iSucc-PseAAC:基于集成机器学习的赖氨酸琥珀酰化修饰位点预测

赖氨酸琥珀酰化是一种新型的翻译后修饰,在蛋白质调节和细胞功能控制中发挥重要作用,所以准确识别蛋白质中的琥珀酰化位点是有必要的。传统的实验耗费物力和财力。通过计算方法预测是近段时间以来提出的一种高效的预测方法。本研究中,我们开发了一种新的预测方法iSucc-PseAAC,它是通过使用多种分类算法结合不同的特征提取方法。最终发现,基于耦合序列(PseAAC)特征提取下,使用支持向量机分类效果是最好的,并结合集成学习解决了数据不平衡问题。与现有方法预测效果对比,iSucc-PseAAC在区分赖氨酸琥珀酰化位点方面,更具有意义和实用性。     

野生树舌多糖的脱色和脱蛋白

从野生树舌中提取水溶性多糖,经乙醇沉淀后得多糖,并分别用活性碳,苯酚,DEAE纤维素,H2O2等4种方法进行脱色,并以酵母聚糖为标准品比较脱色效果,用紫外和可见光谱扫描法检测有色杂质的去除效果;用Zn盐,胰蛋白酶,有机溶剂,胰蛋白酶加有机溶剂等4种方法脱蛋白,以比较不同方法脱色,脱蛋白的效果。结果表明用质量分数为0.75%的活性碳脱色后,有色杂质的去除效果最好,光谱吸收峰最接近标准品;单独使用有机溶剂的脱蛋白效果最好。     

12种杀虫剂及5种天敌昆虫对梧桐木虱的田间控害评价

梧桐木虱是一种危害园林植物梧桐的重大害虫。本研究分别测定了12种杀虫剂和5种天敌昆虫对梧桐木虱的防治效果。结果表明: 12种杀虫剂中噻虫嗪和吡虫啉对梧桐木虱的防治效果最好,螺虫乙酯次之。在喷雾法、注射法和灌根法等3种施药方式中,应尽量避免使用喷雾法,优先选择注射法,在条件允许的情况下可使用灌根法作为补充手段。5种天敌昆虫中以中华通草蛉和赤星瓢虫对梧桐木虱的防治效果最佳,在长期防治效果上可以起到代替杀虫剂的作用。因此,中华通草蛉及赤星瓢虫可作为园林环境中长期安全环保防治梧桐木虱的重要方法,而以注射法使用噻虫嗪和吡虫啉可作为短期快速防治手段。     

藓类植物DNA条码的初步研究——以蔓藓科部分属为例

选取7个叶绿体基因片段,其中3个编码区基因片段（matK,rps4 and rbcL-a）和4个非编码区基因片段（atpB-rbcL,atpF-H,psbK-Iandtrn H-psbA）,一个线粒体基因片段（nad5）和一个核基因片段（ITS2）,材料包括5个属14个种的74份样品。分析比较了6个基因片段的多样性、种内和种间的遗传距离、鉴别率等。结果显示,在使用单个片段时ITS2的鉴定效果最好,而atpB-rbcL则是叶绿体基因片段中鉴别能力最高的。使用组合片段的结果发现,两个基因片段组合的鉴别效果最好。通过NJ树的方法检验,atpB-rbcL＋trn H-psbA和rbcL-a＋＋trn H-psbA的鉴定成功率是64%,当再增加一个或两个基因片段时其鉴定效果并没有提高。本研究表明在植物中应用DNA条码需要用质体基因和核基因联合。     

果蝇整体装片

果蝇是遗传学最好的实验材料之一。为解决果蝇观察问题,我们使用了一种方便的果蝇整体装片方法,经二年多存放和观察证明方法简单、效果可靠,值得介绍给老师和同学一试。其方法是先取相应性状的活果蝇(如红眼灰身的雄果蝇和雌果蝇、白眼雄果蝇和雌果蝇、残翅雄果蝇和雌果蝇……)用乙醚麻醉。麻醉方法是将一乙醚棉球放入培养果蝇的培养瓶中,盖上棉塞,一、二分钟即可麻醉(如无乙醚可用少量二甲苯或酒精“麻醉”),在东北地区的冬季放在室外片刻亦可冻昏,置电冰箱冰盒中冷冻片刻亦可。如用乙醚麻醉,最好是待果蝇将醒能     

高质量毕赤酵母基因组DNA提取方法比较

旨在比较5种毕赤酵母基因组DNA的提取法,以便获得简便高效的提取高质量酵母基因组DNA的优化方法。分别使用蜗牛酶破壁法,超声波破碎法,液氮研磨法,Lyticase破壁法,试剂盒法提取毕赤酵母基因组DNA,然后进行DNA电泳检测以及紫外分光光度计测定DNA浓度和纯度。结果显示,5种方法均能提取出酵母基因组DNA,而酶法所提取的酵母基因组DNA质量最好。由此证实,蜗牛酶法成本低、效果好,是理想的提取高质量酵母基因组DNA的方法,完全满足后续试验要求。     

一级实验动物垫料处理的实验观察

根据《医学实验动物管理实施细则》的要求,实验动物的铺垫物应消毒后使用,高压灭菌是最好的消毒方法,但在大规模生产中难以实施。为此,寻找一种简单易行的垫料处理方法已成为当前急需解决的问题。本文采用了80℃蒸汽连续烘烤法,对一级大、小鼠应排除的病原体进行了灭菌效果的实验观察。     

柠檬术后止呕作用的临床研究

目的观察柠檬果临床止呕的疗效。方法随机抽取术后伴呕吐患者180例,分为3组,每组60例,男女各半。对照组肌注胃复安,柠檬皮组使用柠檬果皮划痕榨汁嗅闻,柠檬汁组口含柠檬汁或浸泡柠檬丝口服。观察3组止呕的最佳时间和作用程度。结果3种方法比较,以柠檬果皮划痕榨汁嗅闻达到止呕的效果最好。结论柠檬果皮划痕榨汁嗅闻可以在大手术后呕吐患者中使用,其方法简单,无副作用,值得推广应用。     

乙醇:一种快速冷冻生物物质的有效冷却剂

<正>前言 制备电子显微镜生物标本的理想步骤包括两个主要阶段:首先要保留细胞的相互作用,使样品处于暂停活动状态;其次,要使样品在检查前和检查期间的稳定性保持不变。目前,以超速冷冻方法最接近实现第一步目标,此法一般认为比常规化学固定更快速。一种达到超速冷冻的方法是把样品投入低温液体。然而,选择一种合适的超速冷冻剂常要兼顾试验的安全性和冷冻的快速程度。例如氟利昂(Freon)和氮,虽然它们并没有最好的冷冻效力,但由于它们比较安全而常常使用。而丙烷具有高度易燃挥发蒸气,因其有较高的冷却效力而偶然使用。     

微贮用植物乳杆菌固定化菌剂的制备

乳酸菌与纤维素降解菌因其可防止微贮饲料酸败、增加秸秆饲料的营养价值等优点,在秸秆微贮过程中起重要作用。但由于乳酸菌的繁殖会抑制纤维素降解菌的活性,如何实现微贮过程中两种微生物分时发挥功能是解决上述问题的关键。文中利用固定化技术将乳酸菌制备成含有玉米秸秆粉的固定化菌剂以达到缓释的目的。首先制作固定化空白小球得出复合固定化载体成球的最佳浓度,利用玉米芯吸附植物乳杆菌S1得到复合固定化载体,以对S1的包埋率、成球效果等为指标,通过对比两种固定化方法 (包埋法与包埋-交联法),得到固定化植物乳杆菌S1的最佳条件。研究表明,使用6%PVA+0.4%SA+0.3%CMC-Na进行包埋-交联时成球效果最好,使用1.2%SA+0.5%CMC-Na进行直接包埋时成球效果最好。通过对比5种固定化工艺,将1.2%SA+0.5%CMC-Na和吸附玉米粉组成的固定化载体混合物逐滴滴入4%氯化钙中直接包埋24 h得到的固定化小球其机械强度以及包埋率均优于其他工艺。因此,利用玉米芯吸附-海藻酸钠包埋的方法可以有效提高植物乳杆菌包埋效率,为使用固定化技术制备微贮饲料菌剂奠定基础。     

蛋白质组学的研究方法

近年来,蛋白质组学的研究在生物医学领域正逐步深入,研究方法也正逐步完善。本文综述了蛋白质组学的几种研究方法,指出了各种方法的优点及局限性,并且对蛋白质组学的研究方法和前景进行了展望。     

Phage display in pharmaceutical biotechnology

Over the past year, methods for the construction of M13 phage-display libraries have been significantly improved and new display formats have been developed. Phage-displayed peptide libraries have been used to isolate specific ligands for numerous protein targets. New phage antibody libraries have further expanded the practical applications of the technology and phage cDNA libraries have proven useful in defining natural binding interactions. In addition, phage-display methods have been developed for the rapid determination of binding energetics at protein-protein interfaces.     

结构模型中预报方法的研究及其应用

本文对结构模型中未知真值在两种不同条件下的最佳预报方法进行了研究.其次,对因子模型预报方法进行了探讨.最后,分别举例说明了这些方法的应用.     

Secondary structure prediction and determination of proteins--a review

The rapid increase in sequence data in combination with a greater understanding of the forces regulating protein structure has been the impetus for an upsurge in the development of theoretical prediction methods. These methods have afforded protein chemists the ability to identify and quantify the various secondary structures along the protein chain. Concurrently, various physico-chemical techniques have been developed such as nuclear Overhauser enhancement n.m.r. and laser Raman spectroscopy. In addition, traditional methods such as infrared and circular dichroism spectroscopy have been refined. Although both predictive and physico-chemical techniques are limited in the types of secondary structure they are capable of determining, they have provided valuable information with regards to protein folding and topology in the absence of X-ray data, and have formed the basis for the development of improved methods for secondary structure determination. This paper reviews some of the predictive and physico-chemical methods presently used to determine protein secondary structure.     

基因治疗载体及其基因转移技术的关键问题与研究现状

目前使用的基因治疗载体及其基因转移技术中还没有一种能用于临床并永久有效的基因转移技术 .该文分析了直接体内转移、间接体内转移及其非载体法、病毒载体法、非病毒性生物载体法等基因治疗转移技术存在的一些关键问题 ,并探讨了各问题的解决办法或研究策略以及基因治疗载体研究的发展方向     

Gene transfer to the mammalian reproductive tract

This review summarizes the results of research on gene transfer to the mammalian genital tract. Gene transfer experiments have been developed during the last 2 decades and have been applied using in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo procedures. (i) In vitro methods have been applied to the uterine epithelial cells with the principal purpose of analysing some pathological change occurring in the uterus. In the male tract, epididymal cell lines have been used to evaluate the expression of particular genes and the function of specific proteins. (ii) Ex vivo methods have been applied to both the uterus and the vas deferens in humans, and good transgene expression has been recorded. (iii) In vivo gene transfer in the female tract has been employed in the uterus and oviduct using gene injections or electroporation methods. The glandular epithelium of both organs can be transfected efficiently, and transfection efficiency depends on the hormonal stage of the animal. The best expression occurred during pseudopregnancy and meta-estrus periods, when high progesterone and low estradiol concentrations occur. In the male tract, in vivo methods have been applied to mouse vas deferens and epididymis. In both organs, patches of epithelial regions appeared to express the transgenes. Furthermore, the secretions of both organs were also modified using gene constructions that led to the expression of some secretory proteins. In summary, gene modifications in the epithelium of the mammalian reproductive tract have been successful employing different technologies. Further improvements in transfection efficiency would help provide new insights into the physiology of these reproductive organs. Furthermore, the use of these methods could also be used to modify the fertility of mammals.     

A between-class overlapping filter-based method for transcriptome data analysis

Feature selection algorithms play a crucial role in identifying and discovering important genes for cancer classification. Feature selection algorithms can be broadly categorized into two main groups: filter-based methods and wrapper-based methods. Filter-based methods have been quite popular in the literature due to their many advantages, including computational efficiency, simplistic architecture, and an intuitively simple means of discovering biological and clinical aspects. However, these methods have limitations, and the classification accuracy of the selected genes is less accurate. In this paper, we propose a set of univariate filter-based methods using a between-class overlapping criterion. The proposed techniques have been compared with many other univariate filter-based methods using an acute leukemia dataset. The following properties have been examined: classification accuracy of the selected individual genes and the gene subsets; redundancy check among selected genes using ridge regression and LASSO methods; similarity and sensitivity analyses; functional analysis; and, stability analysis. A comprehensive experiment shows promising results for our proposed techniques. The univariate filter based methods using between-class overlapping criterion are accurate and robust, have biological significance, and are computationally efficient and easy to implement. Therefore, they are well suited for biological and clinical discoveries.     

Studies on some trace and minor elements in blood

Blood is one of the widely used specimens for biological trace element research because of its biological significance and ease of sampling. We have conducted a study of the blood of the Kalpakkam township population for trace and minor elements. For this purpose, analytical methods have been developed and standardized in our laboratory for the elemental analysis of blood plasma and red cells. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), a relatively new technique, has been applied for the analysis of trace elements. Details regarding spectral interference and matrix interference encountered in the analysis of blood and the methods of correcting them have been discussed. Flame atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS)/atomic emission spectrometry (AES) has been applied for the determination of minor elements. Precision and accuracy of these methods have also been discussed.     

Genetic engineering of antibiotic biosynthesis for the generation of new aminocoumarins

The aminocoumarin antibiotics novobiocin, clorobiocin and coumermycin A₁ are inhibitors of gyrase and highly effective antibacterial agents. Their biosynthetic gene clusters have been cloned from the respective Streptomyces producer strains, and the function of nearly all genes contained therein has been elucidated by genetic and biochemical methods. Efficient methods have been developed for the genetic manipulation and the heterologous expression of the clusters, and more than 100 new derivatives of these antibiotics have been generated by metabolic engineering, mutasynthesis and chemoenzymatic synthesis, providing a model for the power of genetic and genomic methods for the generation of new bioactive compounds.     

Degradation of chlorinated nitroaromatic compounds

Chlorinated nitroaromatic compounds (CNAs) are persistent environmental pollutants that have been introduced into the environment due to the anthropogenic activities. Bacteria that utilize CNAs as the sole sources of carbon and energy have been isolated from different contaminated and non-contaminated sites. Microbial metabolism of CNAs has been studied, and several metabolic pathways for degradation of CNAs have been proposed. Detoxification and biotransformation of CNAs have also been studied in various fungi, actinomycetes and bacteria. Several physicochemical methods have been used for treatment of wastewater containing CNAs; however, these methods are not suitable for in situ bioremediation. This review describes the current scenario of the degradation of CNAs.