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1.
何春霞  李吉跃  孟平  张燕香 《生态学报》2010,30(14):3828-3838
除了自身的遗传因素外,植物对稳定碳同位素的分馏还受温度、水分状况、光照等多种环境因素的影响。通过对生长在中国北热带、亚热带和温带的13个气候区树木的稳定碳同位素分馏与环境要素的关系的研究得出,不同气候条件下树木叶片稳定碳同位素比率(δ13C)和稳定碳同位素分辨率(Δ)差异明显,分别在-23.759‰--33.914‰和14.581‰-24.354‰的范围内。且由南向北,δ13C值呈现逐渐加重的趋势、而Δ值逐渐减小。年均温度、相对湿度、降雨量及无霜期等与δ13C值呈显著负相关、与Δ值显著正相关;年均日照时数、气温年较差、蒸发量、纬度及海拔等与δ13C值呈显著正相关、而与Δ值显著负相关;而经度、年极端最高气温等与δ13C和Δ值的相关性较弱。δ13C和Δ值的变化幅度和趋势在年均温度、年较差、无霜期、活动积温分别达到约19℃、23℃、309d、6000℃出现转折,这些指标在此基础上继续增加反而使叶片δ13C值增大、Δ值减小。而当年均降雨量和相对湿度分别超过1105mm、75%以及蒸发量小于约1700mm后,δ13C和Δ值随之变化的幅度也变小。结果表明在亚热带和温带的分界线以南,水热条件均能满足植物正常生理活动的需要,环境条件的相对改变对植物生理活动及叶片稳定碳同位素分馏的影响较小;而在北方,干旱、低温等极端的外界环境条件加剧了对植物生长和生理指标的影响、造成了不同环境梯度下叶片稳定碳同位素分馏的差异。  相似文献   

2.
马晔  刘锦春 《西北植物学报》2013,33(7):1492-1500
稳定碳同位素技术已成为研究植物与环境之间关系最有效的方法之一。由于植物羧化效率的不同、12 C和13 C在植物体内迁移速率以及外界环境的不同,不同植物体内稳定性碳同位素比率(δ13 C值)有一定的差异。该文概述了稳定碳同位素的基本理论,并从气孔导度、叶肉细胞导度、叶片羧化效率分析了δ13 C变化的生物学机理;对近年来国内外有关不同环境因子对植物δ13 C值的影响、δ13 C值在群落及生态系统水平(以功能群、群落冠层及树轮为重点)、以及δ13 C值在碳循环中的应用研究进展进行综述,为以后稳定碳同位素研究提供参考。  相似文献   

3.
利用稳定碳同位素技术分析了辽宁省五味子果实、果梗、叶片稳定碳同位素组成(δ13C)随生长时间的变化规律及果实δ13C值与环境因子之间的关系。结果表明:植物不同器官δ13C值差异显著(P0.01),表现为果实(-26.356‰)果梗(-26.620‰)叶片(-28.327‰),说明光合产物由光合作用器官到非光合作用器官存在明显的碳同位素分馏,非光合作用器官之间也存在差异。随着时间变化,五味子果实δ13C值相对稳定,果梗δ13C值降低,叶片δ13C值显著降低(P0.001)。五味子果实δ13C值随纬度的升高略有升高(R=0.101),与大气δ13C值呈弱负相关(R=-0.204)。果实δ13C值随纬度的变化为利用同位素技术进行五味子产地鉴别提供了理论依据。  相似文献   

4.
稳定碳同位素测定水分利用效率——以决明子为例   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
陈平  张劲松  孟平  何春霞  贾长荣  李建中 《生态学报》2014,34(19):5453-5459
通过称重法和稳定碳同位素方法对盆栽决明子生长不同时期不同部位(根、茎、叶)的碳同位素组成(δ13C)、碳同位素分辨率(Δ)和水分利用效率(WUE)进行了研究,并分析了它们之间的相关关系,结果表明:决明子不同部位δ13C值表现为根茎叶,Δ为根茎叶,不同时期方差分析显示只有根部差异显著,茎叶的δ13C值、碳同位素分辨率分别与水分利用效率呈显著的正相关和负相关关系。称重法得出的WUE和不同部位(根、茎、叶)碳同位素测定的水分利用效率(WUER、WUES、WUEL)有显著正线性相关,其中与WUEL相关系数最大为0.86,与WUES、WUER的相关系数分别为0.80和0.82。说明利用稳定碳同位素方法测定决明子水分利用效率具有可行性,尤其是利用叶片测定的水分利用效率得到更为可靠的结果。  相似文献   

5.
刘莹  李鹏  沈冰  冯朝红  刘琦  张祎 《生态学报》2017,37(9):3055-3064
本研究以黄土高原乡土草种白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemum(L.)Keng.)为研究对象,采用盆栽控制实验,比较白羊草在3个水分处理(CK80%FC、MS60%FC和SS 40%FC)下的生物量积累和分配模式、瞬时水分利用效率(WUE)、不同部位(新叶、老叶、茎、细根、粗根)的稳定碳同位素组成(δ~(13)C)和碳同位素分辨率(Δ~(13)C)及其相互关系,以及干旱胁迫下影响水分利用效率的主导环境因子。结果表明:1)重度干旱胁迫显著降低植物整体生物量,显著增加根冠比和细根生物量比例;2)随着干旱胁迫加剧,白羊草各器官的δ~(13)C均呈上升趋势,Δ~(13)C呈减小趋势,SS处理不同器官δ~(13)C和Δ~(13)C没有显著差异,CK和MS处理的各器官δ~(13)C均值表现分别为细根粗根老叶新叶茎、细根新叶老叶粗根茎,CK和MS处理Δ~(13)C的值总体呈根叶茎。3)新叶的δ~(13)CNL和Δ~(13)CNL与WUE的相关系数均最大,说明利用稳定碳同位素方法测定白羊草水分利用效率具有可行性。4)不同水分处理的WUE的主导影响因子不同,CK、MS、SS水分处理WUE分别受到叶面温度、大气水汽压亏缺和空气温度的影响最大。为采用稳定碳同位素方法指示白羊草水分利用效率可行性及阐明植物的胁迫响应机制提供理论依据。  相似文献   

6.
青藏高原东部典型高山植物叶片δ13C的季节变化   总被引:10,自引:1,他引:9  
通过对青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统28种高山植物叶片不同月份稳定碳同位素组成的测定,研究植物δ 13C值在不同季节变化及其与环境之间的关系,试图找出影响δ 13C值变化的关键环境因子.结果表明植物δ13C值在不同月份间有显著性差异(P<0.01),生长初期(6月)δ13C值明显高于生长末期(8月).植物的δ13C值变化主要是由于温度和降水引起的,随温度和降雨量降低而偏重.另外,不同生长期植物叶片的成熟度可能对植物δ13C的变化有一定的贡献.不同种植物稳定性碳同位素值变化差别很大,反应了不同植物对环境变化的不同响应.  相似文献   

7.
靳翔  徐庆  刘世荣  姜春前 《生态学报》2014,34(7):1831-1840
树木年轮(简称树轮)碳稳定同位素技术是研究树轮气候学的一种有效方法。利用四川卧龙亚高山暗针叶林不同海拔高度岷江冷杉树轮样本资料,提取该树轮稳定碳同位素(δ13C)和去趋势序列(DS),研究其树轮碳稳定同位素序列对气候要素(降水、月平均温度和月平均相对湿度)的响应关系,初步揭示了在全球气候变化背景下,川西亚高山森林岷江冷杉树木生长对气候因子变化(气候变暖、降水减少等)的响应方式。主要结论有:(1)岷江冷杉树轮δ13C组成变化范围为-23.33‰—-26.31‰,平均值为-24.91‰,变异系数为-0.011—-0.038,并表现出较强的一阶自相关;其对环境变化有较好的指示作用,表明岷江冷杉树轮δ13C组成在年际变化中较为稳定。(2)低海拔的岷江冷杉树轮δ13C分馏主要与当年8月月平均相对湿度和当年12月月平均温度相关性显著(P0.05);高海拔岷江冷杉树轮δ13C分馏主要与上一年8月月平均相对湿度和当年4月月平均温度相关性显著(P0.05);中海拔的岷江冷杉树轮δ13C分馏主要与上一年1、11月月平均温度和当年2、11月月平均温度相关性显著(P0.05),冬季温度是中海拔区岷江冷杉树木生长的限制因子,且具有明显的"滞后效应"。川西卧龙亚高山暗针叶林岷江冷杉树木径向生长主要受到气温的制约,从生物学基础上阐明了树木生长与环境的关系,冬季温度的升高,有利于植物生长期的提前,植物生长旺盛,抗旱能力减弱;同时证明了建群种岷江冷杉对雨水的依赖很小,这有利于植物生存,且维持了该植物群落的稳定性。该研究弥补了我国青藏高原高海拔地区气象台站稀少、观测资料时间短缺,为预测未来气候变化对岷江冷杉树木径向生长变化提供了科学的依据。  相似文献   

8.
近70年来黄土高原典型植物δ13C值变化研究   总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11       下载免费PDF全文
 对黄土高原地区4种典型C3植物狼牙刺(Sophora viciifolia)、辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)、虎榛子(Ostryopsis davidiana)和酸枣(Zizyphus jujuba var. spinosa)样品稳定性碳同位素组分(δ13C)进行分析,研究了从20世纪30年代至今近70年中不同年代植物δ13C值的变化。结果表明,在近70年中,4种植物δ13C值变化范围为-25.05‰~-29.75‰,平均值为-27.04‰。4种植物叶片δ13C值均呈下降趋势,表明随气候环境变化,近70年4种植物的水分利用效率(WUE)均呈降低趋势。但不同植物叶片δ13C值下降幅度不同:狼牙刺和辽东栎叶片δ13C值下降非常明显,虎榛子叶片δ13C值下降也较明显,而酸枣叶片δ13C值下降不明显。4种植物δ13C值的降低率分别为14.65%、14.46%、11.99%和2.44%,说明不同植物对气候环境因子的敏感性不同,具有不同的适应环境变化的策略,酸枣是4种植物中耐旱能力较强,WUE较高的物种。  相似文献   

9.
树木年轮中不同组分稳定碳同位素含量对气候的响应   总被引:6,自引:1,他引:5  
马利民  刘禹  赵建夫  安芷生 《生态学报》2003,23(12):2607-2613
通过研究贺兰山油松树轮中全木、综纤维素、α纤维素中占δ^13C值的变化,来探讨树木生长过程中引起其中同位素差别的原因,以及它们对环境变化的响应。研究发现不同组分的占δ^13C值在过去30a中变化并不一致,其中,树轮中α-纤维素中占δ^13C序列含有最强周围环境变化的信息。δ^13C序列和周围大气平均气温和降雨量关系密切,其中和6~8月份的平均气温相关系数为0.427(α=0.05);和2~7月份总降水量的相关系数为(r=-0.514,a=0.01)。分析发现树轮α-纤维素序列和树轮宽度序列呈显著负相关(r=-0.545,α=0.01)。对比树轮各种组分的占δ^13C值和气候之间的相关性及和树木的生长量的关系可以发现,树轮α-纤维素中碳在经历了光合作用的固碳过程中的同位素分馏后,其占δ^13C值就保持了相对稳定,是研究过去环境变化的良好载体。  相似文献   

10.
对大兴安岭北部两株樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)树轮样品的年内稳定碳同位素比率(δ13C)进行测定,结果表明:樟子松树轮年内δ13C值在不同生长阶段总体表现出每年生长季中期最高、早期次之、晚期最低的变化特征.δ13C的年内变化趋势在幼龄期至速生期变化剧烈,成熟期至衰老期相对平缓.从幼龄期至衰老期的整个生长阶段,同时期年内δ13C的变动幅度基本为晚材大于早材.幼龄期年内晚材的δ13C一直明显高于早材,而成熟期年内早晚材δ13C的差别逐渐减小,至衰老期年内晚材δ13C已低于早材且无显著差别.树轮δ13C的年内变化主要体现在生长季中后期,即早晚材之间的过渡段至晚材.年内不同时段的d13C序列与同时段的宽度去除生长趋势序列(去趋势序列)之间的相关性随生长季节的推移而逐渐降低.当年早材宽度与前一年晚材宽度显著正相关,当年早材δ13C序列与前一年晚材宽度和当年早材宽度的去趋势合并序列呈现较显著的负相关性,与前一年晚材δ13C序列或宽度去趋势序列之间均未表现出显著的相关性.分析结果表明:早材的形成很可能来源于前一年光合作用的产物,在利用树轮年内不同材质宽度或δ13C序列进行气候环境重建时需要考虑这一点.年内早材、过渡段和晚材三个时段的δ13C分别对应于4月下旬至6月中旬土壤湿度较大、温度上升较快的时期,6月下旬至7月中旬降水增加、温度达到最高而相对湿度降低的时期,以及7月下旬至9月中旬降水增加、温度下降而相对湿度较大的时期.  相似文献   

11.
12.
Mammals with more rapid and agile locomotion have larger semicircular canals relative to body mass than species that move more slowly. Measurements of semicircular canals in extant mammals with known locomotor behaviours can provide a basis for testing hypotheses about locomotion in fossil primates that is independent of postcranial remains, and a means of reconstructing locomotor behaviour in species known only from cranial material. Semicircular canal radii were measured using ultra high resolution X-ray CT data for 9 stem primates (“plesiadapiforms”; n = 11), 7 adapoids (n = 12), 4 omomyoids (n = 5), and the possible omomyoid Rooneyia viejaensis (n = 1). These were compared with a modern sample (210 species including 91 primates) with known locomotor behaviours. The predicted locomotor agilities for extinct primates generally follow expectations based on known postcrania for those taxa. “Plesiadapiforms” and adapids have relatively small semicircular canals, suggesting they practiced less agile locomotion than other fossil primates in the sample, which is consistent with reconstructions of them as less specialized for leaping. The derived notharctid adapoids (excluding Cantius) and all omomyoids sampled have relatively larger semicircular canals, suggesting that they were more agile, with Microchoerus in particular being reconstructed as having had very jerky locomotion with relatively high magnitude accelerations of the head. Rooneyia viejaensis is reconstructed as having been similarly agile to omomyids and derived notharctid adapoids, which suggests that when postcranial material is found for this species it will exhibit features for some leaping behaviour, or for a locomotor mode requiring a similar degree of agility.  相似文献   

13.
Blood samples from camels, sheep, goats and cattle from six Regions in Saudi Arabia were examined for blood parasites. Asir Region camels were disinfected while those of the Eastern, Jazan, Northern Frontiers, Riyadh and Tabouk Regions were infected with Trypanosoma evansi (5–40%), those of Riyadh and the Eastern Regions were infected with Dipetalonema evansi (1–6%) and those of the Eastern, Jazan and Riyadh Regions were infected with Eperythrozoon species (8–20%). Sheep and goats of all tested regions were infected with Theilaria hirci (4–20% and 6–14%, respectively), Theilaria ovis (5–19% and 6–24%, respectively) and Eperthrozoon ovis (2–9% and 2–8%, respectively). Sheep of the Eastern and Northern Frontiers Regions were also infected with Anaplasma ovis (2%) and also those of the Eastern Region were infected with Babesia motasi (4%) as well. Cattle of Asir and Eastern Regions were infected with Anaplasma marginale (1–3.4%) and those of the Eastern, Jazan and Riyadh Regions were infected with Theileria annulata (11.3–25%) and Eperthrozoon wenyoni (1–4%). Moreover, Jazan cattle were infected with Babesia bigemina (6%) and a benign Theileria species (27%). Some of these parasites are recorded in new localities indicating that they are spreading in the country. Also, this is the first report in Saudi Arabia of D. evansi in camels, A. ovis and B. motasi in sheep and A. marginale and B. bigemina in cattle. These parasites may be introduced into the country with infected livestock infested with the vectors of these parasites. The suspected vectors of the detected parasites in Saudi Arabia is discussed. Follow up surveys of blood parasites are recommended to assess their distribution and infection rates in the livestock of all Regions of Saudi Arabia, to make plans for control measures against their vectors.  相似文献   

14.
A survey was conducted to determine the assemblage and abundance of plant-parasitic nematodes and their associations with soil factors in organically farmed fields in Minnesota. A total of 31 soil samples were collected from southeast (SE), 26 samples from southwest (SW), 28 from west-central (WC), and 23 from northwest (NW) Minnesota. The assemblage and abundance of plant-parasitic nematodes varied among the four regions. The soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, the most destructive pathogen of soybean, was detected in 45.2, 88.5, 10.7, and 0% of organically farmed fields with relative prominence (RP) values of 10.3, 26.5, 0.6, and 0 in the SE, SW, WC, and NW regions, respectively. Across the four regions, other common genera of plant-parasitic nematodes were Helicotylenchus (42.6, RP value, same below), Pratylenchus (26.9), Tylenchorhynchus and related genera (9.4), Xiphinema (5.6), and Paratylenchus (5.3). Aphelenchoides, Meloidogyne, Hoplolaimus, Mesocriconema, and Trichodorus were also detected at low frequencies and/or low population densities. The similarity index of plant-parasitic nematodes between two regions ranged from 0.44 to 0.71 and the similarity increased with decreasing distance between regions. The densities of most plant-parasitic nematodes did not correlate with measured soil factors (organic matter, pH, texture). However, the densities of Pratylenchus correlated negatively with % sand, and Xiphinema was correlated negatively with soil pH.  相似文献   

15.
The primary source of plant parasitic nematodes in irrigation waterways in the Columbia Basin Project of eastern Washington is irrigation runoff returned into the irrigation system. This has contributed to the rapid spread of plant parasitic nematodes observed during eight years of study.  相似文献   

16.

Background and Aims

To date, current research involving pollen viability has been evaluated in a relatively low number of orchid species. In the present study, we focused on five related Mediterranean orchid genera (Anacamptis, Orchis, Dactylorhiza, Ophrys and Serapias) that are characterized by different types of deceptive pollination.

Methods

The in vitro germination ability of increasingly aged pollinaria of eight food-, seven sexually and two shelter-deceptive species was evaluated. Pollination experiments on two food-, one sexually and one shelter-deceptive species were also performed and the percentage of embryonate seeds derived from the increasingly aged pollinaria was checked.

Key Results

All of the examined species showed long-term viabilities (=50 % pollen tube growth) that ranged from 8 to 35 d. Species with the same deceptive pollination strategies exhibited the same pollen viability trends. Interestingly, pollen viabilities of species groups with different deception types have shown significant differences, with sexually and shelter- deceptive species exhibiting a shorter life span than food-deceptive species.

Conclusions

This study confirms the prolonged germination and fertilization capacities of orchid pollinaria, and to our knowledge is the first report demonstrating a clear relationship between pollen viability and pollination system. It is proposed that this relationship is attributed to the different types of reproductive barriers, pre- or post-zygotic, that characterixe Ophrys and Serapias and the food-deceptive species, respectively.  相似文献   

17.
Two endemic foci of heterophyid infections were discovered in coastal villages of Puan-gun, Chollabuk-do, and Sachon-gun. Kyongsangnam-do, Korea. Fecal examinations were performed on 153 inhabitants of Puan-gun and 138 of Sachon-gun, using cellophane thick smear and formalin-ether sedimentation technique. The helminth egg and/or protozoan cyst positive rate was 21.5% (33/153) in Puan-gun and 39.1% (54/138) in Sachon-gun. In Puan-gun, the egg positive rate of heterophyids was the highest, 17.6%, and that of other parasites was 0.7-2.6% by parasite species. In Sachon-gun, that of heterophyids was 18.8%, followed by Clonorchis sinensis (12.3%), and other parasites (0.7-5.0%). Twenth-two (Puan-gun) and six (Sachon-gun) heterophyid egg positive cases were treated with praziquantel, and adult flukes were collected from their diarrheic stools. A total of 3,284 adult flukes of Heterophyes nocens was collected from all of the 22 patients treated in Puan-gun (3-778 individually), and other trematodes were also collected from 2-15 patients: Pygidiopsis summa, Stellantchasmus falcalus, Metagonimus yokogawai, M. miyatai, Stictodora fuscata, Heterophyopsis continua, Acanthoparyphium kurogamo, and Gymnophalloides seoi. In Sachon-gun, M. yokogawai (3,007 specimens), H. nocens (120), and S. falcatus (46) were collected from 5 of 6 treated patients, and H. continua and S. lari each from one patient. The present study revealed that heterophyid flukes, especially H. nocens and M. yokogawai, are prevalent in the southern and western coastal areas of Korea where fresh and/or brackish water fishes are popularly eaten raw.  相似文献   

18.
19.
Differential bacterial counts were made on the intestinal and caecal contents of chickens after inoculation with a standard dose of 320 000 freshly sporulated oocysts of Eimeria brunetti.  相似文献   

20.
In order to elucidate host-parasite interactions and infection strategies of helminths at the molecular level, the availability of suitable in vitro cultivation systems for this group of parasites is of vital importance. One of the few helminth systems for which in vitro cultivation has been relatively successfully carried out in the past is the larval stage of the fox-tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis, the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis. Respective ‘first generation’ cultivation systems relied on the co-incubation of larval tissue, isolated from laboratory rodents, with host feeder cells. Although these techniques have been very successful in producing metacestode material for drug screening assays or the establishment of cDNA libraries, the continuous presence of host cells prevented detailed studies on the influence of defined host factors on larval growth. To facilitate such investigations, we have recently introduced the first truly axenic system for long-term in vitro maintenance of metacestode vesicles and used it to establish a technique for parasite cell cultivation. The resulting culture system, which allows the complete in vitro regeneration of metacestode vesicles from germinal cells, is a highly useful tool to study the cellular and molecular basis of a variety of developmental processes that occur during the infection of the mammalian host. Furthermore, it provides a solid basis for establishing transgenic techniques in cestodes for the first time. We consider it an appropriate time point to discuss the characteristics of these ‘second generation’ cultivation systems in comparison with former techniques, to present our first successful attempts to introduce foreign DNA into Echinococcus cells, and to share our ideas on how a fully transgenic Echinococcus strain can be generated in the near future.  相似文献   

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