溶血磷脂酸受体2

溶血磷脂酸受体2(lysophosphatidic acid receptor 2,LPA2),也称内皮分化基因受体4(endothelial differentiation gene receptor 4,EDG4),是溶血磷脂酸G蛋白偶联受体类的一种,对溶血磷脂酸有较高亲和力,可介导多种细胞活动。近年研究发现,LPA2/EDG4在卵巢癌细胞中过表达,同时与乳腺癌、结直肠癌、动脉粥样硬化、呼吸道疾病、妊娠性高血压等有着密切关系。     

溶血磷脂酸受体及其信号转导

溶血磷脂酸(lysophosphatidic acid,LPA)是一种类生长因子的脂类信号分子.在血栓形成过程中被激活的血小板可以产生LPA.自从证明LPA有胞外信号功能以后,许多新的生物活性又被不断发现.LPA最主要的作用是诱导各类细胞增殖.人们已经找到几种LPA受体cDNA克隆.LPA主要通过G蛋白偶联受体影响靶细胞功能,其信号转导系统包括已知的几条信号通路: 激活G_q从而激活磷脂酶C; 激活G_i从而抑制腺苷酸环化酶并激活MAPK级联通路; 激活G_12/13从而激活Rho级联通路等.     

磷脂酸和溶血磷脂酸的生理功能

磷脂酸（phosphatidic acid,PA)和溶血磷脂酸（lysophosphatidic acid,LPA)是细胞内和细胞外信号转导的重要磷脂信号分子。它们主要通过磷脂酶D和磷脂酶C两条途径产生,并且PA在磷脂酶A2的催化下可水解生成LPA。越来越多证据表明,PA和LPA在细胞诸多生理功能中起重要作用。本文主要介绍PA和LPA的生理功能及作用机制的研究进展。     

磷脂酸和溶血磷脂酸的生理功能

磷脂酸(phosphatidic acid, PA)和溶血磷脂酸(lysophosphatidic acid,LPA)是细胞内和细胞外信号转导的重要磷脂信号分子.它们主要通过磷脂酶D和磷脂酶C两条途径产生,并且PA在磷脂酶A2的催化下可水解生成LPA.越来越多证据表明,PA和LPA在细胞诸多生理功能中起重要作用.本文主要介绍PA和LPA的生理功能及作用机制的研究进展.     

溶血磷脂酸受体及下游信号通路在心脏细胞生长中的调节作用

溶血磷脂酸（1ysophosphatidic acid,LPA）是一种十分活跃的磷脂信号分子,具有广泛的生物学效应,包括诱导神经轴突回缩、应力纤维形成、促进血小板凝集、诱导平滑肌收缩、刺激血管平滑肌细胞增殖等。LPA通过其受体及耦联的G蛋白调节细胞内信号途径,介导各种生物学效应。心脏组织中存在多种LPA受体亚型,尤其受体LPAl亚型在心脏组织中的含量仅次于脑,位居第二,暗示LPA在心脏中有重要的生物学功能。本文着重对LPA的5种受体亚型的组织分布、与G蛋白的耦联和对第二信使的活性调节,以及LPA及其受体亚型对心脏细胞的生长调节作一综述。     

溶血磷脂酸--一种具有多种生物学功能的磷脂信号分子

溶血磷脂酸(Lysophosphatidic acid,LPA)是迄今发现的一种最小、结构最简单的磷脂,它是真核细胞磷脂生物合成早期阶段的关键性前体,甘油磷脂代谢的中间产物。60年代初,Vogt等人在实验中观察到,LPA能够引起免离体肠平滑肌收缩。这一现象使人们认识到LPA不仅仅是生物膜的组成成分可能还具有某些生物学功能。随后越来越多的研究表明:LPA作为一种细胞间的磷脂信使,可以激活G蛋白偶联受体,引起生长激素样作用,从而产生广泛的生物学效应。LPA对细胞的生长、增殖、分化及细胞内信息传递产生多种影响,在维持机体正常的生理功能,参与各种病理过程的发     

溶血磷脂酸对离体培养的大鼠胚胎神经干细胞向神经胶质细胞分化的影响

本研究用免疫细胞化学荧光双标技术观察了溶血磷脂酸（lysophosphatidic acid,LPA）对大鼠胚胎神经干细胞（neural stem cells,NSCs）分化为少突胶质细胞（galactocerebroside—positive,Gal-C阳性）和星形胶质细胞（grim fibrillary acidic protein-positive,GFAP阳性）的影响,并且用RT-PCR技术对NSCs可能表达的LPA受体进行分析。结果显示：（1）加入不同浓度（0．010．0μmol／L）LPA,第7天进行检测时,少突胶质细胞数量呈明显的剂量依赖性增加,峰值出现在1．0μmol／LLPA组,少突胶质细胞所占百分比从对照组的8．5％增加到32．6％;（2）星形胶质细胞的分化几乎不受LPA的影响,第7天时各LPA处理组星形胶质细胞百分比与对照组相比均无显著性差异;（3）RT-PCR结果显示,大鼠胚胎NSCs的LPA1和LPA3受体表达明显,而LPA3受体表达很弱。以上结果表明,较低浓度的LPA可能作为细胞外信号,通过LPA1和LPA3受体促进大鼠胚胎NSCs向少突胶质细胞分化和生成,但对星形胶质细胞的分化过程无明显影响。     

溶血磷脂酸对家猫心肌细胞蛋白激酶C分布的影响

本文观察了溶血磷脂酸（ＬＰＡ）对心肌细胞内蛋白激酶Ｃ（ＰＫＣ）分布的影响。在离体家猫心脏灌流ＬＰＡ（１０－８ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）后差速离心分别制备心肌细胞胞浆、核及肌膜,测定各部分ＰＫＣ活性。结果显示：与对照组比较,ＬＰＡ组心肌总ＰＫＣ活性增加９．８％（Ｐ＜０．０５）,但胞浆ＰＫＣ活性降低１０．３％（Ｐ＜０．０５）,膜与核的活性分别增加３８．８％和７７．６％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：ＬＰＡ刺激心肌细胞ＰＫＣ活性增强,并可能使ＰＫＣ从胞浆向胞核和肌膜部分转移     

自分泌运动因子-溶血磷脂酸轴的生物学功能与调控

自分泌运动因子(autotaxin,ATX)也称作磷酸二酯酶Iα,是核苷酸焦磷酸酶/磷酸二酯酶家族(nucleotide pyrophosphatases,NPPs)中的一员,因而也称作NPP2.ATX是NPPs中唯一具有溶血磷脂酶D(lysophospholipase D,lysoPLD)活性的成员,它可以将溶血磷脂...     

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and its receptors: Role in airway inflammation and remodeling

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a simple bioactive phospholipid, is present in biological fluids such as plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). It appears to have both pro- and anti-inflammatory roles in inflammatory lung diseases. Exogenous LPA promotes inflammatory responses by regulating the expression of chemokines, cytokines, and cytokine receptors in lung epithelial cells. In addition to the modulation of inflammatory responses, LPA regulates cytoskeleton rearrangement and confers protection against lung injury by enhancing lung epithelial cell barrier integrity and remodeling. The biological effects of LPA are mediated through its cell surface G-protein coupled LPA_1–7 receptors. The roles of LPA receptors in lung fibrosis, asthma, and acute lung injury have been investigated using genetically engineered LPA receptor deficient mice and there appears to be a definitive role for endogenous LPA and its receptors in the pathogenesis of pulmonary inflammatory diseases. This review summarizes recent reports on the role of LPA and its receptors in the regulation of lung epithelial inflammatory responses and remodeling. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Advances in Lysophospholipid Research.     

Expression of Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor in Rat Astrocytes: Mitogenic Effect and Expression of Neurotrophic Genes

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a phospholipid mediator with a variety of biological activities. It remains unknown, however, which cells in the brain express the LPA receptor. The present study was undertaken to identify cells in the rat brain expressing functional LPA receptors, and to explore biological roles of LPA in these cells. We found that the LPA receptor was most dominantly expressed in rat astrocytes, determined by LPA-induced Ca²⁺ imaging, and by Northern blot analyses. LPA induced a mitogenic response and expression of immediate early genes in astrocytes, through pertussis-toxin sensitive G-protein(s). LPA also stimulated the expression of various cytokine genes, including nerve growth factor, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-3 and IL-6. Thus, astrocytes are the major target of LPA in the brain. We propose that LPA may play important roles in neuronal development, gliosis and wound-healing process in the brain.     

Lysophosphatidic receptor, LPA3, is positively and negatively regulated by progesterone and estrogen in the mouse uterus

Reciprocal interactions between blastocysts and receptive uteri are essential for successful implantation. This process is regulated by the timely interplay of two ovarian hormones, progesterone and estrogen. However, the molecular targets of these hormones are largely unknown. We showed recently that a small bioactive lysophospholipid, lysophosphatidic acid, plays a pivotal role in the establishment of implantation via its cellular receptor, LPA(3). Here we demonstrate that LPA(3) expression is positively and negatively regulated by steroid hormones in mouse uteri. The LPA(3) mRNA level in the uteri increased during early pseudopregnancy, peaking around 3.5 days post coitus (3.5 d.p.c.), then, decreased to the basal level on 4.5 d.p.c. LPA(3) expression remained at a low level in ovariectomized mice, and administration of progesterone to ovariectomized mice up-regulated LPA(3) mRNA expression. In addition, simultaneous administration of estrogen counteracted the effect of progesterone. These results show that progesterone and estrogen cooperatively regulate LPA(3) expression, thereby contributing to the receptivity of uteri during early pregnancy.     

Lysophosphatidic acid inhibits anti-Fas-mediated apoptosis enhanced by actin depolymerization in epithelial ovarian cancer

Conflicting reports exist on the effect of actin depolymerization in anti-Fas-induced apoptosis. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) has been found to inhibit apoptosis in variable cell types. In this study, we evaluated LPA's protective effects on anti-Fas-induced apoptosis enhanced by actin depolymerization and possible mechanisms in epithelial ovarian cancer. OVCAR3 cells were pretreated with vehicle or LPA, then treated with Cytochalasin D (Cyto D), followed with anti-Fas mAb to induce apoptosis. Cells were stained with apoptotic markers and analyzed by flow cytometry. We report that LPA inhibited anti-Fas-induced apoptosis enhanced by actin depolymerization. Immunoprecipition of Fas death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) and Western blot suggested that the actin depolymerization accelerated caspase-8 activation, while LPA inhibited the association and activation of caspase-8 at the DISC. LPA inhibited caspase-3 and 7 activation induced by anti-Fas and/or Cyto D in cytosols. Phosphorylation of ERK and Bad112 by LPA may play a role in preventing caspase-3 activation through mitochondrial pathway induced by Cyto D. Our investigation found that LPA inhibited anti-Fas-induced apoptosis enhanced by actin depolymerization, and LPA may protect epithelial ovarian cancer from immune cell attack and cytoskeleton disrupting reagents induced apoptosis through multiple pathways.     

Regulation of Astrocyte Morphology by RhoA and Lysophosphatidic Acid

Astrocytes in the CNS undergo morphological changes and start to proliferate after breakdown of the blood–brain barrier. In culture, proliferating astrocytes have a flat, polygonal shape. When treated with cAMP-raising agents, astrocytes adopt a stellate, process-bearing morphology resembling theirin vivoappearance. Stellation is accompanied by loss of actin stress fibers and focal adhesions. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a blood-borne mitogen that signals through its cognate G protein-coupled receptor, stimulates DNA synthesis in astrocytes and causes rapid reversal of cAMP-induced stellation. LPA reversal of stellation is initiated by f-actin reassembly and tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion proteins such as paxillin. Botulinum C3 toxin, which inactivates the Rho GTPase, mimics cAMP-raising agents in inducing stellation, f-actin disassembly, paxillin dephosphorylation, and growth arrest. However, unlike cAMP-induced stellation, C3-induced stellation cannot be reversed by LPA. Conversely, astrocytes expressing activated RhoA fail to undergo cAMP-induced stellation. Thus, RhoA controls astrocyte morphology in that active RhoA directs LPA reversal of stellation, while inactivation of RhoA is sufficient to induce stellation.     

Convergent Regulation of Neuronal Differentiation and Erk and Akt Kinases in Human Neural Progenitor Cells by Lysophosphatidic Acid,Sphingosine 1-Phosphate,and LIF: Specific Roles for the LPA1 Receptor

The bioactive lysophospholipids lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) have diverse effects on the developing nervous system and neural progenitors, but the molecular basis for their pleiotropic effects is poorly understood. We previously defined LPA and S1P signaling in proliferating human neural progenitor (hNP) cells, and the current study investigates their role in neuronal differentiation of these cells. Differentiation in the presence of LPA or S1P significantly enhanced cell survival and decreased expression of neuronal markers. Further, the LPA receptor antagonist Ki16425 fully blocked the effects of LPA, and differentiation in the presence of Ki16425 dramatically enhanced neurite length. LPA and S1P robustly activated Erk, but surprisingly both strongly suppressed Akt activation. Ki16425 and pertussis toxin blocked LPA activation of Erk but not LPA inhibition of Akt, suggesting distinct receptor and G-protein subtypes mediate these effects. Finally, we explored cross talk between lysophospholipid signaling and the cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). LPA/S1P effects on neuronal differentiation were amplified in the presence of LIF. Similarly, the ability of LPA/S1P to regulate Erk and Akt was impacted by the presence of LIF; LIF enhanced the inhibitory effect of LPA/S1P on Akt phosphorylation, while LIF blunted the activation of Erk by LPA/S1P. Taken together, our results suggest that LPA and S1P enhance survival and inhibit neuronal differentiation of hNP cells, and LPA1 is critical for the effect of LPA. The pleiotropic effects of LPA may reflect differences in receptor subtype expression or cross talk with LIF receptor signaling.     

急性冠状动脉综合症患者血浆溶血磷脂酸及基质金属蛋白酶-9水平的检测及意义

目的：探讨急性冠状动脉综合症（acute coronary syndromes,ACS）患者血浆溶血磷脂酸（lysophatidic acid,LPA）及基质金属蛋白酶-9（matrix metalloproteinase-9,MMP．9）水平的变化,探讨其在ACS中可能的临床意义。方法：入选100例ACS患者,根据病情将其分为怠性心肌梗死（AMI）组50例,不稳定型心绞痛（UAP）组50例,并入选40例健康者作为对照组,分别用无机磷定量法和酶联免疫吸附测定法测定血浆LPA、MMP-9水平。结果：AMI组血浆LPA、MMP-9水平显著高于UAP组（LPA：3．29±0．42vs2．67±0．37;MMP-9：481．7±86．5VS237．85±65．34,P〈0．01）并且两组均显著高于对照组（LPA：1．82±0．31;MMP-9：87．42±23．85P〈0．01）;LPA与MMP-9水平呈正相关（r=O．224,P〈0．05）。结论：UIA与MMP-9可能是提示不稳定斑块的形成、破裂,进而导致急性冠状动脉综合征的危险信号。     

雌激素受体在抗皮肤老化过程中的多效性

雌激素在抗皮肤老化过程中起着重要作用,其通过与皮肤上的雌激素受体结合发挥作用。不同亚型的雌激素受体介导不同的信号传导通路。皮肤细胞中雌激素受体的分布不仅存在数量差异更有类别差异,这些差异性和雌激素受体本身的基因多态性决定了其作用的多效性。简要综述了不同亚型雌激素受体在各皮肤解剖层次中抗老化作用的研究进展。     

Geldanamycin specifically modulates thrombin-mediated morphological changes in mouse neuroblasts

Regulation of neuronal morphology and extension of cell processes are required for normal synaptic connections and signaling. Thrombin, a serine protease, regulates neuronal morphological changes by activating protease activated receptor-1 (PAR-1), a seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor. Thrombin-mediated morphological changes precede its diverse action on neurons, and the drugs that regulate these morphological changes have important therapeutic implications. The present study was carried out to evaluate the role of geldanamycin, a specific inhibitor of Hsp90 on thrombin-induced regulation of neuronal morphology. Incubation of mouse neuroblasts (NB2a) with geldanamycin prevented thrombin-mediated neurite retraction in a dose-dependent manner. Geldanamycin also blocked thrombin-induced activation of RhoA, a small GTP binding protein involved in the cytoskeletal signaling. To determine the specificity of geldanamycin action, its effect on lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-induced morphological changes was examined. Geldanamycin did not have any effect on LPA-induced neurite retraction and RhoA activation indicating a specific role for this drug in the regulation of thrombin-mediated morphological changes.