遗传封面说明

<正>樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)是樟科植物的一个代表种,具有材用、药用、香料、油用和生态环境建设等多种用途。叶精油中富含利用价值极高的樟脑、芳樟醇、1,8-桉叶油素、异-橙花叔醇和右旋龙脑等菇类化合物依据叶精油中主要成分的种类和含量,可将樟树划分为脑樟、芳樟、油樟、异樟、龙脑樟5种     

不同化学型樟树的RAPD分析

用RAPD标记技术分析了30个不同化学型樟树〔Cinnamomum camphora(L.)Presl〕样本的遗传关系。14个引物共扩增出170个位点,其中多态位点161个,多态性位点百分率达94.71%,特异位点有15个。聚类结果显示,当λ=13时,30个樟树样本被分为4类,即芳樟型(主成分为芳樟醇)、脑樟型(主成分为樟脑)、桉樟型(主成分为1,8-桉叶油素)和黄樟型(主成分为黄樟醇),表明不同化学型樟树样本间的遗传关系与其叶精油的主成分有一定的相关性。     

柠檬醛和桉叶油素的新资源植物

对湖北川桂叶油等四个样品的化学成分,使用毛细管气相色谱/质谱/计算机联用系统进行分析。结果表明,其中三个样品富含柠檬醛:长阳产川桂叶油(含77.99%)、咸丰产川桂叶油(含86.47%)和湖北樟叶油(含95.01%)。另外,樟树油樟型的叶油中,主要成分为1.8-桉叶油素,含量高达65.76%。这几种樟属植物是湖北的常见树种,资源丰富,鲜叶出油率较高,可供开发利用。     

福建省樟树叶精油的主成分分析及其化学型

对来源于福建省28个县（市）的329份樟树[Cinnamomum camphora（L．）Presl]叶精油的21个主要化学成分（占总化学成分含量的90．735％）进行了主成分分析和聚类分析。提取出12个主成分因子，累计贡献率达到84．342％，可基本描述樟树叶精油21个主要化学成分的变异情况。取λ=5．5，329份叶精油样品可被分为5个化学型：芳樟型（主要成分为芳樟醇）、脑樟型（主要成分为樟脑）、桉樟型（主要成分为1，8-桉叶油素）、黄樟型（主要成分为黄樟油素）和杂樟型（无明显主要成分）。除杂樟型外，其他化学型樟树叶精油的主要化学成分均较一致。     

四川梅花鹿的分布、数量及栖息环境的调查

1992年 7月至 1 999年 8月野外调查发现 ,四川梅花鹿现残存于青藏高原东部边缘山地、岷山山系北段 3块相互完全隔离的区域。铁布分布区 (E1 0 2°46′～ 1 0 3°1 4′、 N33°58′～ 34°1 6′)属四川省若尔盖县铁布自然保护区和占哇乡、降扎乡 ,甘肃省迭部县益哇乡、电尕乡 ,面积 860 km2 ,有鹿 630～ 650只 ;巴西分布区 (E1 0 3°0 8′～ 1 0 3°35′、 N33°33′～ 33°46′)属若尔盖县巴西乡、求吉乡、阿西茸乡、包座乡和九寨沟县的大录乡 ,面积 60 3km2 ,有鹿 1 30～ 1 50只 ;白河分布区 (E1 0 3°59′～ 1 0 4°1 0′、N33°0 5′～ 33°2 0′)属四川省九寨沟县白河自然保护区和农康乡、白河乡、罗依乡、马家乡 ,面积 390 km2 ,有鹿 30～ 45只。高原与高山峡谷的过渡地貌、山地温带气候、森林与灌丛草甸相互镶合的植被 ,加之地域偏僻、人烟稀少 ,当地藏族群众视其为神鹿 ,使上述 3个区域成为四川梅花鹿最后的避难所。     

天然樟脑和芳樟醇的新资源植物

本文报道了湖北樟的分类位置、地理分布、生态环境及其叶油化学成分。其鲜叶出油率为1.7ml/100g,主要成分樟脑含量高达88.46%。湖北产芳樟和黄樟的鲜叶出油率均高达3.1ml/100g,主成分芳樟醇含量分別为89.59%和81.41%。     

不同化学型芳樟叶精油及主成分含量的时间变化规律

对不同化学型(包括芳樟型、桉樟型和脑樟型)芳樟(Cinnamomum camphora var.linaloolifera Fujita.)叶片精油含量及精油中主成分的相对含量在一年中不同月份的变异状况进行了分析,并分析了优良芳樟型无性系叶片精油含量及其主成分芳樟醇的相对含量在6月份至12月份以及全天不同时段内的变化规律。结果表明:全年各月份不同化学型芳樟叶片精油含量和精油中主成分相对含量均有差异。其中,叶片精油含量的变化规律相似,即在生长季节均较高、非生长季节均较低,且在5月份和7月份至9月份都处于较高水平。精油中主成分含量的变化规律较复杂;芳樟型芳樟精油的主成分芳樟醇的相对含量在6月份最高,随后略有下降但直到12月份变化幅度均不大;脑樟型芳樟精油的主成分樟脑的相对含量在7月份最高,其他月份降低但差异不大;桉樟型芳樟精油的主成分1,8-桉叶油素的相对含量在4月份最高,随后下降,6月份后趋于平稳。在6月份至12月份间,优良芳樟型无性系叶片精油含量在9月份最高,12月份降至最低;而精油中芳樟醇相对含量则在9月份最低,12月份升至最高。全天不同时段优良芳樟型无性系叶片精油含量和芳樟醇相对含量有明显差异;叶片精油含量在早晨最低,日出后逐渐升高,在16:00至17:00时段达到最高;而芳樟醇相对含量则在早晨最高,其他时段略有降低但变化幅度不大。综合分析结果表明:芳樟叶片的适宜采收月份为8月份至9月份,每天8:00至17:00均可采收。     

芳樟无性系叶精油及芳樟醇含量变异分析

芳樟[ Cinnamomum camphora var.linaloolifera Fujita.]个体自然结果率极低,甚至只开花不结实,而其群体结果率却较高[1].通过自然授粉繁殖的芳樟子代叶精油类型(主要成分)存在分离现象,如叶精油主含芳樟醇的母株,可产生叶精油主含樟脑和桉叶油素的有性后代,且后代个体间芳樟醇含量差异大[2].而以此为原料提取的精油实为杂樟油,提纯难度大,市场价格受到严重影响,因此利用无性系收割枝叶方式进行芳樟香料林产业化开发受到广泛重视[3].精油为植物次生代谢物,其含量及组成受遗传和环境因子双重控制[4-6],因而,使芳樟优良无性系叶精油及其主成分保留母株的优良特性并保持稳定,是实现芳樟产业化开发的关键.作者对优良芳樟组培和扦插无性系叶精油及芳樟醇含量进行了测定,并分析其变异状况,以期为芳樟产业化开发提供实验数据.     

甘肃白水江国家级自然保护区的蛇类调查

笔者于91～92年7月初步调查了甘肃白水江国家级自然保护区(东经104°17′～105°25′、北纬32°36′～33°15′)的蛇类,采集标本30余号,经鉴定为2科12属18种(包括甘肃新纪录绞花林蛇1种),另有资料记载4属6种,共计2科16属24种,占甘肃蛇类的75%。     

芳樟型樟树果挥发油成分研究

以优选出来的芳樟型樟树为调查对象,采其不同成熟度的樟树果进行挥发油提取,利用气相色谱法(GC)分析和测定樟树果挥发油的化学成分和相对含量。实验结果表明,樟树果的成熟程度不同,其提取率相差不大。但是樟树果的挥发油化学型有与叶油一致的也有不同的,说明樟树个体之间存在较大的变异性。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The mechanism of hatching of eggs of Haemonchus contortus

Fluid collected from hatching eggs of Haemonchus contortus contained a lipase which hydrolysed 2-naphthyl laurate (about 0·7 μmol naphthol freed /h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid also hydrolysed l-leucinamide (about 2·3 μmol leucine freed/h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid when added to normal or heated eggs caused ‘hatching’. ‘Hatching’ also occurred in exsheathing fluid from infective juveniles and in a preparation of pancreatic lipase containing leucine aminopeptidase. A purified mammalian leucine aminopeptidase in combination with several different lipases did not attack egg shells.The ‘spontaneous’ hatching of eggs of H. contortus was strongly inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, 10^?3M, and this inhibition was reversed by Zn²⁺. However, the inhibition of ‘hatching’ of eggs in externally applied hatching fluid, or the hydrolysis of leucinamide in hatching fluid was generally less marked.     

两个蓝莓品种花器官的形态特征观察

为了解蓝莓(Vaccinium spp.)花器官的形态特征,利用蔡司SV11体视显微镜和扫描电子显微镜JSM-6360LV对‘园蓝’和‘夏普蓝’两个品种的花器官进行了观察。结果表明,这两个品种的花丝呈片状,被毛,‘园蓝’的花丝腺毛较短,花丝基部表皮细胞近长方形;‘夏普蓝’的花丝腺毛细长,较浓密,花丝基部表皮细胞近棱形。‘园蓝’和‘夏普蓝’的花药呈棒状,由4个花粉囊组成,呈左右对称,同侧的两个花粉囊之间的药隔沟明显;花药表皮细胞具乳突;成熟的花药顶端形成2个管状结构,管口孔裂。花粉为四合体,外形为准四面体,中等大小,表面具不规则皱波状纹饰,并有多处凹陷;萌发孔沟的长度、宽度、孔盖长宽与形状、突起程度在品种间有差异。蓝莓的柱头呈截平形,属于湿型柱头,‘园蓝’的柱头表面具指状乳突细胞;花柱表皮细胞呈圆柱型,形成束状,分隔明显;‘夏普蓝’柱头表面具纹状乳突细胞,花柱表皮细胞呈圆柱型,长轴与花柱平行,不形成束状。这些为蓝莓品种的分类鉴定、系统演化等研究提供了依据。     

Synthesis of Fragments of the Peptide Component of Pseudobactin

Pseudobactin is a structurally complex and physiologically important siderophore (microbial iron chelator) from Pseudomonas putida- fluorescens. Various fragments of the unusual peptide component of pseudobactin listed below were prepared by solution-phase peptide synthesis. L -Lys· D -threo-β-OH Asp· L -Ala· D -allo-Thr· L -Ala L -Lys· D -threo-βOH Asp· L -Ala· D -allo-Thr D -threo-β-OH Asp· L -Ala· D - allo-Thr· L -Ala· D -N-OH-cycloOrn D -threo-β-OH-Asp· L -Ala· D -allo-Thr· L -Ala L -Ala· D -allo-Thr· L - Ala· D -N-OH-cycloOrn A class of related peptides named pseudomycins have shown promising antifungal activity. To examine if these peptide fragments above would elicit similar activity, the fragments were tested and found to have no antifungal activity in limited bioassays.