布鲁菌病的生物安全及防控

布鲁菌病(brucellosis)是布鲁菌入侵机体引起的传染-变态反应性人兽共患传染病,易被忽视。该病严重威胁人类健康,影响畜牧业、旅游业的发展,阻碍正常国际贸易,还会造成食品安全隐患。布鲁菌可通过消化道、呼吸道及皮肤黏膜破损处等途径传播至人。人群对布鲁菌的易感性无年龄和性别差异,可通过直接或间接接触感染。从事布鲁氏菌研究的实验室操作人员有发生实验室获得性感染的风险,但可通过有效的生物安全防护措施避免感染的发生。布鲁菌病是一种可防可控的疾病,必须早期诊断和正确治疗,防止疾病慢性化。本文对布鲁菌病的生物安全及其防控原则进行介绍。     

犬布鲁氏菌病

目前,犬布鲁氏菌病在全球多个国家和地区都有发生,而且发病数量逐年上升,由犬布鲁氏菌病感染人的病例报道也日益增多。因此,犬布鲁氏菌病的控制和根除对人类健康和公共卫生安全具有重要的意义。据报道,我国多个省份存在犬布鲁氏菌病,而且感染和发病率有上升的趋势。由于我国养犬数量巨大,犬与人类接触密切,病犬作为人类布鲁氏菌病的传染源不容忽视。犬布鲁氏菌病的研究起步较晚,流行病学资料欠完善,公共卫生学意义有待阐明,诊断、免疫预防等诸多问题还没完全解决,加强犬布鲁氏菌病的研究和防控应引起足够的重视。本文就犬布鲁氏菌病的病原学、流行病学、病理学、临床症状、诊断、治疗、预防及公共卫生安全等分别做一阐述。     

蛋白质组学技术在布鲁氏菌病研究中的应用及发展

布鲁氏菌病是由布鲁氏菌引起的重大人畜共患病之一,给我国养殖业发展和公共安全带来严重危害。有效控制和逐步消灭布鲁氏菌病对于公共卫生安全和养殖业的发展具有重要意义。然而,由于布鲁氏菌为胞内寄生菌且结构复杂,其致病机制和相关毒力因子仍不十分清楚;加之我国现有的布鲁氏菌疫苗均为光滑型疫苗,其诱导产生的抗体与自然感染在临床诊断上存在着干扰,给种群净化带来严重困难。虽然已有许多研究通过多种技术尝试解决上述问题,但进展多较为缓慢。蛋白质组学作为研究蛋白质组成和变化规律的新兴学科,随着其研究手段的逐步发展和完善,通过蛋白质组学的手段揭示布鲁氏菌的致病机理、免疫机制等的研究逐渐增多,对于解决布鲁氏菌带来的上述问题提供了崭新的思路。本文结合实验室自身研究,主要从蛋白质组学对布鲁氏菌特异性蛋白的挖掘和对鉴别诊断的意义等方面做一简要阐述。     

镰刀菌所致皮肤感染的文献回顾

镰刀菌主要为植物致病菌,但也可引起严重人类感染。镰刀菌病临床表现形式多样,本文主要综述相关的皮肤感染,分为局限性皮肤感染及播散性感染,诊断多较困难。由于该属真菌对抗真菌药物存在天然耐药,播散性镰刀菌病死亡率可达80%-90%。本文对Medline和中文文献数据库中的相关文献进行了系统查阅和分析,综合归纳了镰刀菌所致皮肤感染的致病种、地域分布、危险因子、临床表现形式、药物敏感性及其诊疗方案等,该综述对全面了解镰刀菌病的特征及对临床医师对本病的诊断具有重要的意义。     

运用免疫蛋白质组学方法筛选羊种布鲁氏菌免疫反应性蛋白

布鲁氏菌是布鲁氏菌病的病原体,能引起人类慢性感染,造成家畜流产和不孕.在不同种布鲁氏菌中,羊种布鲁氏菌毒力最强,在中国布鲁氏菌病流行中占主导地位.目前,还没有安全的用于预防人类布鲁氏菌感染的疫苗.用于预防家畜布鲁氏菌感染的弱毒活疫苗产生的抗体能够干扰对免疫动物感染布鲁氏菌野毒的诊断,从而对根除布鲁氏菌病的计划实施有负面影响.然而,羊种布鲁氏菌免疫蛋白质谱目前还不完善.为了研制更安全、有效且能区分野毒感染的疫苗,本研究应用免疫蛋白质组学技术筛选羊种布鲁氏菌疫苗株M5的免疫反应性蛋白.经二维电泳结合免疫杂交技术筛选到88个具有免疫反应性的蛋白质点,后经质谱鉴定其归属于61个蛋白,包括许多新的免疫反应性蛋白,如延伸因子G,F0F1ATP合成酶亚单位？？,OMP1.本研究为布鲁氏菌病疫苗研制提供了许多免疫反应性候选蛋白.     

布鲁氏菌免疫应答研究进展

布鲁氏菌病是一种由布鲁氏菌(Brucella)引起的人兽共患病,严重威胁家畜的健康养殖和人类健康。布病的发生和发展受到宿主、病原以及病原在宿主巨噬细胞内定殖等多种因素的影响。布鲁氏菌能在单核细胞尤其是巨噬细胞中生存,并引起机体产生免疫反应,但也是布病难以治愈的原因之一。探究和分析布鲁氏菌引起的免疫应答反应对于布病防控和新型疫苗开发具有重要的意义。现有研究发现,巨噬细胞的主动防御机制、树突状细胞以及由CD4~+和CD8~+亚群介导产生的IFN-γ、IL-12和TNF-α对于抵抗布鲁氏菌的感染十分重要,有关布鲁氏菌特异性免疫应答反应的研究大多集中于小鼠模型。现结合实验室自身研究内容,就国内外布鲁氏菌免疫或感染不同宿主后引起的免疫应答反应进展作一综述。     

布鲁氏菌毒力因子研究进展

布鲁氏菌是一种革兰氏阴性、兼性胞内寄生菌,可引起人畜共患病布鲁氏菌病。布鲁氏菌致病机制复杂,可通过表达多种毒力因子等方式躲避或抑制宿主免疫系统的攻击并发挥其对机体的致病效应,实现其在宿主体内的长期存活。因此,布鲁氏菌病易转化为慢性感染。本文对目前已发现的多种布鲁氏菌毒力因子相关研究进展进行综述,以期进一步认识布鲁氏菌病的致病机理,为布鲁氏菌病防治提供参考。     

圣乔治教堂诺卡菌引起的肺部感染1例

诺卡菌肺部感染可引起肺诺卡菌病,因其无特异性的临床表现,容易误诊、漏诊。因此,临床实验室的培养鉴定能力非常重要,若不能及时诊治,则会导致病死率较高。诺卡菌病临床较为少见,为引起临床实验室对诺卡菌的鉴定和药敏试验的重视,本文报道了上海市嘉定区中心医院2019年2月收治的1例由圣乔治教堂诺卡菌(Nocardia cyriacigeorgica)感染引起的肺诺卡菌病病例,针对其临床特征、实验室检测及治疗等进行分析,期望对临床诊治诺卡菌病有所帮助。     

检测OMP28抗体不能有效诊断羊布鲁氏菌病

【目的】探索布鲁氏菌外膜蛋白OMP28作为羊布鲁氏菌病特异性检测方法的可行性。【方法】体外表达和纯化OMP28蛋白,建立并优化以OMP28重组蛋白为包被抗原的布鲁氏菌病ELISA诊断方法。以3个不同种属的4株布鲁氏菌(羊种布鲁氏菌16M和M28,猪种布鲁氏菌S1330,牛种布鲁氏菌2308)分别感染山羊和绵羊至42周,期间每隔2周收集血清,分别用布鲁氏菌LPS包被的ELISA和OMP28 ELISA方法对不同阶段的分离血清进行检测,比较2种不同ELISA对4株布鲁氏菌感染的山羊和绵羊的检测敏感性。【结果】4株布鲁氏菌感染的山羊和绵羊均产生高水平针对LPS的抗体,但是仅有B. melitensis 16M和B. melitensis M28感染的绵羊与B. melitensis 16M和B. abortus 2308感染的山羊可产生针对OMP28的抗体。【结论】基于OMP28的间接ELISA具有细菌属特异性和宿主动物品种特异性,通过检测OMP28抗体不能有效诊断羊布鲁氏菌病。     

布鲁氏菌逃避宿主免疫机制的研究进展

布鲁氏菌病是由布鲁氏菌引起的一种人畜共患性传染病,可以对畜牧业生产和人类健康造成严重的危害。布鲁氏菌是兼性胞内寄生菌,在长期与宿主免疫系统的相互作用中,进化出了多种逃避宿主免疫应答的机制。该文主要概述了布鲁氏菌胞内循环过程和逃避宿主先天性免疫应答和适应性免疫应答的机制,以及通过激活非典型自噬途径、抑制细胞凋亡、调控细胞焦亡等方式建立慢性感染的策略,以期为进一步深入研究布鲁氏菌病以及病原与宿主的相互作用提供参考。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Composition and diversity of bird communities in Swedish farmland–forest mosaic landscapes

CapsuleThe amount of forest (at local and landscape scales) and occurrence of residual habitats at the local scale are shown to be the major factors influencing bird community composition in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Aims To investigate the importance of local habitat and landscape structure for breeding birds in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Methods Breeding birds were censused at 292 points. A detailed habitat mapping was made within 300 m of the points. Within a 300–600 m radius only two major habitats (forests and arable fields) were identified.

Results Cluster analyses of bird communities identified three site types that also differed in habitat composition: (i) partially forested sites in forested landscapes; (ii) heterogeneous sites with residual habitats in mosaic landscapes; and (iii) field-dominated farmland sites in open landscapes. A total of 19 of 25 farmland bird species (restricted to farmland or using both farmland and forest) had the highest abundance in farmland sites with mosaics of forest and farmland, while only six farmland species had the highest abundance in field-dominated sites. The bird community changed from being dominated by farmland species to being dominated by forest species (common in forest landscapes without farmland) at small proportions (10–20%) of forest at the local scale. A major difference in habitat composition between heterogeneous and field-dominated sites was the occurrence of different residual habitats (e.g. shrubby areas and seminatural grasslands). These habitats seemed to influence bird community composition more than land-use, despite covering <10% of the area. Seminatural grasslands were important for bird community composition and species-richness, but grazing seemed to be less important. Among different land-use types, cereal crops were the least preferred fields. Set-asides with tall vegetation and short rotation coppices were positively associated with species-richness of farmland birds.

Conclusion In general, the composition of the landscape was important for bird community composition, although amount and distribution of forests, occurrence of residual habitats and land-use of fields at the local scale had the strongest influence on bird community composition. The possible implications of these patterns for managing farmland–forest landscapes are discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Rhus typhina L. and their chemotaxonomic significance

This work describes the isolation and characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the fruits of Rhus typhina L., including eleven flavonoids (1–11), eleven phenols (12–22), two pentacyclic triterpenes (23–24), two organic acids (25–26), one lumichrome (27), one courmarin (28) and one pyrimidine (29) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds apigenin (1), daidzein (4), orobol (5), 3′, 5, 5′, 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (6), naringenin (7), butein (8), (-)-catechin (9), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3″-O-galloyl)-rhamnoside (11), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), vanillin (15), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (16), 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide (18), tyrosol (19), caffeic acid (20), 3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (21), phlorizin (22), friedelin (23), oleanolic acid (24), 4,4-dimethyl-heptanedioic acid (25), anthranilic acid (26), lumichrome (27), scoparone (28) and uracil (29) have not been recorded before in this plant. This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 4–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–29 from the genus Rhus. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also summarized.