广。     

镇江北固山湿地芦苇光合日变化的研究

用便携式L I-6400光合测定仪,在晴朗的天气,对芦苇成熟叶片净光合速率(Pn)以及光合有效辐射(Par)、气孔导度(G s)、细胞间CO2浓度(C i)、叶温(T l)、叶周围气温(T a)和蒸腾速率(T r)等影响因子进行田间测定,研究芦苇的光合日变化。结果表明:芦苇净光合速率日变化呈双峰曲线,主峰出现在10:00,次峰出现在15:00,光合“午休”现象明显,且气孔限制是产生“午休”的主要原因。净光合速率日均为20.01μm o l.m-2.s-1,蒸腾速率日均为6.15 mm o l.m-2.-s 1,光补偿点为98μm o l.m-2.-s 1,光饱和点为2 125μm o l.m-2.-s 1(自然状态下达不到),表观光量子效率为0.060 4 m o l.m o-l 1,暗呼吸速率为2.91μm o l.m-2.-s 1,CO2补偿点为53μm o l.m o-l 1,饱和点为1 368μm o l.m o-l 1,羧化效率为0.064 7。数据显示,芦苇是一种高光效阳性植物,对于其资源的合理利用及其对湿地生态系统的稳定意义重大。     

番茄叶片光合作用对快速水分胁迫的响应

采用聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)溶液控制番茄根际水势和叶片离体的方式设置了水分胁迫处理,测算了光合诱导过程中净光合速率、暗呼吸速率和CO2补偿点等光合参数的变化.结果表明:在1000μmol·m-2·s-1光诱导下,水分胁迫处理的番茄叶片净光合速率(Pn)达到最大值所需时间缩短为对照的1/3,气孔导度(gs)快速增大为对照的1.5倍.水分胁迫处理的番茄叶片光饱和点(LSP)比对照降低了65％～85％,而光补偿点(LCP)比对照增加了75％ ～100％,缩小了番茄叶片利用光能的有效范围.水分胁迫处理的番茄叶片最大光合能力(Amax)低于对照40％以上,暗呼吸速率(Rd)增大了约45％.可见,快速水分胁迫处理使番茄叶片气孔迅速开放,光合诱导初始阶段消失.水分胁迫导致植物利用光能的效率和潜力降低是植物生产力下降的重要原因,而气孔调节是番茄适应快速水分胁迫的重要生理机制.     

北固山湿地虉草光合日变化的研究

采用便携式L I-6400光合测定仪,在晴朗的天气,对鬲艹鸟草成熟叶片净光合速率(Pn)以及光合有效辐射(Par)、气孔导度(Cond)、细胞间CO2浓度(C i)、叶温(T l)、叶周围气温(T a)和蒸腾速率(T r)等影响因子进行田间测定,研究艹鬲鸟草的光合日变化。结果表明:鬲艹鸟草净光合速率日变化呈双峰曲线,主峰出现在10¨00,次峰出现在15¨00,光合“午休”现象明显,非气孔限制是产生“午休”的主要原因。净光合速率变幅为5.86~20.64μm o l.m-2.-s 1,蒸腾速率变幅为2.8~6.22 mm o l.m-2.s-1,光补偿点为40μm o l.m-2.s-1,光饱和点为2 100μm o l.m-2.-s 1(自然状态下达不到),表观光量子效率为0.056 5 m o l.m o-l 1,暗呼吸速率为2.26μm o l.m-2.-s 1,水分利用效率为2.31~3.65μm o l.mm o-l 1。数据显示,鬲艹鸟草是一种高光效植物,对于其资源的合理利用及其对湿地生态系统的稳定意义重大。     

不同水势对黄瓜花后叶片气体交换及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

研究不同水势（SWP）对温室黄瓜花后叶片气体交换及叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明： -10和-30 kPa分别为黄瓜开始产生干旱胁迫和干旱胁迫由气孔限制转向非气孔限制的水势临界值.在无干旱胁迫阶段(-10 kPas)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)、净光合速率(P_n)、表观量子效率(ε)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、羧化效率(CE)、Rubisco限制下的最大羧化速率(V_{c max})、最大电子传递速率(J_max)、磷酸丙糖利用速率(V_TPU)、PSⅡ的潜在和实际量子效率(Φ_PSⅡ和F_v/F_m)以及光化学淬灭系数(q_P)下降,光补偿点(LCP)、暗呼吸速率(R_d)、CO₂补偿点(CCP)、气孔限制值(L_s)、瞬时水分利用效率(WUE_i)和非光化学淬灭系数(q_N)上升,气体交换参数随水势的变化速度快于叶绿素荧光参数,各处理间差异显著;在非气孔限制阶段(-45 kPa≤SWP≤-30 kPa),随着SWP下降,光饱和点(LSP)、R_d、CE、V_{c max}、V_TPU、L_s、WUE_i、Φ_PSII、F_v/F_m和q_P下降,CCP、C_i和q_N上升,叶绿素荧光参数随水势的变化速度快于气体交换参数,各处理间差异显著.设施黄瓜生产中,当土壤或基质的水势下降到-10 kPa时应及时灌溉,灌溉到水势上升为-5 kPa时停止;水势下降到-30 kPa之前的灌溉可有效恢复作物的气孔性限制,水势降到-30 kPa以下,干旱胁迫会对作物造成不可恢复的伤害.     

作物干旱指标对西北半干旱区春小麦缺水特征的反映

针对作物水分胁迫较为严重的西北半干旱区,应用CI301-PS光合作用仪对春小麦开花到乳熟期间的生理特征和环境因子进行了近1个月的观测, 并研究分析了3种作物干旱指标叶水势、作物水分胁迫指数以及气孔导度随时间变化和对气象因子的响应.发现干旱胁迫增加时,叶片水分减少,作物水分胁迫指数增大,叶水势降低,气孔导度有所减小.因此,气孔下腔的CO2浓度降低,作物净光合速率有所减小,不利于半干旱区小麦生物量的累积;三者相比,叶水势是反应西北半干旱区作物干旱最敏感的指标;受半干旱区逆湿现象的影响,9:00或之后一段时间观测叶水势和气孔导度对小麦等作物缺水状况反映得更客观.     

渗透胁迫对番木瓜若干生理性状的影响

研究了渗透胁迫下番木瓜幼苗的细胞伤害程度、净光合速率的变化及其与气孔导度之间的关系。试验结果表明渗透胁迫导致番木瓜幼苗叶片细胞相对电导率和MDA含量分别增加了 1 1 .72倍和 1 1 .0 7倍、可溶性蛋白质及叶绿素含量则分别下降了 5 7.3 %和 5 7.6%、POD及SOD活性先升后降 ,但SOD活性降低时间早于POD ,渗透胁迫降低了番木瓜的净光合速率和叶片水势 ,轻度胁迫时 (处理前期 )气孔导度的限制是导致净光合速率降低的主要原因 ,重度胁迫时(处理后期 )叶肉光合能力的下降是引起净光合速率降低的主要原因。     

番茄叶片光合作用对快速水分胁迫的响应

采用聚乙二醇(PEG 6000)溶液控制番茄根际水势和叶片离体的方式设置了水分胁迫处理,测算了光合诱导过程中净光合速率、暗呼吸速率和CO₂补偿点等光合参数的变化.结果表明： 在1000 μmol·m^-2·s^-1光诱导下,水分胁迫处理的番茄叶片净光合速率(P_n)达到最大值所需时间缩短为对照的1/3,气孔导度(g_s)快速增大为对照的1.5倍.水分胁迫处理的番茄叶片光饱和点(LSP)比对照降低了65%～85%,而光补偿点(LCP)比对照增加了75%～100%,缩小了番茄叶片利用光能的有效范围.水分胁迫处理的番茄叶片最大光合能力(A_max)低于对照40%以上,暗呼吸速率(R_d)增大了约45%.可见,快速水分胁迫处理使番茄叶片气孔迅速开放,光合诱导初始阶段消失.水分胁迫导致植物利用光能的效率和潜力降低是植物生产力下降的重要原因,而气孔调节是番茄适应快速水分胁迫的重要生理机制.     

华山新麦草光合特性对干旱胁迫的响应

以濒危植物华山新麦草为材料进行盆栽试验,设置3个水分梯度,研究生长指标、气体交换、叶绿素荧光参数、光合色素含量、光响应特征及丙二醛(MDA)含量.结果表明:随干旱胁迫的加剧,株高、叶宽和光合色素含量降低,根长和丙二醛(MDA)含量增加;水分胁迫导致净光合速率(PN)、气孔导度(gs)、蒸腾速率(E)、最大荧光(Fm)、光合电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)降低,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、瞬时水分利用效率(WUE)、初始荧光(Fo)和非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)升高;光系统Ⅱ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)不变;干旱胁迫下光响应曲线拟合结果显示,干旱胁迫造成最大光合速率和光能利用效率下降.综上表明,干旱对光系统Ⅱ的伤害是制约华山新麦草光合作用的主要原因.     

短期干旱对水稻叶水势、光合作用及干物质分配的影响

采用盆栽水分试验,研究了不同生育期短期干旱处理对水稻叶水势、光合作用和干物质分配的影响．结果表明,干旱胁迫后,水稻叶水势低于对照,午后叶水势回升缓慢。凌晨叶水势随土壤含水量的降低而降低,表现为阈值反应。叶片净光合速率与凌晨叶水势密切相关,低于凌晨叶水势临界值,水稻叶片净光合速率急剧下降在水稻抽穗期和灌浆期叶片净光合速率显著下降的凌晨叶水势临界值为-1.04和-1．13MPa,对应的土壤含水量阈值分别为饱和含水量的61.0％和50．9％,土壤水势分别为-0．133和-0．240MPa干旱胁迫下单叶净光合速率的日变化规律表现为：胁迫较轻时,单叶净光合速率在正午附近出现低谷;胁迫严重时,净光合速率全天低于对照,且不及对照的一半。短期干旱后,水稻叶、根、穗的分配指数均降低,茎鞘的分配指数升高。本研究可为水稻节水灌溉管理和水分限制下水稻的生长模拟提供生理基础和理论依据。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.