卡拉麦里山保护区鹅喉羚卧息地特征的季节变化

于2007年对卡拉麦里山有蹄类保护区不同季节的鹅喉羚卧息地特征进行了研究。Mann-WhitneyU检验表明:春季鹅喉羚卧息地植物高度明显高于对照地(Z=2.27,P<0.05),驼绒藜密度、灌木盖度和地上生物量极显著高于对照地(Z=2.85,Z=3.29,Z=2.98,P<0.01);夏季鹅喉羚卧息地植物高度和单位面积地上生物量明显高于对照地(Z=2.06,Z=2.97,P<0.05);秋季鹅喉羚卧息地植物种数明显高于对照地(Z=2.52,P<0.05),灌木盖度和植物高度极显著高于对照地(Z=5.22,Z=4.58,P<0.01)。主成分分析表明,春夏秋3季影响鹅喉羚卧息地选择的主要环境因子是食物、隐蔽条件和环境温度。单因素方差分析表明,鹅喉羚卧息地特征在季节间有显著差异,以春季和夏季、春季和秋季最为明显。食物资源和环境温度的变化是导致鹅喉羚卧息地特征季节性变化的主要因素。鹅喉羚卧息地选择与其自身的体温调节有一定关系。     

卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚种群密度和数量

2006年9月至2007年12月, 在卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区采用截线取样法调查了蒙古野驴(Equus hemionus)和鹅喉羚(Gazella subgutturosa sairensis)的种群密度。蒙古野驴野外调查样线总长6,696.4 km, 发现7,758 匹蒙古野驴; 鹅喉羚样线总长8,428.84 km, 发现8,586头鹅喉羚。采用Distance 5.0估算了蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚的密度和遇见率。从春季到秋季, 蒙古野驴遇见率在0.058–0.092匹/km之间变化, 而鹅喉羚遇见率则在0.096–0.342头/ km之间变化。春季蒙古野驴种群密度为0.55 ± 0.20 匹/km2 (平均数 ± 标准差,下同), 夏季为0.60 ± 0.13 匹/km2, 秋季为0.78 ± 0.19匹/km2和冬季为0.54 ± 0.14 匹/km2。蒙古野驴适宜栖息面积5,800 km2。春季到冬季, 蒙古野驴种群数量在3,379到5,318匹之间变化。鹅喉羚春季、夏季、秋季和冬季种群密度分别为1.14 ± 0.18头/km2, 0.95 ± 0.12头/km2, 1.08 ± 0.18头/km2和1.54 ± 0.31头/km2。该保护区的鹅喉羚冬季和春季适宜栖息面积均为10,000 km2, 夏季为12,000 km2, 秋季为15,000 km2。估算该区域春季鹅喉羚数量为14,286头, 夏季为6,628头, 秋季为8,337头, 冬季为19,677头。本研究的结果将为卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚长期监测提供基础数据。     

新疆北部鹅喉羚的食性分析

2006年10月至2007年8月,作者采用粪便显微分析法研究了新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类保护区鹅喉羚的四季食性以及冬季绵羊的食性.结果发现:鹅喉羚共采食16科47种植物;不同季节间鹅喉羚食性有明显变化,秋季采食7科24种植物,冬季采食6科17种植物,春季采食16科41种植物,夏季采食12科30种植物;藜科、禾本科植物是鹅喉羚全年的主要食物来源,占鹅喉羚总采食量的38.8～85.1%,非禾本科草本植物也在鹅喉羚食物组成中占有重要地位;春季短命和类短命植物对鹅喉羚有重要意义,占春季采食量的27%.针茅在四季都是鹅喉羚采食的主要植物;春季和夏季鹅喉羚采食较多的驼绒藜,秋季和冬季梭梭被较多采食.由于干旱胁迫,春季、夏季和秋季鹅喉羚喜食含水量较高的多根葱、骆驼蹄瓣、粗枝猪毛菜等非禾本科草本植物.冬季鹅喉羚与绵羊间的生态位宽度相近,食物重叠指数高达76.6%,绵羊与鹅喉羚之间食物竞争明显.     

阿尔泰山南部科克森山和卡拉麦里山盘羊冬季卧息地的选择

2007 年11 月至2008 年1 月,在阿尔泰山南部科克森山和卡拉麦里山采用样线法研究了盘羊冬季卧息地
的选择性。结果表明,两地区的盘羊对冬季卧息地的利用均有选择性,两地区盘羊偏好利用山坡做卧息地,避
免选择山沟和平滩卧息;偏好位于半阴和半阳坡的卧息地,避免利用阴坡,对阳坡随机利用;偏好位于上坡位
和中坡位的卧息地,对下坡位则为随机利用。通过与对照样方比较,科克森山和卡拉麦里山盘羊冬季卧息地均
以植物科数多、植物种数多、植物密度高、灌木株数小、驼绒藜株数少、接近隐蔽物、隐蔽级高和雪覆盖浅为
主要特征。在科克森山,盘羊通常选择坡度大、雪覆盖浅的位置作为其卧息地。在卡拉麦里山盘羊通常选择坡
度大的地方作为其卧息地。科克森山和卡拉麦里山盘羊卧息地变量前6 个特征值的累积贡献率分别达到了
80.75%和82. 58% ,较好地反映了盘羊卧息地的生境特征。科克森山和卡拉麦里山盘羊卧息地第1 主成分贡献
率分别达到了23.04% 和24. 33%。在两地区,植物科数、植物种数、灌木种数、雪深和坡度5 个因子的载荷系
数均为正值,具有较大的作用。其余5 个主成分中隐蔽级、海拔、距水源距离和距居民点距离也很重要。     

道路交通对鹅喉羚昼间集群特征和警戒行为的影响

分析道路交通对濒危有蹄类动物行为模式的影响,阐明其行为反馈与适应机制,对制定道路工程干扰下濒危物种的保护方案具有重要意义。2015年和2016年6-8月,调查了国道216线白昼运营对新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类野生动物自然保护区鹅喉羚(Gazella subgutturosa)集群特征和警戒行为的影响。研究发现,国道216线的扰动导致鹅喉羚集群规模显著增加;随着距国道216线距离越近,鹅喉羚警戒行为投入时间越多,距离道路500m可能是国道216线对鹅喉羚集群和警戒行为影响的阈值。本研究结果表明,道路带来的人为干扰与捕食风险相似,迫使鹅喉羚调节其集群规模和警戒水平。未来应加强道路等交通工程影响下保护区内野生动物的行为反馈和适应机制研究,据此提出减缓措施,降低道路对野生动物的负面影响。     

蒙古野驴、鹅喉羚和家畜的食物重叠

采用粪样显微分析技术研究了新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区及周边区域蒙古野驴、鹅喉羚及家羊、家马和家骆驼3种家养有蹄类春季、秋季和冬季食性组成及食物生态位。结果发现：（1）蒙古野驴、鹅喉羚和家畜主要采食针茅、驼绒藜、蒿和梭梭,但是,它们采食的植物科数和种数都不相同,各植物种类在食谱中所占的比例不同;（2）各个季节有蹄类动物两两之间的食物生态位重叠均在0．8以上,最低为0．832（冬季鹅喉羚和家马）,最高达到0．986（秋季蒙古野驴和家羊;秋季家马和家羊）,五种有蹄类之间的食物生态位重叠度也达到了0．3以上。表明在卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区,上述野生动物及季节性进入该自然保护区的家畜之间均存在食物竞争;冬季积雪深,食物短缺,荒漠有蹄类易因冻饿及疾病等造成死亡。因此,应采取限制秋冬季进入该自然保护区,家畜数量及调整放牧区域等保护管理措施,对该区域荒漠有蹄类动物实施有效保护[动物学报54（6）：941-954,2008]。     

陕西黄龙山林区褐马鸡繁殖季节中午卧息地选择

2006年5—6月,在陕西黄龙山腹地北寺山林区采取样线法对褐马鸡(Crossoptilon mantchuricum)中午卧息地的选择进行了研究,共观察到28个褐马鸡的卧息地。褐马鸡对林型、坡向和地理特征有明显的选择性,多偏向针叶林、山脊和半阴半阳坡,回避阔叶林、山坡、阴坡和阳坡。对中午卧息地坡位没有明显的选择性。褐马鸡中午卧息地具有坡度小、与林间道路与居民点的距离远、灌丛平均高度较低、灌木密度较小、草本均高较小、乔木层植物盖度以及草本层植物盖度较大等特征。对各种生境因子的主成分分析表明,前6个特征值的累积贡献率达到74.05%,可较好地反映褐马鸡中午卧息地生境特征。根据载荷系数绝对值大小将褐马鸡中午休息地生境选择影响因子分别命名为地理因子、隐蔽度因子、人类活动干扰因子和灌丛密度因子。     

新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区鹅喉羚遗传多样性及系统发育地位

鹅喉羚是生活于亚欧大陆荒漠、半荒漠地区重要的有蹄类动物。2010年春季,新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区遭遇了60年不遇的雪灾,我们采集了野外救灾发现的130头死亡鹅喉羚肌肉样本,采用PCR和测序技术,研究了鹅喉羚线粒体 DNA 的 Cyt b 基因 1143 bp 核酸序列,发现新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区生存的鹅喉羚单倍型多样性较高(Hd=0.855),核苷酸多样性较低(π=0.00224)。采用邻接法(NJ)、最大似然法(ML)构建单倍型之间的系统发育树,以及network所构建的单倍型间中介网络图都显示出2个遗传分化程度很大的分支,且这2个分支都出现过明显的群体扩张和持续增长。将本研究获得的单倍型H1与Genebank检索获得的瞪羚属其他12个物种Cyt b基因进行了比较,分别采用邻接法(NJ)和最大似然法(ML)构建分子系统树,证明与鹅喉羚最接近的物种为印度瞪羚(Gazella bennettii),鹅喉羚与瞪羚属内物种的分歧时间大约为1.08-2.5百万年(Mya)(Million years ago, Mya)。     

卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区鹅喉羚生境适宜性评价

在卡拉麦里山保护区内选取具有代表性的研究样区约1 447 km² 作为评价区,基于2005 年以来对卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区鹅喉羚野外调查和样方采集,利用模糊赋值法建立生境评价模型,结合GIS 技术的空间分析功能,以植被类型、坡度、坡向和人类干扰活动为评价因子进行生境适宜性研究。结果表明:春、夏、秋、冬四季实际生境面积分别为 1146.9km² 、1137.1 km² 、991.6 km² 和499.8 km² ,分别占研究区域总面积的79.3% 、78.6% 、68.5% 和34.5% ;其中适宜生境面积分别为304.1 km² 、599.4 km² 、303.6 km² 和56.2 km² ,分别占研究区域总面积的21.0% 、41.4% 、21.0% 和3.9% 。人类活动影响下,一些潜在生境转变为不适宜生境,春、夏、秋、冬四季生境分别丧失4.0% 、3.1% 、4.3% 和48.5%。在各种人类活动中,居民点、国道、采矿点对鹅喉羚生境具有一定的干扰作用,使其质量有所降低,但未造成严重影响;而冬季牧民的放牧行为,导致鹅喉羚的适宜生境被家畜占据,鹅喉羚生境质量大面积下降。本文基于评价结果提出了保护措施。     

不同发情阶段雄性鹅喉羚的时间分配特征

以往研究表明受发情交配行为制约,一些雄性反刍动物在发情期食物摄入量明显降低。已有两个相关假说解释该现象:能量摄入最大化假说和能量保存假说。作者于2009 ～ 2010 年在卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区研究了雄性鹅喉羚不同发情阶段的时间分配。结果表明雄羚发情期采食时间比例明显下降(37. 9% ),低于发情前期(63. 6% )和发情后期(65. 8% );发情期卧息时间比例(6. 0% )与发情后期相近(5. 4% ),明显低于发情前期(23.2% );发情前期至发情后期采食卧息时间比(分别为2. 7、6. 3、12. 1)显著增加;发情期雄羚站立和移动时间比例明显升高,采食行为时间占非发情行为时间主要部分(86. 4% ),且采食行为与发情行为显著相关。相比之下,雌羚不同发情阶段采食行为时间分配比例相似。总之,除必需投入的发情行为外,发情期雄羚最大化其能量摄入;发情行为的投入是导致发情期雄羚食物摄入量下降的主导因子,雄性能量摄入最大化假说更好地解释了发情期鹅喉羚所采取的能量策略。     

甘肃马鬃山盘羊春季卧息地的利用

2010年4～5月,在甘肃省马鬃山地区调查研究了盘羊的卧息地生境选择,共测得盘羊利用样方81个,对照样方81个。通过比较表明,马鬃山地区的盘羊夏季卧息地主要选择高海拔、阳坡、中坡位、坡度大、红砂植被、碎石地、植被密度低、远离道路和居民点、接近水源和隐蔽物、隐蔽程度好的区域。逻辑斯蒂回归分析表明,海拔(OR值1.614,95%CI1.248～4.419)、坡向(95%CI1.682～3.745)、坡位(95%CI0.839～3.156)、坡度(OR值1.705,95%CI1.227～2.369)、植被类型(95%CI0.682～2.732)、距水源距离(OR值0.180,95%CI0.041～0.787)、距道路距离(OR值1.628,95%CI2.598～3.941)、隐蔽级(OR值0.911,95%CI0.857～0.967)是盘羊春季卧息地选择的主导因子。     

The postnatal ontogeny of the sexually dimorphic vocal apparatus in goitred gazelles (Gazella subgutturosa)

This study quantitatively documents the progressive development of sexual dimorphism of the vocal organs along the ontogeny of the goitred gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa). The major, male‐specific secondary sexual features, of vocal anatomy in goitred gazelle are an enlarged larynx and a marked laryngeal descent. These features appear to have evolved by sexual selection and may serve as a model for similar events in male humans. Sexual dimorphism of larynx size and larynx position in adult goitred gazelles is more pronounced than in humans, whereas the vocal anatomy of neonate goitred gazelles does not differ between sexes. This study examines the vocal anatomy of 19 (11 male, 8 female) goitred gazelle specimens across three age‐classes, that is, neonates, subadults and mature adults. The postnatal ontogenetic development of the vocal organs up to their respective end states takes considerably longer in males than in females. Both sexes share the same features of vocal morphology but differences emerge in the course of ontogeny, ultimately resulting in the pronounced sexual dimorphism of the vocal apparatus in adults. The main differences comprise larynx size, vocal fold length, vocal tract length, and mobility of the larynx. The resilience of the thyrohyoid ligament and the pharynx, including the soft palate, and the length changes during contraction and relaxation of the extrinsic laryngeal muscles play a decisive role in the mobility of the larynx in both sexes but to substantially different degrees in adult females and males. Goitred gazelles are born with an undescended larynx and, therefore, larynx descent has to develop in the course of ontogeny. This might result from a trade‐off between natural selection and sexual selection requiring a temporal separation of different laryngeal functions at birth and shortly after from those later in life. J. Morphol. 277:826–844, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

甘肃马鬃山北山羊春季卧息地的选择

2010年4～5月,在甘肃马鬃山采用样线法对北山羊Capra ibex春季卧息地的选择性进行了研究,共测定了63个卧息地样方,63个对照样方.经过分析表明,北山羊卧息地选择偏好利用阳坡、上坡位、膜果麻黄与裸岩(P<0.05),同时具有海拔高、坡度大、远离道路、远离居民点、距水源较近、接近隐蔽物、隐蔽级高等特征(P<0....     

Responding to a three-pronged attack: desert lilies subject to herbivory by dorcas gazelles

We examined the effects of herbivory by the dorcas gazelle, Gazella dorcas, on different phenological stages of the lily Pancratium sickenbergeri from 1990–1996 in the Negev desert, Israel. We placed particular emphasis on the role of gazelle herbivory on selecting for plant defences and the effectiveness of these defences against subsequent herbivory. In the summer months, the gazelles dig in the sand to remove all or part of the bulb of the lily. Plants with partially-consumed bulbs were less likely to produce leaves the following winter and probably have lower lifetime flower production. Herbivory has resulted in greater downward growth of the bulb in populations with herbivory than those without herbivory, which reduces the probability that the entire plant will be consumed. Gazelles eat the leaves in the winter; this herbivory has a negative impact on leaf growth rates. However, the production of calcium oxalate limits gazelle consumption to the tips, and consequently reduces the effects of leaf herbivory. In the fall, the gazelles consumed virtually all flowers, yet we found no defence or growth strategy that might ameliorate this impact, with the possible exception of forgoing the output of a second flower stalk after the first has been consumed. The results of this study suggest that lilies employ different strategies to resist gazelle herbivory, and that these strategies are dependent on the phenological stage that is eaten. Avoidance by defence is the strategy in the leaves, avoidance by escape is utilized in bulbs. Forgoing the output of a second flower stalk after the first has been consumed can be considered as a form of escape based on a bet-hedging strategy or a shift in energy allocation.     

Semi-captive Przewalski's gazelles cope with winter adversity by adjusting their gut bacterial communities

The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients in animals. To address the challenge of conservation, many endangered wildlife are kept in captive or semi-captive conditions. Numerous studies have been conducted on the intestinal microbiota of captive animals, but little information is available on the intestinal microbiota of semi-captive animals, such as Przewalski's gazelle (Procapra przewalskii), which is an endangered ungulate species only distributed around Qinghai Lake in China. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing methods to analyze the gut bacterial community of semi-captive Przewalski's gazelles during summer and winter. There were differences in the gut bacterial community composition between the 2 seasons, with higher bacterial diversity in winter. Deterministic processes dominated the bacterial community assembly in both seasons. There was a greater influence of heterogeneous selection in winter compared to summer, suggesting that there was more intestinal environmental filtering and selection on shaping the gut bacterial community during winter. There were more potential probiotic bacteria and fewer potential pathogens in winter compared to summer. Overall, stronger heterogeneous selection in winter might enhance gut selection for potential probiotic bacteria and filter out potential pathogens in Przewalski's gazelles, allowing them to adapt to the harsh living conditions in winter. Our study clarified that seasonal fluctuations trigger shifts in bacterial communities, which have potential benefits for Przewalski's gazelles. These results could provide valuable information for managing semi-captive populations and for future wild releases of Przewalski's gazelles.     

LIFE CYCLE AND HABITAT SHIFT OF THE TROCHID SNAIL DILOMA SUAVIS (PHILIPPI) WITHIN INTERTIDAL MUSSEL ZONES

The life cycle of the trochid snail Diloma suavis (Philippi, 1849),was studied on an intertidal rocky shore at Shirahama, Wakayama Prefecture,where two mytilid bivalves, Septifer virgatus (Wiegmann) andHormomya mutabilis (Gould), formed vertically contiguous musselbeds in the upper-middle and lower zones, respectively. At lowtide in April, the snail density increased with decreasing shoreheight and was greatest at the middle level of the H. mutabilisbed. Then, the density decreased towards the lower littoralfringe. Newly settled juveniles smaller than 2 mm in shell heightappeared abundantly in late summer and autumn within algal turfon the lower shore. As snails grew larger than 2 mm, they appearedwithin the gaps of the H. mutabilis bed and the S. virgatusbed. They increased in size monotonically towards the next summer,but rate of growth in shell height tended to be great in autumnand small in winter. Seasonal change in the density of snailsfound within the gaps of the mussel beds was remarkable during athree year period, increasing from autumn to winter and then decreasingtowards next summer. Reproduction occurred in summer, and adultsnails disappeared by September. It is thus suggested that this specieshas a one year lifespan and shows a habitat shift from algal turfto the gaps of the mussel beds with growth. (Received 12 October 1998; accepted 2 March 1999)     

普氏原羚的活动规律与生境选择

普氏原羚生活在沙漠与干旱草原生态交错区(Ecotone)。青海湖畔沙漠中植被盖度较高, 沙地沙蒿群落中普氏原羚活动较多, 而沙地柏群落中普氏原羚活动较少。普氏原羚在沙地和距离沙地2～3 km以内的地域内活动, 利用起伏沙丘作为隐蔽生境。草原中的芨芨草群落、冷蒿—紫花针茅群落是普氏原羚的主要取食场所。普氏原羚具晨昏型活动规律, 在傍晚和清晨取食, 其活动避开牛羊的取食时间。普氏原羚常常聚群活动, 它们在繁殖期、育幼期和交配期形成大小不同的群体。群体的类型包括同性群、混合群和单一个体群。非繁殖季节普氏原羚雌雄分群活动。目前在人为活动影响下, 普氏原羚很难进行季节性迁移。     

Nasal and Oral Calls in Juvenile Goitred Gazelles (Gazella subgutturosa) and their Potential to Encode Sex and Identity

Like many other gazelles, goitred gazelles (Gazella subgutturosa) are capable of calling either through the nose or through the open mouth. In particular, juvenile goitred gazelles provide a convenient model for contrasting acoustic characteristics of nasal and oral calls, and for estimating their communicative functions. In this study, acoustic variables (formants, fundamental frequency, duration and power quartiles) of 480 oral and 483 nasal calls, recorded from 20 (9 male, 11 female) individually identified captive juvenile goitred gazelles, were examined for their potential to encode sex and identity of the caller. Discriminant function analysis revealed an equally high potential of oral and nasal calls to encode sex, whereas encoding the individual identity was significantly more accurate for oral calls. Sex was encoded exclusively in formants, whilst individual identity was encoded in a combination of all investigated variables. No correlation was found between body mass and values of any acoustic variable. Analyses controlling for age and sex revealed higher average values for all investigated variables of oral calls compared to nasal calls. We discuss the results in relation to the source‐filter theory, mother–offspring communication and production mechanisms of nasal and oral calls in mammals.