基于β-微管蛋白基因部分序列探讨灵芝属菌株的亲缘关系

PCR分别扩增了38个灵芝属菌株的β-微管蛋白基因片段,并对PCR产物进行序列测定,得到419bp的一段核苷酸系列.根据MEGA 2.1软件中的neighbour-joining methods对上述序列进行聚类分析,结果所有供试菌株被分成9个聚类组.中国栽培灵芝菌株分布于6个聚类组,其中树舌亚属、紫芝组的菌株各自聚成一组,灵芝组的菌株分成四组,但大部分灵芝组菌株均聚于同一组, 这表明树舌亚属、紫芝组和灵芝组间的遗传差异较大,灵芝组内虽然存在着一定的遗传差异,但总体上亲缘关系比较近,遗传多样性并不丰富.同时,序列分析的结果显示,β-tubulin基因序列在第三位密码子和内含子部位有高的碱基替换率,这些变异提供了丰富的系统发育信息,提示β-tubulin基因适合于灵芝属菌株的亲缘关系研究.     

基于β-微管蛋白基因部分序列探讨灵芝属菌株的亲缘关系

PCR分别扩增了38个灵芝属菌株的β-微管蛋白基因片段,并对PCR产物进行序列测定,得到419bp的一段核苷酸系列。根据MEGA2.1软件中的neighbour-joiningmethods对上述序列进行聚类分析,结果所有供试菌株被分成9个聚类组。中国栽培灵芝菌株分布于6个聚类组,其中树舌亚属、紫芝组的菌株各自聚成一组,灵芝组的菌株分成四组,但大部分灵芝组菌株均聚于同一组,这表明树舌亚属、紫芝组和灵芝组间的遗传差异较大,灵芝组内虽然存在着一定的遗传差异,但总体上亲缘关系比较近,遗传多样性并不丰富。同时,序列分析的结果显示,β-tubulin基因序列在第三位密码子和内含子部位有高的碱基替换率,这些变异提供了丰富的系统发育信息,提示β-tubulin基因适合于灵芝属菌株的亲缘关系研究。     

利用拮抗试验和RAPD对灵芝属菌株进行分类研究

利用RAPD和拮抗试验对来自国内外的10个灵芝属菌株进行了遗传多样性分析。RAPD分析的结果表明,在0．560的相似性水平上分成3个组,第1组包括密纹薄芝、灵芝、灵芝（信州菌株）和两个无柄灵芝菌株,第2组包括灵芝（G.sp.）、近拟鹿角灵芝和紫芝,第3组是树舌灵芝。这一结论与传统分类学的结论基本一致。当相似性水平达到0．800的时,上述10个菌株聚成8组,与传统的分类学中种的划分几乎一致。比较两种方法所得的结果发现,它们的结论是一致的。因此认为拮抗试验在灵芝亲缘关系的初步鉴定中是有效的,RAPD在灵芝种间鉴定时是有效的,RAPD具有用于种内鉴定的可能性。     

利用拮抗试验和RAPD对灵芝属菌株进行分类研究*

利用RAPD和拮抗试验对来自国内外的10个灵芝属菌株进行了遗传多样性分析。RAPD分析的结果表明,在0·560的相似性水平上分成3个组,第1组包括密纹薄芝、灵芝、灵芝(信州菌株)和两个无柄灵芝菌株,第2组包括灵芝(G·sp·)、近拟鹿角灵芝和紫芝,第3组是树舌灵芝。这一结论与传统分类学的结论基本一致。当相似性水平达到0.800的时,上述10个菌株聚成8组,与传统的分类学中种的划分几乎一致。比较两种方法所得的结果发现,它们的结论是一致的。因此认为拮抗试验在灵芝亲缘关系的初步鉴定中是有效的,RA     

中国灵芝亚科的分类研究

著者研究了大量标本和参考了国内外重要文献之后,共确认了中国灵芝53种,1个变种和1个变型,井提出了灵芝类群较合理而便于使用的分类系统。以亚科等级隶属多孔菌科。亚科下包括灵芝和假芝两属。灵芝属下分灵芝和紫芝两组。灵芝组下再分灵芝和粗皮灵芝两亚组。紫芝组下再分紫芝和树舌两亚组。本文共记载1个新组,9个新种和2个新改级。它们是：sectio nova,Phaconema：species novae,Ganoderma hainancnse,G．Calldophilum．G. atrum.G．Rotundatum,G．Tenue, G. sinense, G．Austrojulsanense, G．Luteomargtnatum et Amaurodermafujianense. Gradus novi. Subsect．Trachyderma et subseet．Elfvingia     

13种野生灵芝菌丝体中胞内三萜与多糖含量的比较

为探究不同野生灵芝的主要活性成分以及对野生灵芝的开发利用价值,对13种野生灵芝菌株在同一条件下进行液体发酵,采用化学分析的方法,比较菌丝体胞内三萜和多糖的含量差异。结果显示,13种灵芝菌株的三萜和多糖含量有很大差异,其中无柄紫灵芝Ganoderma mastoporum、亮盖灵芝G. lucidum和树舌灵芝G. applanatum的三萜含量较高;树舌灵芝G. applanatum、紫芝G. sinense和褐灵芝G. brownii的多糖含量较高。目前国内广泛栽培灵芝G. lingzhi的野生菌株发酵产物中的三萜和多糖含量并不是最高的,研究结果表明不同种类的野生灵芝还有进一步挖掘的潜在价值。     

设施化专用香菇种质资源挖掘

以香菇L808菌株基因组序列为参照,开发了300份插入/缺失(InDel)标记。通过5个菌株的初筛,选出均匀分布于基因组的82份多态标记对42份香菇种质资源进行遗传背景分析。同时在设施化栽培条件下考察了种质资源的生育期、菌棒转色、菌棒硬度、现蕾期和产量等表型。结果表明：供试香菇种质资源的遗传多样性丰富,栽培菌株与野生菌株的遗传距离较远,遗传相似性系数平均值为0.51。群体结构分析将种质资源分为6个亚群,与基于遗传距离的系统聚类结果较为一致。亚群间菌株具有较远的亲缘关系,遗传分化指数平均值为0.290,适合用于杂交育种。表型结果显示,设施化栽培条件下的种质资源农艺性状分化程度高,亚群间菌株的生育期、现蕾期和产量均有显著差异。种质资源多样性分析结果为香菇杂交育种工作奠定了基础。     

针叶树生散斑壳属部分种内及近似种间亲缘关系的ISSR分析

应用ISSR分析技术,对22个散斑壳属（Lophodermium Chevall）菌株进行种内和近似种间亲缘关系的分析。通过欧氏最短距离中的类平均法聚类,得到各菌株之间的遗传距离在5．93～7．41之间,表明种内及近似种间有较丰富的遗传多样性。另外,在遗传距离7．12处,将22个供试菌株分为5类。通过ISSR分析结果结合表型性状的比较和分析,论证了子囊果埋生位置,子座、唇、子囊、子囊孢子等形态学特征以及寄主种类差异等在该类菌物种水平分类上的重要性。     

大戟属植物亲缘关系的ISSR分析

利用ISSR标记对9种大戟属植物的亲缘关系进行了分析.结果表明:筛选出的24条ISSR引物共扩增251条带,其中多态性条带248条,多态率为98.8%.9种大戟属材料的遗传相似系数在0.51～0.69之间,平均为0.62.利用UPGMA法将9种大戟属植物分别聚为3个类群,第一类群包含地锦亚属与一品红亚属的5个种及大戟亚属的绿玉树,第二、第三类群分别包含大戟亚属中的3个种.ISSR标记获得的聚类结果与根据形态特征获得的分类结果有很大的差异.     

无柄灵芝遗传多样性的SRAP、ITS、TEF1-α和LSU分析

【目的】研究来自我国不同地区的45株无柄灵芝菌株的遗传多样性。【方法】利用ITS、TEF1-α和LSU多基因分析及SRAP分子标记两种方法,对供试无柄灵芝菌株进行聚类分析和遗传多样性研究。【结果】筛选出8对SRAP引物共扩增出95条条带,其中具有多态性条带79条,平均多态性比例为82.4%,多态性信息含量(PIC)变幅在0.28-0.43,平均为0.38。ITS、TEF1-α和LSU多基因序列分析结果显示,同一地域的部分菌株聚在一起,亲缘关系较近,而地域相隔较远的部分菌株也聚在同一个进化支上,其亲缘关系也很近,这与SRAP聚类分析结果相吻合。【结论】无柄灵芝菌株遗传多样性较为丰富,其遗传相似性与地理分布存在一定的相关性,ITS、TEF1-α、LSU基因及多基因分析更适合无柄灵芝分类鉴定,而SRAP分子标记更适合于无柄灵芝遗传多样性分析。     

Phylogenetic analysis of Ganoderma based on nearly complete mitochondrial small-subunit ribosomal DNA sequences

Characteristics and structures of mt SSU rDNA were investigated for the phylogenetic study of Ganoderma. Phylogenetic information was concentrated mostly in the V1, V4, V5, V6 and V9 variable domains, but informative sites in conserved domains also significantly contributed in resolving phylogenetic relationships between Ganoderma groups. Secondary structure information of variable domains was found to be a useful marker in delineation of phylogenetic groups. Strains of Ganoderma species used in this study were divided into six monophyletic groups. Ganoderma colossus made a distinct basal lineage from other Ganoderma species and Tomophagus, created for G. colosuss, appeared to be a valid genus. Ganoderma applanatum and G. lobatum classified in subgenus Elfvingia made a monophyletic group. Ganoderma tsugae from North America and G. valesiacum from Europe, both living on conifers, were closely related. Ganoderma oregonense and strains labeled G. lucidum from Europe and Canada were grouped with G. tsugae and G. valesiacum. Strains labeled G. lucidum living on hardwoods from the United States and Taiwan were grouped with G. resinaceum, G. pfeifferi and G. subamboinense var. laevisporum, and they all produced chlamydospores. Two strains labeled G. lucidum and three strains labeled G. resinaceum from America were concluded to be conspecific. Strains labeled G. lucidum from Korea and Japan were monophyletic and were distinguished from strains labeled G. lucidum from Europe and North America. Host relationships and the presence of chlamydospores in culture proved to be important characteristics in the systematics as well as the phylogenetic relationships of Ganoderma.     

中国灵芝科的分类研究 Ⅸ.树舌亚属(Subgenus Elfvingia(Karst.)Imazeki)

树舌亚属是灵芝属(Ganoderma)的重要组成部分。因许多分类学家对这一类群真菌的分类有不同的处理,所以对它的分类地位时有变动。全面论述这一类群真菌的著作也比较少。现作者比较详细地研究了中国的本亚属标本,综合各国专家历年的论著,对于它的历史与分类地位,宏观与微观特性以及亚属的范围作了比较全面的论述。并有亚属描述和中国已知种检索表。另外报道了2新种(Ganoderma meijiangense Zhao sp.nov.;G.shangsienseZhao sp.nov.),1中国新记录和1疑问种。全部研究标本都保藏于中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室。     

An assessment of the genetic diversity within Ganoderma strains with AFLP and ITS PCR-RFLP

Ganoderma lucidum is one of the most important medicinal materials and plant pathogens. Because of its specific interhybridization, the genetic background, however, is relatively unclear. It made identification of Ganoderma strains, especially closely related strains difficulty. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) using 14 primer combinations and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) PCR-RFLP were used in a comparative study which was designed to investigate the closely related Ganoderma strains genetic relations at molecular level. The analysis of 37 Ganoderma strains showed there were 177 polymorphic AFLP markers and 12 ITS PCR-RFLP markers, and all accessions could be uniquely identified. Among the Ganoderma accessions, similarity coefficients ranged from 0.07692 to 0.99194 in AFLP. The Ganoderma strains formed a tight cluster in nine groups in AFLP whereas seven groups in ITS PCR-RFLP. The cluster analysis revealed that the taxonomical system of subgenus Ganoderma is composed of Sect. Ganoderma and Sect. Phaeonema, and the strain 22 should be a variant form of strain 21. All methods delineated the Ganoderma strains from the different regions seeming to show a greater level of genetic diversity. It indicated that the genotype study at molecular level is a useful complement method to the current classification system of Ganoderma strains based on morphological traits. The congruency of the experiments was analyzed using the biostatistical software DPS V3.01.     

Phylogenetic analysis of Trypanosoma vivax supports the separation of South American/West African from East African isolates and a new T. vivax-like genotype infecting a nyala antelope from Mozambique

In this study, we addressed the phylogenetic and taxonomic relationships of Trypanosoma vivax and related trypanosomes nested in the subgenus Duttonella through combined morphological and phylogeographical analyses. We previously demonstrated that the clade T. vivax harbours a homogeneous clade comprising West African/South American isolates and the heterogeneous East African isolates. Herein we characterized a trypanosome isolated from a nyala antelope (Tragelaphus angasi) wild-caught in Mozambique (East Africa) and diagnosed as T. vivax-like based on biological, morphological and molecular data. Phylogenetic relationships, phylogeographical patterns and estimates of genetic divergence were based on SSU and ITS rDNA sequences of T. vivax from Brazil and Venezuela (South America), Nigeria (West Africa), and from T. vivax-like trypanosomes from Mozambique, Kenya and Tanzania (East Africa). Despite being well-supported within the T. vivax clade, the nyala trypanosome was highly divergent from all other T. vivax and T. vivax-like trypanosomes, even those from East Africa. Considering its host origin, morphological features, behaviour in experimentally infected goats, phylogenetic placement, and genetic divergence this isolate represents a new genotype of trypanosome closely phylogenetically related to T. vivax. This study corroborated the high complexity and the existence of distinct genotypes yet undescribed within the subgenus Duttonella.     

Genetic variability and mycohost association of Ampelomyces quisqualis isolates inferred from phylogenetic analyses of ITS rDNA and actin gene sequences

Ampelomyces quisqualis complex is well known as the most common and widespread hyperparasite of the family Erysiphaceae, the cause of powdery mildew diseases. As commercial biopesticide products it is widely used to control the disease in field and plastic houses. Although genetic diversity within Ampelomyces isolates has been previously recognized, a single name A. quisqualis is still applied to all pycnidial intracellular hyperparasites of powdery mildew fungi. In this study, the phylogenetic relationships among Ampelomyces isolates originating from various powdery mildew fungi in Korea were inferred from Bayesian and maximum parsimony analyses of the sequences of ITS rDNA region and actin gene. In the phylogenetic trees, the Ampelomyces isolates could be divided into four distinct groups with high sequence divergences in both regions. The largest group, Clade 1, mostly accommodated Ampelomyces isolates originating from the mycohost Podosphaera spp. (sect. Sphaerotheca). Clade 2 comprised isolates from several genera of powdery mildews, Golovinomyces, Erysiphe (sect. Erysiphe), Arthrocladiella, and Phyllactinia, and was further divided into two subclades. An isolate obtained from Podosphaera (sect. Sphaerotheca) pannosa was clustered into Clade 3, with those from powdery mildews infecting rosaceous hosts. The mycohosts of Ampelomyces isolates in Clade 4 mostly consisted of species of Erysiphe (sect. Erysiphe, sect. Microsphaera, and sect. Uncinula). The present phylogenetic study demonstrates that Ampelomyces hyperparasite is indeed an assemblage of several distinct lineages rather than a sole species. Although the correlation between Ampelomyces isolates and their mycohosts is not obviously clear, the isolates show not only some degree of host specialization but also adaptation to their mycohosts during the evolution of the hyperparasite.     

A four-gene study of evolutionary relationships in Solanum section Acanthophora

The "spiny solanums," Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), comprise a large lineage with over 350 species and include the cultivated eggplant, Solanum melongena. Despite the importance of this subgenus, phylogenetic relationships among these taxa are currently unclear. The present research contributes to this understanding while focusing on Solanum section Acanthophora, a group of ca. 19 species defined by the presence of simple hairs, rather than the stellate hairs common across the rest of subgenus Leptostemonum. In this study we inferred phylogenetic relationships among 29 Solanum taxa, including 14 species of section Acanthophora, using DNA sequence data from two nuclear regions (ITS and the granule-bound starch synthase gene [GBSSI or waxy]) and two chloroplast regions (trnT-trnF and trnS-trnG). This combination of gene regions resulted in a well resolved phylogenetic hypothesis, with results strongly suggesting that Solanum sect. Acanthophora is not monophyletic, although the majority of taxa comprise a monophyletic lineage that is sister to Solanum section Lasiocarpa. Of the four gene regions, waxy was especially useful for phylogenetic inference, with both a high percentage of parsimony-informative sites as well as a low level of homoplasy. Further studies in progress will help elucidate relationships of sect. Acanthophora with respect to other members of subgenus Leptostemonum.     

Phylogenetic relationships among Bactrocera species (Diptera: Tephritidae) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences

Several members of the dipteran family Tephritdae are serious pests because females lay eggs in ripening fruit. The genus Bactrocera is one of the largest within the family with over 500 described species arranged in 28 subgenera. The phylogenetic relationships among the various species and subgenera, and the monophyly of specific groups have not been examined using a rigorous phylogenetic analysis. Therefore, phylogenetic relationships among 24 Bactrocera species belonging to 9 subgenera were inferred from DNA sequence of portions of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA, cytochrome oxidase II, tRNA(Lys), and tRNA(Asp) genes. Two morphological characters that traditionally have been used to define the four groups within the subgenus Bactrocera were evaluated in a phylogenetic context by mapping the character states onto the parsimony tree. In addition, the evolutionary trend in male-lure response was evaluated in a phylogenetic context. Maximum parsimony analyses suggested the following relationships: (1) the genus Bactrocera is monophyletic, (2) the subgenus B. (Zeugodacus) is paraphyletic, (3) the subgenus B. (Daculus) is a sister group to subgenus B. (Bactrocera), and (4) the subgenus B. (Bactrocera) is monophyletic. The mapping analyses suggested that the morphological characters exhibit a simple evolutionary transition from one character state to another. Male-lure response was identified as being a labile behavior that has been lost on multiple occasions. Cue-lure response was plesiomorphic to methyl-eugenol response, and the latter has evolved independently within the Bactrocera and Zeugodacus groups of subgenera. The implications of our results for devising a coherent, consolidated classification for Bactrocera is discussed.     

Phylogenetic relationships of Salvia (Lamiaceae) in China: Evidence from DNA sequence datasets

With 84 native species, China is a center of distribution of the genus Salvia (Lamiaceae). These species are mainly distributed in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces (southwestern China), notably the Hengduan Mountain region. Traditionally, the Chinese Salvia has been classified into four subgenera, Salvia, Sclarea, Jungia, and Allagospadonopsis. We tested this classification using molecular phylogenetic analysis of 43 species of Salvia from China, six from Japan, and four introduced species. The nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region and three chloroplast regions (rbcL, matK, and trnH-psbA) were analyzed by maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian methods. Our results showed that the Chinese (except Salvia deserta) and Japanese Salvia species formed a well-supported clade; S. deserta from Xinjiang grouped with Salvia officinalis of Europe. In addition, all introduced Salvia species in China were relatively distantly related to the native Chinese Salvia. Our results differed from the subgeneric and section classifications in Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae. We suggested that sections Eusphace and Pleiphace should be united in a new subgenus and that sect. Notiosphace should be removed from subg. Sclarea and form a new subgenus. Our data could not distinguish a boundary between subg. Allagospadonopsis and sect. Drymosphace (subg. Sclarea); the latter should be reduced into the former. Further clarification of the phylogenetic relationships within Salvia and between Salvia and related genera will require broader taxonomic sampling and more molecular markers.     

Systematics of Nothofagus (Nothofagaceae) based on rDNA spacer sequences (ITS): taxonomic congruence with morphology and plastid sequences

Phylogenetic relationships were examined within the southern beech family Nothofagaceae using 22 species representing the four currently recognized subgenera and related outgroups. Nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences encoding the 5.8s rRNA and two flanking internal transcribed spacers (ITS) provided 95 phylogenetically informative nucleotide sites from a single alignment of ~588 bases per species. Parsimony analysis of this variation produced two equally parsimonious trees supporting four monophyletic groups, which correspond to groups designated by pollen type. These topologies were compared to trees from reanalyses of previously reported rbcL sequences and a modified morphological data set. Results from parsimony analysis of the three data sets were highly congruent, with topological differences restricted to the placement of a few terminal taxa. Combined analysis of molecular and morphological data produced six equally parsimonious trees. The consensus of these trees suggests two basal clades within Nothofagus. Within the larger of the two clades, tropical Nothofagus (subgenus Brassospora) of New Guinea and New Caledonia are strongly supported as sister to cool-temperate species of South America (subgenus Nothofagus). Most of the morphological apomorphies of the cupule, fruit, and pollen of Nothofagus are distributed within this larger clade. An area cladogram based on the consensus of combined data supports three trans-Antarctic relationships, two within pollen groups and one between pollen groups. Fossil data support continuous ancestral distributions for all four pollen groups prior to continental drift; therefore, vicariance adequately explains two of these disjunctions. Extinction of trans-Antarctic sister taxa within formerly widespread pollen groups explains the third disjunction; this results in a biogeographic pattern indicative of phylogenetic relationship not vicariance. For the biogeographically informative vicariant clades, area relationships based on total evidence support the recently advanced hypothesis that New Zealand and Australia share a unique common ancestry. Contrary to previous thought, the distribution of extant Nothofagus is informative on the area relationships of the Southern Hemisphere, once precise phylogenetic relationships are placed in the context of fossil data.