磷脂酸和溶血磷脂酸的生理功能

磷脂酸（phosphatidic acid,PA)和溶血磷脂酸（lysophosphatidic acid,LPA)是细胞内和细胞外信号转导的重要磷脂信号分子。它们主要通过磷脂酶D和磷脂酶C两条途径产生,并且PA在磷脂酶A2的催化下可水解生成LPA。越来越多证据表明,PA和LPA在细胞诸多生理功能中起重要作用。本文主要介绍PA和LPA的生理功能及作用机制的研究进展。     

磷脂酸和溶血磷脂酸的生理功能

磷脂酸(phosphatidic acid, PA)和溶血磷脂酸(lysophosphatidic acid,LPA)是细胞内和细胞外信号转导的重要磷脂信号分子.它们主要通过磷脂酶D和磷脂酶C两条途径产生,并且PA在磷脂酶A2的催化下可水解生成LPA.越来越多证据表明,PA和LPA在细胞诸多生理功能中起重要作用.本文主要介绍PA和LPA的生理功能及作用机制的研究进展.     

Autotaxin-LPA轴在肥胖及其相关疾病中的作用

溶血磷脂酸(lysophosphatidic acid,LPA)是一种结构简单的生物活性脂质分子,可通过与细胞膜上的LPA受体(lysophosphatidic acid receptors,LPARs)结合参与调控细胞生命活动,在多种生理和病理过程中发挥作用.分泌型糖蛋白Autotaxin (ATX)具溶血磷脂酶D (lysophosphalipase D, lysoPLD)活性,能够催化溶血磷脂酰胆碱(lysophosphatidylcholine,LPC)水解生成LPA,这是循环系统中LPA的主要来源.近几年的研究表明,ATX在成熟脂肪细胞中高表达,ATX-LPA轴与肥胖及肥胖个体的糖脂代谢紊乱有密切的关系,被认为是肥胖相关疾病治疗的新靶点.本文综述了ATX-LPA轴在肥胖、胰岛素抵抗和非酒精性脂肪肝病中的作用及作用机制,为相关领域的基础研究和疾病防治提供新的思路和策略.     

溶血磷脂酸受体及其信号转导

溶血磷脂酸(lysophosphatidic acid,LPA)是一种类生长因子的脂类信号分子.在血栓形成过程中被激活的血小板可以产生LPA.自从证明LPA有胞外信号功能以后,许多新的生物活性又被不断发现.LPA最主要的作用是诱导各类细胞增殖.人们已经找到几种LPA受体cDNA克隆.LPA主要通过G蛋白偶联受体影响靶细胞功能,其信号转导系统包括已知的几条信号通路: 激活G_q从而激活磷脂酶C; 激活G_i从而抑制腺苷酸环化酶并激活MAPK级联通路; 激活G_12/13从而激活Rho级联通路等.     

溶血磷脂酸受体2

溶血磷脂酸受体2(lysophosphatidic acid receptor 2,LPA2),也称内皮分化基因受体4(endothelial differentiation gene receptor 4,EDG4),是溶血磷脂酸G蛋白偶联受体类的一种,对溶血磷脂酸有较高亲和力,可介导多种细胞活动。近年研究发现,LPA2/EDG4在卵巢癌细胞中过表达,同时与乳腺癌、结直肠癌、动脉粥样硬化、呼吸道疾病、妊娠性高血压等有着密切关系。     

溶血磷脂酸受体6

溶血磷脂酸受体6(lysophosphatidic acid receptor 6,LPA6)作为最晚确定的溶血磷脂酸(lysophosphatidic acid,LPA)受体,近年来多项研究发现LPA6参与毛囊发育过程,与人体毛发稀少症存在相关性;并可减弱细胞间的粘附作用。且最近相关研究报道指出,LPA6在肿瘤的发展过程中同样扮演重要角色。本文将汇集LPA6相关知识,对其研究现状进行综述。     

溶血磷脂酸--一种具有多种生物学功能的磷脂信号分子

溶血磷脂酸(Lysophosphatidic acid,LPA)是迄今发现的一种最小、结构最简单的磷脂,它是真核细胞磷脂生物合成早期阶段的关键性前体,甘油磷脂代谢的中间产物。60年代初,Vogt等人在实验中观察到,LPA能够引起免离体肠平滑肌收缩。这一现象使人们认识到LPA不仅仅是生物膜的组成成分可能还具有某些生物学功能。随后越来越多的研究表明:LPA作为一种细胞间的磷脂信使,可以激活G蛋白偶联受体,引起生长激素样作用,从而产生广泛的生物学效应。LPA对细胞的生长、增殖、分化及细胞内信息传递产生多种影响,在维持机体正常的生理功能,参与各种病理过程的发     

溶血磷脂酸受体及下游信号通路在心脏细胞生长中的调节作用

溶血磷脂酸（1ysophosphatidic acid,LPA）是一种十分活跃的磷脂信号分子,具有广泛的生物学效应,包括诱导神经轴突回缩、应力纤维形成、促进血小板凝集、诱导平滑肌收缩、刺激血管平滑肌细胞增殖等。LPA通过其受体及耦联的G蛋白调节细胞内信号途径,介导各种生物学效应。心脏组织中存在多种LPA受体亚型,尤其受体LPAl亚型在心脏组织中的含量仅次于脑,位居第二,暗示LPA在心脏中有重要的生物学功能。本文着重对LPA的5种受体亚型的组织分布、与G蛋白的耦联和对第二信使的活性调节,以及LPA及其受体亚型对心脏细胞的生长调节作一综述。     

溶血磷脂酸对离体培养的大鼠胚胎神经干细胞向神经胶质细胞分化的影响

本研究用免疫细胞化学荧光双标技术观察了溶血磷脂酸（lysophosphatidic acid,LPA）对大鼠胚胎神经干细胞（neural stem cells,NSCs）分化为少突胶质细胞（galactocerebroside—positive,Gal-C阳性）和星形胶质细胞（grim fibrillary acidic protein-positive,GFAP阳性）的影响,并且用RT-PCR技术对NSCs可能表达的LPA受体进行分析。结果显示：（1）加入不同浓度（0．010．0μmol／L）LPA,第7天进行检测时,少突胶质细胞数量呈明显的剂量依赖性增加,峰值出现在1．0μmol／LLPA组,少突胶质细胞所占百分比从对照组的8．5％增加到32．6％;（2）星形胶质细胞的分化几乎不受LPA的影响,第7天时各LPA处理组星形胶质细胞百分比与对照组相比均无显著性差异;（3）RT-PCR结果显示,大鼠胚胎NSCs的LPA1和LPA3受体表达明显,而LPA3受体表达很弱。以上结果表明,较低浓度的LPA可能作为细胞外信号,通过LPA1和LPA3受体促进大鼠胚胎NSCs向少突胶质细胞分化和生成,但对星形胶质细胞的分化过程无明显影响。     

溶血磷脂酸对β-淀粉样蛋白片段AβP31-35所致小鼠大脑皮层离体神经元凋亡的神经保护作用

已报道低浓度溶血磷脂酸(lysophosphatidic acid,LPA)对去血清培养所致的神经元凋亡有神经保护作用.为了进一步观察LPA是否对β-amyloid peptide fragment 31-35(AβP31-35)所致的神经元凋亡也起类似的作用,本研究应用DNA电泳分析、HO33342和TUNEL染色法等技术,对培养的小鼠大脑皮层神经元进行了观察.结果显示,只有使用较低浓度的LPA(1～10μmol/L)、并且将此剂量的LPA比AβP31-35提前12～24 h加入培养液时,才可看到LPA明显削弱了AβP31-35所致的神经元凋亡.以上结果表明,适当浓度的LPA在长时间预作用的条件下,可对AβP31-35所致的皮层神经元凋亡起保护因子或抗凋亡因子的作用,但其作用途径可能较在去血清培养所致的凋亡时更为复杂,因为在去血清的同时加入LPA就能制止去血清所致的凋亡.     

Crystal structures and biochemical studies of human lysophosphatidic acid phosphatase type 6

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is an important bioactive phospholipid involved in cell signaling through Gprotein- coupled receptors pathways. It is also involved in balancing the lipid composition inside the cell, and modulates the function of lipid rafts as an intermediate in phospholipid metabolism. Because of its involvement in these important processes, LPA degradation needs to be regulated as precisely as its production. Lysophosphatidic acid phosphatase type 6 (ACP6) is an LPA-specific acid phosphatase that hydrolyzes LPA to monoacylglycerol (MAG) and phosphate. Here, we report three crystal structures of human ACP6 in complex with malonate, L- (+)-tartrate and tris, respectively. Our analyses revealed that ACP6 possesses a highly conserved Rossmann-foldlike body domain as well as a less conserved cap domain. The vast hydrophobic substrate-binding pocket, which is located between those two domains, is suitable for accommodating LPA, and its shape is different from that of other histidine acid phosphatases, a fact that is consistent with the observed difference in substrate preferences. Our analysis of the binding of three molecules in the active site reveals the involvement of six conserved and crucial residues in binding of the LPA phosphate group and its catalysis. The structure also indicates a water-supplying channel for substrate hydrolysis. Our structural data are consistent with the fact that the enzyme is active as a monomer. In combination with additional mutagenesis and enzyme activity studies, our structural data provide important insights into substrate recognition and the mechanism for catalytic activity of ACP6.     

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and its receptors: Role in airway inflammation and remodeling

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a simple bioactive phospholipid, is present in biological fluids such as plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). It appears to have both pro- and anti-inflammatory roles in inflammatory lung diseases. Exogenous LPA promotes inflammatory responses by regulating the expression of chemokines, cytokines, and cytokine receptors in lung epithelial cells. In addition to the modulation of inflammatory responses, LPA regulates cytoskeleton rearrangement and confers protection against lung injury by enhancing lung epithelial cell barrier integrity and remodeling. The biological effects of LPA are mediated through its cell surface G-protein coupled LPA_1–7 receptors. The roles of LPA receptors in lung fibrosis, asthma, and acute lung injury have been investigated using genetically engineered LPA receptor deficient mice and there appears to be a definitive role for endogenous LPA and its receptors in the pathogenesis of pulmonary inflammatory diseases. This review summarizes recent reports on the role of LPA and its receptors in the regulation of lung epithelial inflammatory responses and remodeling. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Advances in Lysophospholipid Research.     

LPA induces osteoblast differentiation through interplay of two receptors: LPA1 and LPA4

The bioactive phospholipid, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), acting through at least five distinct receptors LPA1–LPA5, plays important roles in numerous biological processes. Here we report that LPA induces osteoblastic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells hMSC‐TERT. We find that hMSC‐TERT mostly express two LPA receptors, LPA1 and LPA4, and undergo osteoblastic differentiation in serum‐containing medium. Inhibition of LPA1 with Ki16425 completely abrogates osteogenesis, indicating that this process is mediated by LPA in the serum through activation of LPA1. In contrast to LPA1, down‐regulation of LPA4 expression with shRNA significantly increases osteogenesis, suggesting that this receptor normally exerts negative effects on differentiation. Mechanistically, we find that in hMSC‐TERT, LPA induces a rise in both cAMP and Ca²⁺. The rise in Ca²⁺ is completely abolished by Ki16425, whereas LPA‐mediated cAMP increase is not sensitive to Ki16425. To test if LPA signaling pathways controlling osteogenesis in vitro translate into animal physiology, we evaluated the bones of LPA4‐deficient mice. Consistent with the ability of LPA4 to inhibit osteoblastic differentiation of stem cells, LPA4‐deficient mice have increased trabecular bone volume, number, and thickness. J. Cell. Biochem. 109: 794–800, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

LPA in neural cell development

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) elicits diverse cellular responses through cell surface LPA receptors in nervous system-derived cells and cell lines. The developing nervous system is one of the major loci for LPA receptor expression. Recent studies have also revealed that metabolic pathways of LPA are present in the nervous system. A growing body of literature suggests a crucial role for LPA in neuronal development processes, including neurogenesis, neuronal migration, neuritogenesis, and myelination.     

Convergent Regulation of Neuronal Differentiation and Erk and Akt Kinases in Human Neural Progenitor Cells by Lysophosphatidic Acid,Sphingosine 1-Phosphate,and LIF: Specific Roles for the LPA1 Receptor

The bioactive lysophospholipids lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) have diverse effects on the developing nervous system and neural progenitors, but the molecular basis for their pleiotropic effects is poorly understood. We previously defined LPA and S1P signaling in proliferating human neural progenitor (hNP) cells, and the current study investigates their role in neuronal differentiation of these cells. Differentiation in the presence of LPA or S1P significantly enhanced cell survival and decreased expression of neuronal markers. Further, the LPA receptor antagonist Ki16425 fully blocked the effects of LPA, and differentiation in the presence of Ki16425 dramatically enhanced neurite length. LPA and S1P robustly activated Erk, but surprisingly both strongly suppressed Akt activation. Ki16425 and pertussis toxin blocked LPA activation of Erk but not LPA inhibition of Akt, suggesting distinct receptor and G-protein subtypes mediate these effects. Finally, we explored cross talk between lysophospholipid signaling and the cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). LPA/S1P effects on neuronal differentiation were amplified in the presence of LIF. Similarly, the ability of LPA/S1P to regulate Erk and Akt was impacted by the presence of LIF; LIF enhanced the inhibitory effect of LPA/S1P on Akt phosphorylation, while LIF blunted the activation of Erk by LPA/S1P. Taken together, our results suggest that LPA and S1P enhance survival and inhibit neuronal differentiation of hNP cells, and LPA1 is critical for the effect of LPA. The pleiotropic effects of LPA may reflect differences in receptor subtype expression or cross talk with LIF receptor signaling.     

Lysophosphatidic acid‐triggered pathways promote the acquisition of trophoblast endovascular phenotype in vitro

Successful implantation and placentation requires that extravillous cytotrophoblast acquires an endovascular phenotype and remodels uterine spiral arteries. Defects in this mechanism correlate with severe obstetric complications as implantation failure and preeclampsia. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) participates in embryo implantation and contributes to vascular physiology in different biological systems. However, the role of LPA on trophoblast endovascular transformation has not been studied. Due to difficulties in studying human pregnancy in vivo, we adopted a pharmacological approach in vitro to investigate LPA action in various aspects of trophoblast endovascular response, such as the formation of endothelial capillary‐like structures, migration, and proliferation. The HTR‐8/SVneo cell line established from human first trimester cytotrophoblast was used to model the acquisition of the endovascular phenotype by the invading trophoblast. LPA increased HTR‐8/SVneo tube formation, migration (wound healing assay and phalloidin staining) and proliferation (MTT assay). LPA G protein‐coupled receptors, LPA₁ and LPA₃, were expressed in HTR‐8/SVneo. By using selective antagonists, we showed that enhanced tubulogenesis was mediated by LPA₃. In addition, cyclooxygenase‐2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase pathways participated in LPA‐stimulated tubulogenesis. Inducible nitric oxide synthase was activated downstream cyclooxygenase‐2. Furthermore, prostaglandin E2 and a nitric oxide donor (SNAP) increased trophoblast tube formation in a concentration‐dependent manner. Finally, we observed that cyclooxygenase‐2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase were localized in the nucleus, and LPA did not modify their cellular distribution. Our results show that LPA‐triggered regulatory pathways promote trophoblast endovascular response in vitro, suggesting a new role for LPA during spiral artery remodeling at the maternal‐fetal interface.     

Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase is essential for lysophosphatidic acid-induced cell migration in ovarian cancer cells

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive phospholipid that affects various biological functions, such as cell proliferation, migration, and survival, through LPA receptors. Among them, the motility of cancer cells is an especially important activity for invasion and metastasis. Recently, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an energy-sensing kinase, was shown to regulate cell migration. However, the specific role of AMPK in cancer cell migration is unknown. The present study investigated whether LPA could induce AMPK activation and whether this process was associated with cell migration in ovarian cancer cells. We found that LPA led to a striking increase in AMPK phosphorylation in pathways involving the phospholipase C-β3 (PLC-β3) and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β (CaMKKβ) in SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells. siRNA-mediated knockdown of AMPKα1, PLC-β3, or (CaMKKβ) impaired the stimulatory effects of LPA on cell migration. Furthermore, we found that knockdown of AMPKα1 abrogated LPA-induced activation of the small GTPase RhoA and ezrin/radixin/moesin proteins regulating membrane dynamics as membrane-cytoskeleton linkers. In ovarian cancer xenograft models, knockdown of AMPK significantly decreased peritoneal dissemination and lung metastasis. Taken together, our results suggest that activation of AMPK by LPA induces cell migration through the signaling pathway to cytoskeletal dynamics and increases tumor metastasis in ovarian cancer.     

Geldanamycin specifically modulates thrombin-mediated morphological changes in mouse neuroblasts

Regulation of neuronal morphology and extension of cell processes are required for normal synaptic connections and signaling. Thrombin, a serine protease, regulates neuronal morphological changes by activating protease activated receptor-1 (PAR-1), a seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor. Thrombin-mediated morphological changes precede its diverse action on neurons, and the drugs that regulate these morphological changes have important therapeutic implications. The present study was carried out to evaluate the role of geldanamycin, a specific inhibitor of Hsp90 on thrombin-induced regulation of neuronal morphology. Incubation of mouse neuroblasts (NB2a) with geldanamycin prevented thrombin-mediated neurite retraction in a dose-dependent manner. Geldanamycin also blocked thrombin-induced activation of RhoA, a small GTP binding protein involved in the cytoskeletal signaling. To determine the specificity of geldanamycin action, its effect on lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-induced morphological changes was examined. Geldanamycin did not have any effect on LPA-induced neurite retraction and RhoA activation indicating a specific role for this drug in the regulation of thrombin-mediated morphological changes.