泰来藻、海菖蒲体内铜的化学形态与累积规律

采用化学逐步提取法,研究了中国2种典型热带海草泰来藻(Thalassia hemprichii)和海菖蒲(Enhalusa coroides)在不同浓度铜胁迫下,其不同部位(根、茎、叶)对铜的累积及其化学形态。结果表明:2种海草中铜的累积模式均表现为叶根茎,说明叶是铜最主要的累积部位;2种海草叶中的铜主要以盐酸提取态为主,表明稳定且毒性低的草酸铜是海草叶中铜的主要存在形式;2种海草茎中铜都是以氯化钠提取态为最主要的存在形态,表明海草茎中的铜主要是以活性较高的蛋白质结合形态存在;在泰来藻根部,醋酸提取态为铜主要的存在形态,说明铜主要以毒性较低且较稳定的磷酸盐形式存在,而在海菖蒲根部,铜以多种结合形态存在。此结果可为研究重金属对海草的毒害机理提供依据。     

铅污染下芦苇体内铅的分布和铅胁迫相关蛋白

用Pb(NO3 ) 2 10mmol/L处理芦苇幼苗 7d后 ,检测铅在其不同器官、细胞不同区隔和不同化学状态之间的分布以及铅胁迫相关蛋白。结果显示 ,受铅污染后芦苇幼苗根、地下茎、茎和叶片的铅含量增加 ,它们的大小顺序为根 >地下茎 >茎 >叶片。细胞不同部分铅含量的大小顺序为细胞间隙 >细胞壁 >液泡 >细胞质。在根部和叶片中 ,均以活性较低的醋酸可提取态铅和盐酸可提取态铅占优势。在铅胁迫下 ,从芦苇根和叶片中检测出一些铅结合蛋白。另外 ,铅除诱导芦苇合成一种新的不结合铅的蛋白质外 ,还导致一种分子量大约为 72 0 0 0的蛋白质消失。芦苇抗铅胁迫有以下几种机制 :根部比地上部分积累较多的铅 ;铅在体内形成难溶性化合物 ;铅沉淀在质外体内 ;形成铅结合蛋白质和诱导蛋白     

硅对土壤-烟草系统中铅迁移及形态分布的影响

通过盆栽试验,以烟草为对象,研究了硅对土壤 烟草系统中铅的迁移以及土壤、烟草中铅形态分布的影响.结果表明： 施硅使非根际土壤可交换态铅向铁锰氧化物结合态转化,使根际土中交换态铅向铁锰氧化物结合态和残渣态转化,降低了土壤中铅的植物有效性与迁移性.施硅显著提高了烟草根部和叶部的生物量,显著降低了烟草铅的总吸收量和烟草各器官的铅含量,其中烟草铅的总吸收量降低了6.5%～44.0%,烟叶铅含量降低了3.1%～60.4%.施硅使烟草根、茎和叶中乙醇提取态、去离子水提取态和氯化钠提取态向盐酸提取态和残渣态转化,降低了烟草体内铅的毒性与迁移性.土壤-烟草系统中土壤向烟草根部的移动指数和根部向茎部的移动指数随施硅量的增加而降低,烟草茎部向叶部的移动指数随着施硅量的增加呈先增高后降低的趋势.硅通过降低土壤铅有效性、缓解铅对烟草的毒害、改变烟草体内铅的形态分布,进而抑制土壤中铅向烟草叶部的迁移,降低烟叶中的铅含量.施硅是降低土壤铅的迁移性及烟叶铅含量的有效措施.     

不同铅水平下紫茎泽兰细胞内铅的分布和化学形态的分析

该研究运用差速离心法和化学试剂逐步提取法,分析了重金属铅在紫茎泽兰亚细胞内的分布和主要化学形态。结果表明:随着Pb浓度的升高,紫茎泽兰的叶、根、茎中各亚细胞组分Pb含量逐渐增加;紫茎泽兰中的Pb在叶片分布于可溶性部分和细胞壁中,两者占总量的75.34%~84.63%;茎也主要分布于可溶性部分和细胞壁中,占总量的36.10%~57.14%和20.07%~36.52%;而在根中则富集于细胞壁和可溶性部分,分别占39.2%~49.78%和28.27%~37.62%,其他细胞器中的Pb含量均较少。紫茎泽兰叶中的Pb以盐酸提取态和水提取态为主,两者占总量的58.74%~73.04%;茎中的Pb以醋酸提取态和氯化钠提取态为主;而根中的Pb则以醋酸提取态和盐酸提取态占优势,两者占总量的39.15%~52.91%。     

镉在土壤-蔬菜-昆虫食物链的传递特征

通过温室盆栽试验,以两种蔬菜(小白菜和苋菜)和一种昆虫(斜纹夜蛾)幼虫为对象,研究了重金属镉(Cd)在土壤-蔬菜-昆虫食物链的传递特征以及两种蔬菜中Cd化学形态分布特征.结果表明:随着土壤Cd处理浓度的升高,两种蔬菜生物量均显著下降(P＜0.05),而其各器官中的Cd含量均显著上升(P＜0.05),两种蔬菜各器官Cd含量大小顺序为苋菜茎＞根＞叶,小白菜茎＞叶＞根;食用小白菜和苋菜的斜纹夜蛾幼虫体内Cd含量随着土壤Cd处理含量的升高而升高,最高分别为36.7和46.3 mg·kg-1,但粪便中Cd含量分别高达190.0和229.8 mg·kg-1,表明斜纹夜蛾幼虫食入的Cd大部分通过粪便排泄出体外.小白菜和苋菜各器官Cd化学形态均以氯化钠提取态为主(＞70％),其次为无机态和有机水溶态Cd(乙醇提取态和去离子水提取态),而不溶性Cd磷酸盐(醋酸提取态)、草酸盐结合态Cd(盐酸提取态)和残渣态均极低,这有利于重金属Cd在食物链中传递.斜纹夜蛾幼虫通过粪便排泄大量Cd以缓解Cd对自身的毒害,可有效限制Cd向下一营养级传递.小白菜和苋菜对Cd的富集性均较高,不宜在Cd高污染土壤种植.     

‘新选七叶’油菜对土壤3种重金属的吸收和累积特征

以‘新选七叶’油菜为研究对象,采用土培方法,研究在不同浓度重金属(镉、铅、汞)胁迫下,油菜对重金属的吸收和积累特征,并探讨重金属在土壤—蔬菜间的迁移情况。结果表明:不同重金属在植物不同部位的分布和积累规律存在差异,镉和汞在植株上的积累规律为根叶茎,而铅在植株上的积累规律为根茎叶。油菜根部对重金属的累积能力远高于茎和叶,根部对三种重金属的吸收富集能力为镉汞铅。油菜各部位重金属含量与土壤重金属浓度呈显著正相关(r20.859)。以蔬菜可食部位重金属含量的最大限量为标准(GB 15201-1994、GB 14935-1994、GB 2762-1994),计算得出土壤中对应的镉、铅、汞临界值分别为0.362、43.62、2.892μg/g。     

镉在泰来藻体内的累积规律及对光合作用的影响

采用化学逐步提取法和叶绿素荧光技术,在实验室无底泥条件下研究了镉(Cd)在热带海草泰来藻(Thalassia hemprichii)不同组织(叶、茎、根)中的累积规律,以及Cd对其光合作用的影响.结果表明:Cd在泰来藻体内的累积模式是叶＞根＞茎;在各处理条件下,泰来藻各组织中氯化钠、醋酸和盐酸提取态的Cd均是优势形态,三者之和占总量的80％ ～99％,表明活性较低且迁移能力较弱的形态是主要形态;随着Cd暴露浓度的增加,泰来藻各组织中盐酸提取态所占的比例下降7％ ～ 24％,而氯化钠和醋酸提取态的分配比例总和增加2％ ～ 24％,叶片中活性较高的乙醇和水提取态所占比例之和不断减小,而茎、根则呈现相反的趋势,这说明泰来藻通过改变各形态Cd在细胞和组织中的分配比例来降低高浓度Cd胁迫的毒性;高浓度Cd胁迫显著降低有效光量子产量△F/Fm′、叶绿素a、b和总叶绿素含量,表明其光合作用受到严重抑制.总之,在较低浓度Cd胁迫下,泰来藻存在一定的保护机制,但在高浓度Cd胁迫下,这种保护机制已不足以维持内环境的稳定,从而引起一系列毒性效应.     

土壤中镉、铅、锌及其相互作用对作物的影响

 通过作物盆栽模拟试验(砂壤质褐土、pH值8.2)揭示：土壤中分别施入镉(CdCl2)、铅[Pb(CH3COO)2]或锌(ZnSO4)其影响表现为,植物各器官镉的含量超过对照植物的数倍至500倍。土壤镉浓度<5ppm和<10ppm分别造成某些蔬菜和水稻的污染。铅主要积累在植物根部,土壤铅污染对作物的影响较小。锌主要积累在植物叶片和根部,对水稻产生生长抑制的土壤锌浓度临界值不大于200ppm,此浓度对旱作无影响。土壤中同时施入镉和铅,植物对镉的吸收增加。而土壤中镉的增加却减少了植物体内铅的含量。土壤中由于镉、锌或铅、锌相互作用的结果,水稻对它们的吸收都有增加。在旱地土壤锌浓度的增高,降低了植物对镉、铅的吸收。镉、铅、锌同时施入土壤由于相互作用的结果,除锌之外,植物对镉、铅的吸收有明显下降。评价土壤重金属污染,不仅要看它们的含量及其存在形态,而且要分析它们之间的相互作用(促进或拮抗)特点。     

不同类型镉积累水稻细胞镉化学形态及亚细胞和分子分布

利用水培试验结合亚细胞组分分级分离和凝胶过滤等技术，研究了水稻根和叶中镉的化学结合形态及其亚细胞和分子分布，比较了低镉积累品种“广源占No.3”和高镉积累品种 “珍桂矮”的差异.结果表明：随着营养液中镉浓度的升高，根和叶亚细胞镉含量显著上升，大部分镉积累在细胞壁（F_Ⅰ）和细胞可溶部分（F_Ⅲ）.高镉积累品种“珍桂矮”根和叶中可溶部分镉含量显著高于低镉积累品种“广源占No.3”.根和叶各种形态镉中，以氯化钠提取态占优势，其次是醋酸提取态，盐酸提取态镉含量最低.与“广源占No.3”相比，“珍桂矮”中迁移性较强的去离子水和乙醇提取态镉比例较高.凝胶过滤结果表明，两种类型的水稻可溶部分镉的出峰位置与样品流份中可溶性蛋白的出峰位置大致相同.可溶部分中的镉大多与分子量为3kD的物质结合，属于植物鳌合肽（PCs）或低分子量物质.“广源占No.3” 根系中镉与PCs配合的组分（Cd-PCs）含量远小于“珍桂矮”.“广源占No.3”细胞可溶部分较低的镉含量以及根系中较少的Cd-PCs形成量，降低了镉的移动及其向地上部转运的可能性.     

红树植物抗重金属污染研究进展

综述了重金属污染对红树植物生长的影响,红树植物吸收重金属并在其体内分布以及在这种污染环境下红树植物可能存在的抗性机制。红树植物是通过根部吸收重金属的,进入其体内的重金属除少量分布在叶表面的各种腺体组织中外,主要富集在根部;对吸收到体内的重金属红树植物通过细胞壁沉淀,液泡的区域化等有效方式以降低其毒性;红树植物还可通过渗透作用把重金属排除到体外以减少对自身的毒害;另外,生长在此环境下的红树植物以增强自身抗氧化系统来加强其抗重金属的能力。对今后有关这方面的研究趋势提出了一些看法。     

Effects of Cadmium and Mixed Heavy Metals on Rice Growth in Liaoning,China

Joint effects of Cd and other heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn and As) on the growth and development of rice plants and the uptake of these heavy metals by rice were studied using the pot-culture method combined with chemical and statistical analyses. The results showed that the growth and development of rice plants were strongly influenced by the double-element combined pollution. There was an average decrease in the height of rice plants of 4.0–5.0 cm, and grain yield was decreased by 20.0–30.0%, compared with the control. The uptake of Cd by rice plants was promoted due to the interactions between Cd and the other heavy metals added to the soil. The Cd concentration in roots, stems/leaves and seeds increased 31.6–47.7, 16.7–61.5 and 19.6–78.6%, respectively. Due to interactions, uptake of Pb, Cu and Zn by roots and stems/leaves was inhibited, accumulation of Pb, Cu and Zn in seeds was increased, uptake of As by roots was promoted and uptake of As by stems/leaves was inhibited. In particular, the upward transporting ability of the heavy metals absorbed by rice plants was significantly increased.     

Phytoextraction capacity of the Chenopodium album L. grown on soil amended with tannery sludge

The metal accumulation potential of Chenopodium album L. grown on various amendments of tannery sludge (TS) was studied after 60 days of sapling planted. The analysis of the results showed that the levels of pH, cation exchange capacity, organic carbon, organic matter and DTPA extractable metals (except Mn) of amendments increased by the addition of tannery sludge ratio. Shoot length of the plant increased by the addition of sludge, whereas, no marked change was observed in root length, fresh and dry weight of the plant. Accumulation of the metals in the plants was found in the order; Fe > Mn > Zn > Cr > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cd. Translocation of toxic metals (Cr, Pb, Cd) in different parts of the tested plant was found in the order; leaves > stems > roots. An increase in the photosynthetic pigments, carotenoid and leaf protein contents of the plants were found to increase with increase in sludge amendments. Correlation analysis between metal accumulation in the plants with DTPA extractable metals emphasized that Mn, Ni, Cr, Pb and Cd showed positive correlation (p < 0.05), whereas, Fe, Zn and Cu showed negative correlation. Transfer factor analysis emphasized that 10% TS amendments were suitable for phytoextraction of Cr. Overall analysis of the data exhibited that the plants may be used for phytoextraction of Cr from tannery waste contaminated soil as most of the metal was accumulated in harvestable part which is a matter of serious concern, whenever used for edible purposes.     

Factors affecting the distribution of cadmium,copper and lead and their effect upon yield and zinc content in bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Summary Concentrations of Cd, Pb and Cu in the roots, stems and leaves of bulgarian bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were determined for plants grown in various soils of increasing levels of contamination of these metals. Most of each heavy metal absorbed by plants was retained in roots. Concentrations of Cd, Pb and Cu in roots increased in response to soil concentrations, whereas, in stems, only Cd and Pb concentrations increased and Cu concentration was relatively constant. It is thought that Cu transport to the stele was metabolically controlled, whereas Cd and Pb reached the stem by leakage across non suberised areas of the endodermis. Uptake of heavy metals was associated with a decrease in zinc content in plants and a decrease in yield. By regression analysis decrease in both zinc content and plant yield could be best related to Cd content in stems. Possible reasons for these effects are discussed.     

The influence of heavy metals upon the growth of sitka-spruce in South Wales forests

Summary Experiments on sitka-spruce seedlings grown in acidic peaty gley soils under green-house conditions, where the soils where doped with increasing amounts of Cd, Cu and Pb up to maximum levels of metal added of 16 ppm, 32 ppm and 400 ppm respectively, showed that the levels of Cd and Pb in shoots and roots increased with increasing levels in the soil, whereas levels of copper appeared to be independent. The addition of these three metals to the soils did not influence the uptake of other heavy metals, or of the nutrients potassium or calcium. Increases in the shoot cadmium levels significantly reduced the yields of the plant shoots. However, the plant yields were only affected by the highest level of lead that was added to the soil (400 ppm Pb) and unaffected by all the copper treatments (0–32 ppm Cu in the soil). The lengths of the sitka-spruce roots were reduced when cadmium and lead levels in the soil exceeded certain threshold concentrations (2.5 ppm total Cd, where 0.3 ppm was extractable with 0.5 M acetic acid; and 48 ppm total Pb, where 1.7 ppm was extractable). However, root lengths were not reduced by copper. This was probably related to the fact that copper appears to be relatively unavailable in the type of soil used, as only 1.1. ppm Cu was extractable from a total of 32 ppm Cu added. Root branching was apparently reduced by increases in the soil levels of cadmium, copper and lead. The roots of some control plants had symbiotic mycorrhizal associations (4 out of 19 plants), whereas the roots of all the plants grown in the soils with added heavy metals did not develop these.     

铜尾矿库区土壤与植物中重金属形态分析

对铜陵铜尾矿区土壤和植物中重金属形态进行了研究.结果表明,尾矿库区种植地极端贫瘠,有机质含量仅2.6～5.8 g·kg^-1,而土壤Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn含量皆高于对照土壤,其中Cu含量达809.30～1 395.54 mg·kg^-1 ,Cd含量达3.25～6.35 mg·kg^-1,达到对照土壤30～60倍.结缕草和三叶草体内重金属含量与土壤重金属交换态及有机结合态含量成正相关,与碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态成显著或极显著负相关,与矿物态含量相关性不显著.在两种优势植物中,Cu、Zn、Pb均以活性较低的醋酸提取态、盐酸提取态和残渣态为主;Zn在根系和茎叶中,NaCl提取态占有较大比例,而Cd均以NaCl提取态为主.     

Effects of Municipal Sewage Sludge Doses on the Chlorophyll Contents and Heavy Metal Concentration of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera)

The present study was conducted to assess the suitability of sewage sludge amendment (SSA) in soil for Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera (sugar beet) by evaluating the heavy metal accumulation and physiological responses of plants grown at a 10%, 25%, and 50% sewage sludge amendment rate. The sewage sludge amendment was modified by the physicochemical properties of soil, thus increasing the availability of heavy metals in the soil and consequently increasing accumulation in plant parts. Cd, Pb, Ni, and Cu concentrations in roots were significantly higher in plants grown at 25% as compared to 50% SSA; however, Cr and Zn concentration was higher at 50% than 25% SSA. The concentrations of heavy metal showed a trend of Zn > Ni > Cu > Cr > Pb > Cd in roots and Zn > Cu > Ni > Cr > Pb > Cd in leaves. The only instance in which the chlorophyll content did not increase after the sewage sludge treatments was 50%. There were approximately 1.12-fold differences between the control and 50% sewage sludge application for chlorophyll content. The sewage sludge amendment led to a significant increase in Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Ni concentrations of the soil. The heavy metal accumulation in the soil after the treatments did not exceed the limits for the land application of sewage sludge recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). The increased concentration of heavy metals in the soil due to the sewage sludge amendment led to increases in heavy metal uptake and the leaf and root concentrations of Ni, Zn, Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb, and Zn in plants as compared to those grown on unamended soil. More accumulation occurred in roots and leaves than in shoots for most of the heavy metals. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, and Pb were more than the permissible limits of national standards in the edible portion of sugar beet grown on different sewage sludge amendment ratios. The study concludes that the sewage sludge amendment in the soil for growing sugar beet may not be a good option due to risk of contamination of Cr, Pb, and Cd.     

Distribution features and internal relations of heavy metals in soil–maize system of mining area,Anhui Province,Eastern China

A total of 59 topsoil and corresponding maize plants were collected from this study area. The spatial distribution, correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression of heavy metals were researched detailedly in this article. The results showed that distribution characteristics of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, and Ni) in different parts of maize plants (immature stage) accumulated mostly in stems, with Pb mainly accumulated in roots (mature period), and Cd and Ni mostly in leaves. Except for the southeastern local region of this mining area, Mn and Cu possessed roughly similar spatial distribution characteristics. The results of partial correlation analysis indicated that Cu, Cd in the roots of the tested maize plants and Ni in soil may have antagonistic effects, Cu (soil)–Cu (stem) and Ni (soil)–Pb (stem) had a certain promoting effect. Besides, Cu, Pb, and Ni in soil promoted the absorption of Cu, Pb, and Ni in the leaves, whereas Cr and Pb in soil can promote the enrichment of Mn in maize grains. Our findings suggested that the concentrations of heavy metals in maize organs could be predicted accurately using the established models.     

Changes of photosynthetic parameters in cucumber leaves under Cu,Cd, and Pb stress

The effects of Cu, Cd, and Pb toxicity on photosynthesis in cucumber leaves (Cucumis sativus L.) were studied by the measurements of gas exchange characteristics, chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence parameters, and Chl content. Concentrations of metals in sequence of 20 μM Cu, 20 and 50 μM Cd, and 1 000 μM Pb decreased the plant dry mass to 50–60 % after 10 d of treatment whereas 50 μM of Cu decreased it to 30 %. The content of Cd in leaves of plants treated with 50 μM Cd was three times higher than the contents of Cu and Pb after plant treatment with 50 μM Cu or 1 000 μM Pb. Hence Cd was transported to leaves much better than Cu and Pb. Nevertheless, the net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance in leaves treated with 50 μM Cu or Cd were similarly reduced. Thus, Cu was more toxic than Cd and Pb for photosynthesis in cucumber leaves. None of the investigated metals decreased internal CO₂ concentrations. Also the effect of metals on potential efficiency of photosystem 2, PS2 (F_v/F_m) was negligible. The metal dependent reduction of PS2 quantum efficiency (Φ_PS2) after plant adaptation in actinic irradiation was more noticeable. This could imply that reduced demand for ATP and NADPH in a dark phase of photosynthesis caused a down-regulation of PS2 photochemistry. Furthermore, in leaves of metal-treated plants the decrease in water percentage as well as lower contents of Chl and Fe were observed. Thus photosynthesis is not the main limiting factor for cucumber growth under Cu, Cd, or Pb stress.     

Cadmium-induced changes in the growth and oxidative metabolism of pea plants

The effect of growing pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants with CdCl(2) (0-50 microM) on different plant physiological parameters and antioxidative enzymes of leaves was studied in order to know the possible involvement of this metal in the generation of oxidative stress. In roots and leaves of pea plants Cd produced a significant inhibition of growth as well as a reduction in the transpiration and photosynthesis rate, chlorophyll content of leaves, and an alteration in the nutrient status in both roots and leaves. The ultrastructural analysis of leaves from plants grown with 50 microM CdCl(2), showed cell disturbances characterized by an increase of mesophyll cell size, and a reduction of intercellular spaces, as well as severe disturbances in chloroplast structure. Alterations in the activated oxygen metabolism of pea plants were also detected, as evidenced by an increase in lipid peroxidation and carbonyl-groups content, as well as a decrease in catalase, SOD and, to a lesser extent, guaiacol peroxidase activities. Glutathione reductase activity did not show significant changes as a result of Cd treatment. A strong reduction of chloroplastic and cytosolic Cu,Zn-SODs by Cd was found, and to a lesser extent of Fe-SOD, while Mn-SOD was only affected by the highest Cd concentrations. Catalase isoenzymes responded differentially, the most acidic isoforms being the most sensitive to Cd treatment. Results obtained suggest that growth of pea plants with CdCl(2) can induce a concentration-dependent oxidative stress situation in leaves, characterized by an accumulation of lipid peroxides and oxidized proteins as a result of the inhibition of the antioxidant systems. These results, together with the ultrastructural data, point to a possible induction of leaf senescence by cadmium.     

Calcium modifies Cd effect on runner bean plants

The effect of different Ca concentrations in the growth medium on the toxicity of 25 μM CdSO₄ was studied in runner bean plants (var. Pi kny Ja ) at two different growth stages of primary leaves. In young plants growing in a medium with low level of Ca a treatment with Cd for 12 days resulted in Ca accumulation in roots, a strong reduction of the leaf area, a decreased monogalactosyl diacylglycerol/digalactosyl diacylglycerol ratio and efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus. In leaves of older plants growing under the same conditions, and surviving Cd treatment, a high accumulation of Ca but a low one of Cd, chlorosis of leaves, a decrease of the ratio monogalactosyl diacylglycerol/digalactosyl diacylglycerol and photosynthetic activity were shown. At a high level of Ca in the nutrient medium plant roots showed a remarkably high specificity to accumulate Cd but the toxic effect of the metal on plant growth parameters and content of pigments was decreased. No changes were observed in the level of galactolipids, but changes in fluorescence quenching were recorded. Calcium deficit enhanced the effect of Cd toxicity, including primary photochemistry, whereas excess Ca reduced toxic effects, while it is increasing the nonphotochemical quenching of excitation energy.