天山北坡中段自然生态系统服务功能价值研究

以位于阜康市的天山北坡中段自然生态系统为研究对象,采用市场价格法、影子价格法、成本核算法、收益损失法等多种生态系统服务功能价值的研究方法,从直接使用价值和就间接使用价值两方面,对这里的生态系统服务功能价值进行了估算.结果表明,这里生态系统服务功能价值达6.32×108元人民币.其中有机物生产4.3016×1012元,涵养水源2.406×108元,观光旅游8.000×108元,土壤保护7.334×108元,调节大气成分4.951×108元,净化空气6.7152×108元,旅游收入8.0×108元,山地草甸1.38×108元.     

1999—2003年陕西省森林生态系统固碳释氧服务功能价值评估

基于陕西省森林生态系统的长期、连续定位观测,采用陕西省第6次森林资源清查数据,根据陕西省南北部气候差异显著的情况,采用森林在陕西南、北不同气候带下的实际生产力计算了森林生态系统固碳释氧的实物量。并采用市场价值法、费用代替法、替代工程法、Volume-derived biomass等方法估算森林生态系统固碳释氧服务功能的经济价值。结果表明:19992003年间,(1)陕西省北部森林生态系统年固碳量524.6×104t,年释氧量1404.6×104t,单位面积年固碳量1.364t/(hm.2a),单位面积年释氧量3.652t/(hm.2a)。(2)南部森林生态系统年固碳量1797×104t,年释氧量5918.9×104t,单位面积年固碳量3.459t/(hm.2a);南部单位面积年释氧量9.260t/(hm.2a)。陕西省南部森林生态功能明显优于北部森林。(3)从森林类型来看,林分单位面积生态功能最强,经济价值最大,疏林地的功能和价值则最小。(4)陕西省森林生态系统年固碳经济价值是328.27×108元,年释氧经济价值为732.35×108元,总价值1060.62×108元。(5)文中对陕西省优势树种固碳释氧功能的计算由于未能按照不同林龄分别计算,存在一定误差,需要进行更为深入、细致的研究。     

中国农业昆虫生态调节服务价值估算

昆虫是生物多样性最丰富的物种类群,其在维持生态系统功能,维系并保持着自然界的生态平衡,满足人类需求中的具有重要作用。讨论了昆虫生态服务价值的定量估算方法,基于2007年统计数据,计算了我国农牧业生产中昆虫传粉功能、天敌昆虫控害功能和分解作用的服务价值。结果表明,昆虫在我国农业生产中传粉服务价值为6790.30×108元,占其当年农作物生产总经济价值的54.05%;天敌昆虫的控害服务价值为2621.00×108元,占其当年重要作物总经济价值的9.09%;分解昆虫(甲虫)对牧场牛羊排泄物的分解作用的价值远超过90.84×108元。由此估计出了我国2007年农业昆虫生态调节服务总价值超过9502.14×108元,相当于当年国内生产总值GDP的3.7%。显示昆虫所产生的生态调节服务价值,与我国森林或草地生态系统的直接和间接服务价值处于同一数量级,同样具有巨大的经济价值。为保护与利用昆虫生物多样性,发挥其生态服务功能奠定了基础。     

神农架自然保护区森林生态系统服务价值评估

神农架自然保护区是以亚热带森林生态系统和珍稀动植物为主要保护对象的自然保护区,对中国的生物多样性研究有重要意义.应用市场价值、影子价格、机会成本等方法,对神农架自然保护区提供林产品、涵养水源、土壤保持、气体调节、净化环境、养分循环、娱乐文化和维持生物多样性等森林生态系统功能的生态经济价值进行评估.结果表明:神农架国家级自然保护区森林生态系统服务价值总计为204.33×108元·a-1.按服务类型的价值比例从高到低排序为:生物多样性(68.5%)土壤保持(12.7%)娱乐文化(4.9%)气体调节(4.8%)林产品(4.2%)涵养水源(3.9%)净化环境(0.7%)养分循环(0.3%).按利用类型划分,非使用价值(68.5%)间接使用价值(22.4%)直接使用价值(9.1%).     

广东古兜山自然保护区森林生态系统服务价值评估

森林生态系统对维持自然生态系统格局、功能和过程具有特殊的生态意义。该文以广东省古兜山自然保护区为例,探讨了自然保护区森林生态系统服务功能的价值。采用市场价值法、影子工程法、替代花费法等对古兜山自然保护区森林生态系统服务功能价值进行评估,得出古兜山自然保护区每年森林生态系统服务功能总价值为57887615元。其中生产功能价值为6937700元,每年森林景观与游憩的平均价值为4050000元,森林生态系统改善大气环境的年总价值约32212700元,涵养水源与净化水质的年总价值为5809000元,森林保育土壤的年总价值为8878215元。该研究的目的在于以数值来显示自然保护区森林生态系统所提供的生态服务功能价值是巨大的,从而加深全社会对生态服务价值的认识,加强对森林生态系统服务功能的管理与保护。     

海州湾生态系统服务价值评估

参照千年生态系统评估的分类体系,并考虑污染等因素引起生态系统服务的退化,评估了海州湾生态系统的潜在和实际服务价值.结果表明,2005年海州湾的潜在服务价值为16.64×108元,平均单位面积海域的服务价值为1.90× 106元/km2.潜在服务价值中,供给服务、文化服务和调节服务分别占53.39％,35.48％和10.84％.考虑赤潮、食品中累积的污染物超标以及温室气体排放等因素造成的生态服务质量和数量的退化,2005年海州湾生态系统提供的实际服务价值为14.08×108元,平均单位面积海域的服务价值为1.61×106元/km2.实际服务价值中,供给服务、文化服务和调节服务分别占48.32％,41.94％和9.74％.海水富营养化和污染等因素导致的生态服务价值降低2.56× 108元,影响最大的是食品供给和气候调节服务.     

九寨沟国家级自然保护区地震前后生态系统服务价值评估

九寨沟县为“中国旅游强县”,区域社会经济发展与九寨沟自然保护区生态系统服务价值联系紧密。2017年，九寨沟保护区发生7.0级地震，当地生态环境和社会经济发展遭受极大创伤。基于此，分别以2016、2018年为地震前后基准年，从供给服务、调节与维持服务、文化服务3个方面选取7项指标，构建九寨沟自然保护区生态系统服务价值评价体系，探明地震前后生态系统服务价值变化。研究表明：(1)地震前后九寨沟保护区生态系统服务总价值分别为1.96×10¹⁰元/a、1.52×10¹⁰元/a,单位面积价值量达3.05×10~5元hm^-2 a^-1、2.36×10~5元hm^-2 a^-1,总降幅达22.68%。(2)地震前后三类服务价值均有所下降但价值占比序列未改变，依次为供给服务、调节与维护服务和文化服务，降幅分别为24.61%、12.25%和86.02%。(3)地震前，7项服务指标按其经济价值大小排序依次为：木材供给>水源涵养>保育土壤>森林游憩>固碳释氧&g...     

新疆玛纳斯河流域冰川生态系统服务功能价值评估

冰川在干旱区内陆河流域中具有极其重要的生态作用,为流域发展提供着巨大的服务功能.然而,在全球气候变暖的影响下,冰川退缩将导致冰川生态系统服务功能降低.应用GIS空间分析技术分析了玛纳斯河流域从1964年至2006年冰川面积变化,并评估其生态系统服务功能价值变化.结果表明,在全球变暖的影响下,流域冰川生态系统服务功能总价值急剧下降.流域冰川面积从1964年557.1km2退缩到2006年的464.1km2,面积减少了16.7%.冰川生态系统服务功能价值从1964年的1228.5×108元下降到2006年的960.1×108元.冰川退缩改变了流域的水资源分布特征,导致冰川生态系统服务功能价值下降.在未来的流域发展规划中,应高度重视冰川变化产生的生态效应.     

中国森林生态系统服务功能价值评估

森林作为陆地生态系统的主体,在全球生态系统中发挥举足轻重的作用,其服务功能价值的评估是研究的一个热点。本研究根据全国第5次资源清查资料(1994~1998年)及Costanza等人的计算方法估算了我国森林生态系统八项服务功能的总价值为30601.20×108yuan/a,其中间接价值是直接经济价值的14.94倍;在我国森林生态系统中,单位面积的各种森林生态系统所提供的年平均价值为23095.25yuan/(hm2·a)。在森林涵养水源、固碳释氧、营养物质循环、净化空气和保护土壤五项服务功能中,热带雨林、季雨林单位面积所提供的价值量最大为32417.45yuan/(hm2·a),温带荒漠单位面积所提供的价值最小为12507.90yuan/(hm2·a);在森林生态系统各项服务功能价值的贡献之当中,其大小顺序依次为:固碳释氧>净化空气>土壤保持>涵养水源>养分循环>林木、林副产品〉维持生物多样性〉森林游憩。该研究的目的在于尽快将自然资源和环境因素纳入国民经济核算体系而最终为实现绿色GDP提供基础,为我国可持续发展的政策与生态环境保护提供科学依据。     

三江源区基于生态系统服务价值的生态补偿额度

以青海三江源区为例,探讨了基于生态系统服务价值的生态补偿额度测算方法。以分析和筛选生态补偿需求下的生态系统服务价值评估指标为前提,估算了生态保护和建设活动实施前(2005年)三江源区草地生态系统服务价值,并采用专家咨询法提出的不同退化程度草地的生态功能系数对其进行修正,得到未退化、轻度退化、中度退化和重度及重度以上退化草地的单位面积生态价值分别为74.70×104、59.76×104、37.35×104元/km2和14.94×104元/km2。根据三江源区草地退化现状和生态恢复的目标,确定该区基于退化草地完全恢复的生态补偿总量为911.62×108元。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。