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1.
我国暖季型草坪草锈病的研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
锈病是暖季型草坪草上的一种重要病害,可明显降低暖季型草坪草的观赏价值和使用价值.综述了目前我国暖季型草坪草锈病的病原物、症状及发生情况、发病规律以及防治方面的研究进展,对目前我国暖季型草坪草锈病研究中存在的问题加以分析,并对暖季型草坪草锈病研究前景加以展望.  相似文献   

2.
NaCl胁迫对6种暖季型草坪草新选系生长的影响   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:5  
利用水培法研究了NaCl胁迫对沟叶结缕草(Zoysia matrella'Z123')、结缕草(Z.japonica'Z080')、狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon'C291')、海雀稗(Paspalum vaginatum'P006')、假俭草(Eremochloa ophiuroides'E126')和钝叶草(Stenotaphrum secundatum'S004')6种暖季型草坪草新选系生长的影响,并对它们的抗盐能力进行了评价。结果表明,随NaCl浓度的提高,6个选系的叶片枯黄率均增大,但不同选系的变化幅度有显著差异;6个选系抗NaCl能力从强到弱依次为'Z123'、'C291'、'P006'、'S004'、'Z080'、'E126'。5g.L-1NaCl对选系'C291'、'S004'和'Z080'地上部分和根系生长有促进作用,而对选系'Z123'、'P006'和'E126'则有抑制作用;随NaCl浓度的提高,除选系'E126'的根冠比迅速下降外,其他选系的根冠比均增加或缓慢下降;各选系的枝叶含水量均随NaCl浓度提高而下降,但选系'S004'、'P006'和'E126'的枝叶含水量均高于选系'C291'、'Z123'和'Z080'。  相似文献   

3.
以广州地区常见暖季型草坪草(地毯草Axonopus compressus、狗牙根Cynodon dactylon、结缕草Zoysia japonica)为研究对象, 通过测定植物根系AMF 侵染率、根际土壤AMF 孢子密度以及土壤理化性质, 探讨AMF 侵染率和孢子密度的季节动态变化特征, 以及与土壤理化性质之间的关系。结果表明: (1)三种草坪草的根系AMF 侵染以菌丝侵染为主, 总体表现为夏季最高, 秋季和冬季次之, 春季最低, 囊泡侵染率较低, 很少丛枝侵染; (2)季节对根际土壤AMF 孢子密度有一定的影响, 草坪草根际土壤孢子密度最大值多出现在夏季或冬季, 而春季和秋季则较低; (3)对于土壤因子, AMF 菌丝侵染率与土壤有机质含量成极显著正相关, 而囊泡侵染率与电导率成显著正相关, 与全氮和全磷成极显著负相关; 对于气候因子, AMF 总侵染率和菌丝侵染率均与月均气温和月均降水成极显著正相关。  相似文献   

4.
采用8个指标(密度、质地、均一性、盖度、耐旱性、萎蔫率、烧伤率及生长量)对12个暖季型草坪草品种(系)在江苏省沿海滩涂上的生长适应性进行了评价,并以电导率为指标分析了12个品种(系)对种植地土壤盐度的影响.结果表明,12个品种(系)8个评价指标的变异系数为32.51%~40.76%,差异不大;12个品种(系)在8个评价指标方面的排序不一致,但总体上各指标中得分最高的前3位均包含了海雀稗'P006'(Paspalum vaginatum 'P006' )和沟叶结缕草'Z014' (Zoysia matrella 'Z014' ),而得分最低的均为狗牙根[Cynodon dactylon (L. ) Pers. ]的品种(系).12个品种(系)中,海雀稗'P006'综合排名第1,生长适应性最好;沟叶结缕草'Z014'、结缕草'Z080'(Z. japonica 'Z080' )和中华结缕草'Z008' (Z. sinica 'Z008' )的综合排名分别为第2、第3和第4位,生长适应性也较好;而8个狗牙根品种(系)的得分排在第5至第12位,生长适应性较差.从2006年7月至2007年11月,12个品种(系)种植地的土壤平均电导率均随时间的延长出现一定的波动,但总体上呈现逐渐下降的趋势并达到相对一致的水平,且均明显小于空白地的土壤平均电导率.不同品种(系)对种植地土壤的脱盐作用有一定的差异,其中,狗牙根'C807'的脱盐效应最佳,在所有供试品种(系)中排序第1;而海雀稗'P006'和沟叶结缕草'Z014'也具有一定的脱盐效应,在所有供试品种(系)中分别排在第6和第7位.综合分析结果显示,海雀稗'P006'和沟叶结缕草'Z014' 对盐碱地的适应性较强并具有一定的脱盐效应,可作为滩涂绿化和盐碱地土壤改良的优良草种;而狗牙根'C807'可以作为滩涂绿化和土壤改良的先锋草种.  相似文献   

5.
植物对二氧化硫的抗性   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
  相似文献   

6.
草坪蒸散研究进展   总被引:37,自引:0,他引:37       下载免费PDF全文
草坪蒸散量是指导草坪合理灌溉的重要指标。自20世纪中叶以来,以节水为目的的草坪蒸散研究越来越受到人们的重视。草坪蒸散研究的内容主要包括相互关联的3个方面:草坪蒸散率的测定与比较,草坪蒸散机制的研究和草坪节水灌溉的研究。草坪蒸散率在不同草种间存在不同程度的差异。暖季型草坪草和冷季型草坪草相比普遍具有较低的草坪蒸散率。暖季型草坪草的夏季日平均最大蒸散率为3.0-9.0mm,而冷季型草坪草的为3.6-12.6mm。密度大,生长缓慢的杂交狗牙根、结缕草、野牛草和假俭草的耗水量很低,细羊茅的耗水量中等,而草地早熟禾、高羊茅、1年生早熟禾和匍匐剪股颖的耗水量很大。同种草坪草的不同品种的草坪蒸散率存在差异。有些草种内品种间差异的程度高达64%,不亚于种间。冷季型草坪草品种的蒸散率与留茬量显著相关,但环境因子对品种的蒸散率影响很大,品种的蒸散特性不稳定。与冷季型草坪草相比,暖季型草坪草的种内品种间蒸散率的差异和谐较小。草坪的冠层是草坪蒸散的一个主要外部条件,具有较低蒸散率的草坪往往具备高冠层阻力和低叶面积。土壤水分不受限制时,不同的暖季型草坪草种间的草坪蒸散率与叶片背面的气孔密度显著负相关。但在种内品种间没有表现出相关性。冷季型草坪草种间和种内的叶片气孔数目和草坪的蒸散率不相关。草坪的作物系数是确定最适灌溉量的关键参数,线性梯度灌溉系统比小型蒸渗仪提供的草坪作物系数更接近于实际。当草坪的质量维持在可接受的水平时,以彭曼公式推测的苜蓿的潜在蒸散量为参照蒸散量,高羊茅草坪的作物系数为0.60-0.80,草地早熟禾草坪的作物系数为0.50-0.80。基于草坪冠层温度的作物水分胁迫系数(CWSI)是确定灌溉时机的比较合理的指标。CWSI在不同的季节和不同的草种间表现不稳定,并且这种方法的节水效果也表现不一,还处于发展阶段。草坪蒸散的研究在我国几乎处于空白状态,开展我国的草坪蒸散研究,寻求适合的草坪节水途径已势在必行。  相似文献   

7.
分别采用DEPC水法、TRIzol法、CTAB-LiCl沉淀法、SDS-酚法、SDS提取液抽提法以及异硫氰酸胍法等6种方法提取草坪草总RNA,通过检测对各种方法的提取效果进行比较分析。结果表明,DEPC水法是最经济、操作最简单的一种方法,并且提取的RNA质量较好、可靠性高、易于大量制备,是提取草坪草RNA比较理想的方法之一,建议使用该方法。利用TRIzol法提取到的28S rRNA亮度约为18S rRNA的两倍,效果较好,操作简单,符合分子生物学实验要求。CTAB-LiCl沉淀法、SDS-酚法、SDS提取液抽提法也获得较高质量的RNA,但存在不同程度的DNA污染。异硫氰酸胍法提取RNA有明显的蛋白质污染,且RNA部分降解,此种方法不予采用。  相似文献   

8.
几种草坪草的引种栽培试验研究   总被引:8,自引:1,他引:8       下载免费PDF全文
通过对引种栽培的8种草坪草的物候期、覆盖度、再生速度、品质特性及抗逆性等方面进行分析研究和综合评价,筛选出适合北方温带环境条件下栽培的几种优良草坪草品种——新哥来德(Poa pratensis cv.Nugtade)、枪手股(P.pratensis cv.BlueChip)、午夜(P.pratensis cv.Midnight)、帕特(Agrostis tenuis cv.Putter)、贝克(碧西)(Festuca arundinacea cv.Plxie)等。对陕西关中草坪草的引种和适地栽植提供一定的理论依据。  相似文献   

9.
鸡眼草水浸提液对4种草坪草的化感作用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为探讨鸡眼草(Kummerowia striata)不同部位、不同浓度水浸提液对高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)、黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)、白三叶(Trifolium repens)等4种草坪草的化感效应和作用规律,采用培养皿纸床法,以蒸馏水为对照,研究鸡眼草剪碎的植株、未剪碎的植株、叶、茎、根、地上部分0.012 5、0.025、0.05 g/mL 3个不同浓度的水浸提液对高羊茅、黑麦草、狗牙根、白三叶的种子发芽率、发芽速率、幼根长、幼苗高的化感作用。结果表明,鸡眼草水浸提液对高羊茅、黑麦草、狗牙根、白三叶4种受体植物种子的萌发及幼苗生长均有较强的化感抑制作用,且对种子发芽率作用强弱顺序为:狗牙根白三叶黑麦草高羊茅,对种子发芽速率作用强弱顺序为:黑麦草高羊茅狗牙根白三叶,对幼苗苗高作用强弱顺序为:黑麦草白三叶狗牙根高羊茅,对幼苗根长作用强弱顺序为:白三叶黑麦草狗牙根高羊茅。对4种受体植物的综合化感效应以高羊茅最弱,黑麦草、狗牙根、白三叶较为相近。4种受体植物所受到的抑制作用均随着水浸提液浓度的增加而增强,在同一浓度不同部位水浸提液处理下,叶、整株(剪碎)水浸提液对4种受体植物抑制作用比根、茎、整株(未剪碎)及地上部分水浸提液强。高羊茅、黑麦草、狗牙根3种草坪草受0.05 g/mL鸡眼草叶水浸提液的化感抑制作用最强,白三叶则受0.05 g/mL鸡眼草整株(剪碎)水浸提液的化感抑制作用最强。  相似文献   

10.
草坪草生物技术研究进展   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
概述了草坪草植株再生体系和遗传转化体系建立的方法和进展.通过愈伤组织培养、悬浮细胞培养和原生质体培养方法对草坪草的一些种已建立较为完善的植株再生体系.在建立再生体系的基础上,利用原生质体融合、农杆菌介导、基因枪和碳化硅纤维介导等转基因方法在一些草坪草种上建立了遗传转化体系并获得了有一定价值的转基因植株.最后,对草坪草转基因存在的问题和前景作了讨论.  相似文献   

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Infestations of the exotic perennial Spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa Lam.) hinder the restoration and management of native ecosystems on droughty, infertile sites throughout the Midwestern United States. We studied the effects of annual burning on knapweed persistence on degraded, knapweed‐infested gravel mine spoils in western Michigan. Our experiment included 48, 4‐m2 plots seeded to native warm‐season grasses in 1999 using a factorial arrangement of initial herbicide and fertility treatments. Beginning in 2003, we incorporated fire as an additional factor and burned half of the plots in late April or May for 3 years (2003–2005). Burning increased the dominance of warm‐season grasses and decreased both biomass and dominance of knapweed in most years. Burning reduced adult knapweed densities in all 3 years of the study, reduced seedling densities in the first 2 years, and reduced juvenile densities in the last 2 years. Knapweed density and biomass also declined on the unburned plots through time, suggesting that warm‐season grasses may effectively compete with knapweed even in the absence of fire. By the end of the study, mean adult knapweed densities on both burned (0.4‐m2) and unburned (1.3‐m2) plots were reduced to levels where the seeded grasses should persist with normal management, including the use of prescribed fire. These results support the use of carefully timed burning to help establish and maintain fire‐adapted native plant communities on knapweed‐infested sites in the Midwest by substantially reducing knapweed density, biomass, and seedling recruitment and by further shifting the competitive balance toward native warm‐season grasses.  相似文献   

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地木耳挂袋法监测大气SO_2污染的可行性研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
本文用地木耳和碱片同步监测了白银地区某冶炼厂及其四周大气中的二氧化硫浓度。经地木耳含硫量与大气二氧化硫污染浓度的相关分析表明:地木耳含硫量与大气二氧化硫污染浓度之间有密切相关性。利用地木耳挂袋法监测大气SO_2污染具有可比性强、容污量大、布点灵活,经济方便等优点,适宜于大范围内甚至世界范围内统一监测大气SO_2污染应用。  相似文献   

15.
Unprecedented opportunities for biofuel development are occurring as a result of rising fossil fuel prices, the need to reduce greenhouse gases, and growing energy security concerns. An estimated 250 million hectares (ha) of farmland could be utilized globally to develop a bioenergy industry if efficient and economical perennial biomass crops and bioenergy conversion systems are employed. In temperate zones, C4 or warm-season grass research and development efforts have found switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and Miscanthus capable of producing biomass yields of 10 to 20 oven dried tonnes (ODT)/ha/yr, while in tropical areas Erianthus and napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) are producing 25 to 35 ODT/ha/yr. The potential to annually produce 100 barrels of oil energy equivalent/ha with a 25:1 energy output to input ratio appears achievable with high-yielding, N-fixing warm-season grasses grown on marginal lands in the tropics. Commercialization of densified herbaceous plant species has been slow because of the relatively high alkali and chlorine contents of the feedstocks, which leads to clinker formation and the fouling of boilers. This challenge can be overcome by improving biomass quality through advances in plant breeding and cultural management to reduce the chlorine, alkali, and silica content and through the use of new combustion technologies.

Warm-season grasses can be readily densified provided suitable grinding and densification equipment and pressure are utilized. The major advantages of producing densified warm-season grasses for BIOHEAT include: it is the most efficient strategy to use marginal farmlands in most temperate and tropical climates to collect solar radiation; it has an excellent energy balance; the feedstocks can be used conveniently in a variety of energy applications; and it is relatively environmentally friendly. Densified warm-season grass biofuels are poised to become a major global fuel source because they can meet some heating requirements at less cost than all other alternatives available today.  相似文献   


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Future increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations will potentially enhance grassland biomass production and shift the functional group composition with consequences for ecosystem functioning. In the “GiFACE” experiment (Giessen Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment), fertilized grassland plots were fumigated with elevated CO2 (eCO2) year‐round during daylight hours since 1998, at a level of +20% relative to ambient concentrations (in 1998, aCO2 was 364 ppm and eCO2 399 ppm; in 2014, aCO2 was 397 ppm and eCO2 518 ppm). Harvests were conducted twice annually through 23 years including 17 years with eCO2 (1998 to 2014). Biomass consisted of C3 grasses and forbs, with a small proportion of legumes. The total aboveground biomass (TAB) was significantly increased under eCO2 (p = .045 and .025, at first and second harvest). The dominant plant functional group grasses responded positively at the start, but for forbs, the effect of eCO2 started out as a negative response. The increase in TAB in response to eCO2 was approximately 15% during the period from 2006 to 2014, suggesting that there was no attenuation of eCO2 effects over time, tentatively a consequence of the fertilization management. Biomass and soil moisture responses were closely linked. The soil moisture surplus (c. 3%) in eCO2 manifested in the latter years was associated with a positive biomass response of both functional groups. The direction of the biomass response of the functional group forbs changed over the experimental duration, intensified by extreme weather conditions, pointing to the need of long‐term field studies for obtaining reliable responses of perennial ecosystems to eCO2 and as a basis for model development.  相似文献   

18.
该研究以3种阴生地被植物麦冬、虎耳草和紫萼玉簪为研究材料,采用人工模拟熏气方法,测定不同浓度(5.71,11.43,17.14,22.86mg·m~(-3))SO_2胁迫下参试植物的外观受害症状,以及膜质过氧化、保护酶活性、渗透调节物质等生理指标,以叶片吸硫量比较3种植物的净化能力,并采用模糊数学隶属函数与主成分分析法对其抗SO_2能力进行综合评价。结果显示:(1)随着SO_2熏气浓度的升高,3种植物的叶片都有不同程度的受害症状,叶片叶绿素含量、汁液pH值和相对含水量下降,丙二醛含量、叶片相对电导率、可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸含量上升,且其SOD和CAT活性显著增强。(2)隶属函数法和主成分分析法综合评定结果显示,3种地被植物对SO_2抗性能力表现为:麦冬紫萼玉簪虎耳草,与叶片受伤害症状和叶液pH值下降的顺序相反,说明这2个指标可作为简单可行的评价SO_2抗性的重要鉴定指标。(3)3种植物均有一定的SO_2净化能力,其强弱顺序为虎耳草麦冬紫萼玉簪。研究表明,3种阴生地被植物都能够在SO_2胁迫下提高其保护酶活性和渗透调节物质含量,增强其抗硫胁迫和SO_2吸收能力,并以麦冬对SO_2抗性最强,虎耳草对SO_2的吸收能力最强;该试验中最低参试SO_2浓度远远高于城市大气中的实际SO_2浓度,在试验环境下3种阴生植物再都未呈现伤害症状,说明吸收硫能力强的虎耳草和麦冬可以在SO_2污染严重的林下区域大面积应用推广。  相似文献   

19.
种培芳  苏世平 《生态学报》2013,33(15):4639-4648
近年来SO2污染比较严重,它对植物有着多方面的影响。因此,越来越多的学者开始关注这方面的问题。彩叶植物在丰富园林景观及降低环境污染方面占用重要的地位,它们也被认为是净化城市空气最有效的途径之一。旨在阐明4种彩叶树种耐SO2污染机制,对丰富植物耐SO2研究的理论、科学评价植物抗SO2污染能力以及指导园林绿化科学选择树种等具有重要理论和现实意义。研究采用人工模拟熏气的方法对金叶女贞、金叶莸、金叶风箱果和金叶红瑞木4种金色叶树种的2年生苗木进行不同浓度的SO2胁迫,研究了参试树种的外观受害症状及膜脂过氧化、渗透调节物质、保护酶活性等生理指标对SO2的反应,并采用模糊数学隶属函数法和灰色关联度法对其抗SO2能力进行了综合评价。结果表明:4种金色叶植物对SO2均具有一定的净化能力,表现为随着SO2浓度的增加膜透性增大,丙二醛、脯氨酸、可溶性糖和硫含量增加,超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶以及过氧化氢酶活性上升,叶绿素含量先增后降,叶液pH值下降。但4种金色叶树木对SO2的净化能力有差别,其中金叶红瑞木的净化能力强最大,金叶女贞和金叶风箱果的净化能力为中等,而金叶莸的净化能力最差。这与其含硫量的顺序一致,却与其对SO2的抗性大小即金叶女贞>金叶莸>金叶红瑞木>金叶风箱果完全不同,说明这四种植物对SO2的吸收能力与其对该气体的抗性不完全一致。但这不能表明抗性差的树种在兰州地区不能应用,因为,兰州市空气中的SO2实际污染程度与研究所设置的最低浓度相比仍属安全浓度。在所选的10个指标中,丙二醛含量、细胞膜透性、超氧化物歧化酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、脯氨酸、过氧化物酶活性、叶绿素和可溶性糖等指标均可作为金色叶植物对SO2抗性的重要鉴定指标,而S含量和叶液pH值在评价植物对SO2抗性能力时并不具有重要性。4种植物的受害程度与其SO2抗性相反,说明受害症状可以作为判断其对SO2抗性大小依据。  相似文献   

20.
Forage and Turf Grass Biotechnology   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Referee: Dr. Ian Ray, Plant Breeding and Genetics, Department of Agronomy & Horticulture, New Mexico State University, MSC 3Q, P.O. Box 30003, Las Cruces, NM 88003-8003 Forage and turf grasses are the backbone of sustainable agriculture and contribute extensively to the world economy. They play a major role in providing high quality and economical meat, milk, and fiber products and are important in soil conservation, environmental protection, and outdoor recreation. Conventional breeding contributed substantially to the genetic improvement of forage and turf grasses in the last century. The relatively new developments in genetic manipulation of these species open up opportunities for incorporating cellular and molecular techniques into grass improvement programs. For some commonly used forage and turf species, significant advances have been achieved in the following areas: (1) establishment of a tissue culture basis for the efficient regeneration of fertile and genetically stable plants, (2) generation of transgenic plants by biolistic transformation and direct gene transfer to protoplasts, (3) recovery of intergeneric somatic grass plants by protoplast fusion, (4) development of molecular markers for marker assisted selection, and (5) sequencing of expressed sequenced tags and the development of DNA array technologies for gene discovery. Although difficulties still exist in genetic manipulation of these recalcitrant monocot species, impressive progress has been made toward the generation of value-added novel grass germplasm incorporating traits such as improved forage quality. The joint efforts of molecular biologists and plant breeders make the available biotechnological methods a useful tool for accelerating forage and turf grass improvement.  相似文献   

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