棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂的寄生对棉铃虫体内主要代谢物质的影响

寄生蜂是调节寄主害虫种群数量的一个重要因子.棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂Campoletis chorideae Uchida是棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera Hübner和烟青虫Helicoverpa assulta Guenée的主要寄生性天敌,对两种害虫的田间自然控制起着非常重要的作用.本文选取棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂-棉铃虫系统为研究对象,从齿唇姬蜂的寄生对棉铃虫体内主要代谢物质的影响等方面进行了研究.试验结果显示,棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂的寄生使棉铃虫幼虫组织中糖原含量发生了明显的变化,与未被寄生的同龄棉铃虫幼虫相比,被寄生幼虫组织中的糖原含量下降了近一倍,被寄生的棉铃虫幼虫血淋巴和虫体组织中蛋白质、脂肪的含量均显著下降.     

棉酚对棉铃虫生长及其寄生物齿唇姬蜂发育的影响(英文)

以中国北方棉区的主要害虫棉铃虫Helicoverpaarmigera（Hbner）及其内寄生蜂棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂Campoletischlorideae（Uchida）为试虫,研究了棉花重要抗虫次生性物质棉酚对棉铃虫生长和齿唇姬蜂发育的影响。0．1％的棉酚对棉铃虫幼虫有生长刺激作用,0．5％的棉酚则对棉铃虫幼虫生长有抑制作用。齿唇姬蜂成虫在寄生时对寄主大小有较严格的选择性,92％的被寄生幼虫体重小于18mg。0．1％的棉酚使寄主适合寄生期缩短10．75％;0．5％棉酚使寄主适合寄生期延长28．15％。棉酚对齿唇姬蜂发育有负效应。0．1％棉酚对寄主的生长刺激作用,不能使蜂成虫体重显著增加,但可显著延长蜂卵和幼虫期,缩短蛹期;高浓度的生长抑制作用,导致蜂成虫体重显著减轻,蛹期缩短,蜂卵和幼虫期亦显著延长。据此,对棉花抗虫性与生物防治在害虫综合防治实践中应用的协调性进行了讨论。     

棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂的初步研究

<正> 棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂Campaletis chlorideaeUchida,是棉铃虫幼虫的优势种天敌。它寄生低龄幼虫,对棉铃虫抑制作用显著。为了更好地保护、利用自然天敌资源,于1980-1981年对其形态特征、生物学特性进行了观察,现将初     

邯郸地区棉铃虫寄生蜂考察

<正> 1972年起,我们对棉铃虫的寄生蜂进行了观测调查,所得结果分述如下。 邯郸地区共发现寄生蜂8种。卵期有拟澳洲赤眼蜂、玉米螟赤眼蜂;幼虫期有棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂Campoletis chlorideae Uchida,拟瘦姬蜂Netelia sp.,细颚姬蜂Enicospilus sp,夜蛾瘦姬蜂Ophion luteus Linnaeus,侧沟茧蜂Microplitissp.,方室茧蜂Meteorus sp.。其中以赤眼蜂和齿唇姬蜂寄生率最高,其次为拟瘦姬蜂,其他四种比较少。     

闭弯尾姬蜂与菜蛾盘绒茧蜂寄生菜蛾幼虫时的种间竞争

在室内25℃下,以菜蛾3龄初幼虫作寄主,研究了菜蛾盘绒茧蜂Cotesia plutellae和半闭弯尾姬蜂Diadegma semiclausum的种间竞争。当寄主供2种蜂同时产卵寄生时,2种蜂各自的寄生率与其单独寄生时无显著差异,合计寄生率比一种蜂单独存在时有所提高,但差异不显著。2种蜂均能产卵寄生已被另一种蜂寄生了的寄主幼虫。当寄主被2种蜂寄生的间隔时间很短（少于10 h）时,所育出的蜂绝大部分（80%以上）为绒茧蜂;当寄主先被绒茧蜂寄生,并饲养2天以上再供弯尾姬蜂寄生时,所育出的全为绒茧蜂;当寄主先被弯尾姬蜂寄生,并饲养2天以上再供绒茧蜂寄生时,寄主幼虫绝大部分不能存活,只有少部分能育出寄生蜂,且多为弯尾姬蜂。当2种蜂的幼虫存在于同一寄主体内时,2种蜂的发育均受到另一种蜂的抑制;绒茧蜂1龄幼虫具有物理攻击能力,能将弯尾姬蜂卵或幼虫致死。这些结果表明,菜蛾盘绒茧蜂与半闭弯尾姬蜂在同一寄主中发育时,前者具有明显的竞争优势。     

转基因抗虫棉对棉铃虫及其内寄生蜂的双重效应

以含1%转基因（Cry1A+CpTI）抗虫棉“中抗310”棉叶粉的人工饲料为基础,建立一套抗虫棉 棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera 棉铃虫幼虫内寄生蜂中红侧沟茧蜂Microplitis mediator和棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂Campoletis chlorideae的三级营养关系的研究系统,研究了转基因抗虫棉对棉铃虫及内寄生蜂的双重效应,分析比较了6种状态的棉铃虫生长发育动态,以及寄生蜂的生长状况。结果表明,无论是否被寄生,抗虫棉对棉铃虫生长发育的抑制作用都非常显著;寄生取食抗虫棉饲料的棉铃虫的寄生蜂,其出茧率和茧重都显著下降,对于中红侧沟茧蜂,出茧率和茧重分别下降了26.1%和1.0 mg;对于棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂,分别下降了17.9%和5.1 mg。解剖寄主发现,两种寄生蜂在取食抗虫棉饲料的寄主体内发育缓慢并出现部分畸形幼蜂。棉铃虫幼虫血淋巴总蛋白含量和血淋巴蛋白SDS-PAGE电泳分析表明,取食抗虫棉饲料后,棉铃虫血淋巴总蛋白含量低于相应的对照,推测寄主血淋巴蛋白含量降低是导致寄生蜂生长缓慢、发育不正常的一个重要原因。     

草地螟阿格姬蜂生物学特性初步研究

草地螟阿格姬蜂Agrypon flexorius Thunberg是草地螟Loxostege sticticalis L.老龄幼虫的优势寄生蜂,国内外对其研究报道较少。通过田间调查和室内试验,结果表明:雌雄蜂形态相似,雌蜂个体比雄峰略大。23℃下,草地螟阿格姬蜂经卵、幼虫、蛹发育到成虫,一个世代历期为30³7 d。田间寄生率为3.04%,自然平均雌雄性比为3.97∶1。羽化在寄主成虫出现一周后开始,第5天达到高峰。交尾时间一般537 d。田间寄生率为3.04%,自然平均雌雄性比为3.97∶1。羽化在寄主成虫出现一周后开始,第5天达到高峰。交尾时间一般5¹0 min。产卵时间一般为110 min。产卵时间一般为1²min,卵多产在草地螟头、胸部两侧。草地螟阿格姬蜂大多进行两性生殖,少数进行孤雌生殖。在雌蜂不产卵情况下,补充各种营养的成蜂寿命均在16℃时最长;22℃,补充蔗糖,雌蜂寿命平均为17.11 d。在雌蜂产卵情况下,20%蜂蜜水最适合繁殖。草地螟阿格姬蜂在草地螟4龄幼虫的寄生率最高,平均为40.23%。     

特殊气候年份(1997)对北方特早熟棉区第四代棉铃虫发育的影响

连续4年的试验证明,北方特早熟棉区,棉铃虫发生受温度、奇主等因于制约。在露地作物上,棉铃虫仅发生第二、三代及不完整的第四代。在一般年份,我省第四代棉铃虫孵化盛期在9月中旬前后,此时,棉铃虫田间寄主植株老化,幼虫死亡率极高。因为棉花等植株枯萎,露地蔬菜等寄主将遭受霜冻,缺少食物的第四代棉铃虫即使能发育至3龄,也会冻饿至死。1994年10月上旬,课题组曾在抚顺四方台受霜冻死亡的番茄植株上,采到了3龄棉铃虫（从虫孔大小、深浅识别）蛀食过的番茄果,但没找到活体幼虫。1995～1996年,课题组对室外人工饲养第四代棉铃虫幼…     

棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂对植物挥发物和寄主性信息素腺体化合物的EAG反应

测试了棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂Campoletis chlorideae Uchida对58种植物挥发物和5种寄主性信息素腺体化合物的EAG反应。在100 μg的刺激剂量下,棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂对C₅～C₇脂肪醇的EAG反应最强,碳链延长或缩短都将导致反应的降低;对脂肪醛、酮、酸和酯都有一定的反应。棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂对萜烯的EAG反应很低,对氧化萜的反应普遍升高。3种芳香化合物均可激起棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂较强的EAG反应。剂量反应曲线表明,具有EAG活性的化合物激起的反应强度与化合物的剂量呈正相关,而2种萜烯——α-蒎烯和反式石竹烯,在测定的剂量范围内EAG活性都很低。棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂对寄主性信息素腺体化合物也有EAG反应,用100 μg和1 000 μg的寄主性信息素刺激,雄蜂的反应可比雌蜂的反应高出1倍。对植物挥发物在棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂寻找寄主中的作用进行了讨论。     

寄主和温度对半闭弯尾姬蜂饲养的影响

【目的】对半闭弯尾姬蜂Diadegma semiclausum Hellen室内饲养过程中影响繁殖的寄主和温度这两个因子进行研究,得到半闭弯尾姬蜂室内繁殖饲养时的最佳寄主数量和温度。【方法】在室内设置不同小菜蛾Plutella xylostell(L.)幼虫数量和幼虫龄期条件下,研究了幼虫数量和龄期对半闭弯尾姬蜂寄生率的影响,以及设置6个恒温(15、20、22、25、27和30℃)条件下研究了温度对半闭弯尾姬蜂发育历期、羽化率、性比的影响。【结果】小菜蛾幼虫数量在30~90头范围内对半闭弯尾姬蜂寄生率无影响,但超过90头后,寄生率明显下降;半闭弯尾姬蜂对小菜蛾幼虫龄期有选择性,对2,3龄小菜蛾幼虫的寄生率高于4龄幼虫;半闭弯尾姬蜂各个虫态的发育历期随着温度的升高而明显缩短,当温度升高到30℃,卵至蛹的发育历期比27℃的发育历期有所缩短,但化蛹后不能正常羽化;在15~22℃的温度范围内,半闭弯尾姬蜂的羽化率和性比随着温度的升高而增加,在22~27℃的范围内,半闭弯尾姬蜂的羽化率和性比随着温度的升高而降低。【结论】在室内饲养扩繁半闭弯尾姬蜂时应选用2~3龄的小菜蛾幼虫,每对半闭弯尾姬蜂提供的小菜蛾幼虫数量为40~50头;以22℃为最适合温度。     

BIONOMIC OF CAMPOLETIS CHLORIDEAE (HYM:ICHNEUMONIDAE)AS A PARASITOID OF THE COTTON BOLLWORM HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA(LEP:NOCTUIDAE)*

Abstract The bionomics of Campoletis chlorideae and the regularity of its seasonal fluctuations were studied in Changsha district, Hunan province. Field investigation indicated that there were ten generations of C. chlorideae a year, of which seven occurred in cotton fields. Three peaks of cotton bollworm parasitization by C. chlorideae were observed, early May to late June, mid August to early September, mid September to mid October respectively. One peak occurred in tomato and tobacco fields, the other two in cotton fields. The parasitization rate ranged from 25. 1 % ‐63. 1 %. The total development time from egg to adult ranged from 13. O days at 32°C to 75. 5 days at 11. 6 °C. Each wasp could parasitize the 5–23 second instar larvae of tobacco caterpillar. C. chlorideae could parasitize the cotton bollworm, beet armyworm and tobacco caterpillar, but preferred the cotton bollworm larvae. C. chlorideae could parasitized 1st‐ 3rd instar larvae of the tobacco caterpillar, but seldom parasitzed 4th ‐ 6th instar larvae. Moreover, C. chlorideae preferred second instar larvae. Theoretical models for developmental speed, adult longevity and the influence of temperature were proposed. The overwintering of C. chlorideae Uchida was also discussed. Moreover, methods for utilization of C. chlorideae Uchida in crop protection were presented and the bionomics of Curyoletis chlorideae in both the Yangtze River Valley and Yellow River Valley were compared.     

金沙江河谷苏铁天然植物群落的研究

近年在金沙江干热河谷及其邻近地区陆续发现的苏铁天然植物群落,为本属植物在欧亚大陆内陆分布的最北边缘。其中,面积最大和保存较好的是渡口市攀枝花苏铁(Cycas panzhihuaensis)植物群落。本文研究了这个群落的分布与生境、生长状况、外貌、种类组成以及群落的综合特征等。认为具有稀树草原的特点,而这里的稀树草原是次生性质的,苏铁群落是其中幸存的残遗植被类型。这对研究我国植物地理有着重要意义。     

Temporal variation in fish community structure in a newly created wetland lake (Lake Agmon) in Israel

Lake Agmon was constructed in summer 1994 in the northern part of the drained Lake Hula swamp, as part of the Hula Reclamation Project. One of the main goals of the project was to attract aquatic and semi- aquatic birds to the area as a basis for planned eco-tourism and one of the main concerns of the project was the potential for increased proliferation of mosquitoes (including vector species of malarial parasites). There was a perceived need, therefore, to establish and maintain a suitable fish community. This present study documents the developments in the fish community in Lake Agmon between May 1995 and December 1996. The lake was initially stocked with two fish species, Tilapia zillii and Gambusia affinis, to control mosquitoes and to provide suitable small- bodied forage species for piscivorous birds. Subsequent stocking also included Oreochromis aureus, and Cyprinus carpio. Additional species were established by immigration from the Jordan River. Relatively large species ( e.g., Clarias gariepinus and C. carpio) flowed into the lake as eggs or juveniles, whereas the smaller species ( e.g., Hemigrammocapoeta nana, Pseudophoxinus kervillei and Aphanius mento) entered the lake as adults. In the first year, eight fish species were found in Lake Agmon: T. zillii, G. affinis, C. gariepinus, C. carpio, Capoeta damascina, P. kervillei, Acanthobrama lissneri and H. nana. Of these, T. zillii, G. affinis and H. nana were dominant, though the relative abundance of H. nana was very low in spring, and increased during summer. In the second year, O. aureus, A. mento and Anguilla anguilla also occurred in the lake. The density of P. kervillei increased, in comparison with the previous year. The relative proportions of juvenile and adult fish also changed in the second year. A high percentage of young T. zillii was found during the first spring, decreasing in the summer and autumn. The proportion of juveniles of both G. affinnis and H. nana was very low during the first year, but increased during the second. These results indicate that the fish community of Lake Agmon had not stabilized by the end of 1996 and that further changes in relative abundances, and species, age and sex compositions should be expected.     

长江下游南京至江阴江段底栖动物的种群密度与分布状况

本文报道了1979年10—11月在长江下游南京至江阴江段53个采集点上共采到寡毛类8种,多毛类2种,水生昆虫14种,软体动物10种。干流中种类最多,支流次之,支流的河口地带最少。在种群密度方面,支流>干流>支流的河口地带;生物量支流>支流的河口地带>干流。关于长江下游的环境因子对底栖动物种类组成及数量分布的影响,作者也进行了扼要的分析。     

Brief communication: Y-chromosome haplotypes in Egypt

We analyzed Y-chromosome haplotypes in the Nile River Valley in Egypt in 274 unrelated males, using the p49a,f TaqI polymorphism. These individuals were born in three regions along the river: in Alexandria (the Delta and Lower Egypt), in Upper Egypt, and in Lower Nubia. Fifteen different p49a,f TaqI haplotypes are present in Egypt, the three most common being haplotype V (39.4%), haplotype XI (18.9%), and haplotype IV (13.9%). Haplotype V is a characteristic Arab haplotype, with a northern geographic distribution in Egypt in the Nile River Valley. Haplotype IV, characteristic of sub-Saharan populations, shows a southern geographic distribution in Egypt.     

广东湛江鲤鱼墩遗址人骨的C、N稳定同位素分析:华南新石器时代先民生活方式初探

相对于长江流域和黄河流域而言,华南地区先民生活方式的了解一直较为缺乏。广东湛江鲤鱼墩遗址人骨的C和N稳定同位素分析,显示此遗址的先民主要以海生类资源为食,陆生资源(包括可能的块茎类原始农业和动物)只占次要地位。通过与约同时代黄河流域、长江流域先民的稳定同位素数据比较,可以看出,早在6000年前,我国先民的生活方式就已出现3大类型。     

用硅藻群集指数(DAIpo)和河流污染指数(RPId)评价珠江广州河段的水质状况

用硅藻计于1990年采集珠江广州河段的9个采样点的附着硅藻群落．共得硅藻24个属,170个分类单位,其中,适腐性种8个,广腐性种84个,仍腐性种78个．群落相似性聚类分析表明,位于前、后航道中部的员村（st3）,新造（st8）,沙浴村（si10）三点的硅藻群落结构是为相似,向上,下游相似性逐渐减小．用硅藻群集指数（DAIpo）和河流污染指数（RPId）对各采样断面的水质进行分析表明：大盛（st12）和莲花山（st5）两点受污染最轻,属β-寡污带,黄沙点（st2）污染最严重,属α-中污带．对照点鸦岗（St1）也受到一定的污染,属α-寡污带,其它点的污染程度在α-寡污带与β-中污带之间．DAIpo值与BODS存在着显著的负相关（r＝0．86）．珠江广州河段的前、后航道的污染程度相差不大（RPId=56．42,56.26）,均属中度污染．     

Elucidating inequality in Nubia: An examination of entheseal changes at Kerma (Sudan)

Located 10 km south of the Third Cataract of the Nile River, the ancient city of Kerma was once capital to the second largest state in Africa. The Eastern Cemetery at Kerma (～4 km east of city center) encompasses 80+ hectares and was used over a period of 1,500 years (3,200–1,500 BC). Excavated in the early 20th century by George Reisner, the cemetery contained an estimated 20,000–40,000 individuals. Reisner classified these burials into multiple categories, including chiefs and human sacrifices, based on burial position and grave goods. This study investigates the skeletal embodiment of social inequality by examining variation in entheseal severity between the Kerma burial classifications. Seventeen entheses were examined using the Hawkey and Merbs (1995) scoring method (n = 205 individuals); age, sex, and body size variables were considered by employing Mann–Whitney U tests and partial Spearman's correlations. This analysis suggests that significant differences in entheseal changes existed between select burial types. Specifically, “corridor sacrifices” had significantly higher rates of entheseal changes while “chiefs” and “subsidiary burials” had similar entheseal changes; furthermore, within these burial categories, males had higher entheseal scores despite body size controls. The elevated entheseal changes in the sacrificial burials may be due to an intensive agro‐pastoral lifestyle or other demanding forms of manual labor. In conclusion, the disparity of entheseal markers between burial subgroups at Kerma might reflect a degree of social inequality within this state level society. This bioarchaeological research informs our understanding of socially‐defined categories of persons as well as everyday life in Ancient Kerma. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:192–202, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.