蛇(鱼句)感染多子小瓜虫病一例

2003年6月18日从长江重庆木洞段购回十几条活泼蛇(鱼句)Saurogobio dabryi Bleeker.均由罾网捕捞,健康无损伤.放在室外水泥池饲养.室外水温白天26℃左右 ,夜晚24℃左右, 6月26日在常规检查时又发现蛇(鱼句)身上出现小白点,病鱼体色发黑、消瘦、反应迟钝、体表粘液增多、浮头、体表和鳃遍布小白点;感染后期表皮有脱落现象.取病鱼体表一个白点镜检,可见虫体全身密布短而均匀的纤毛;大核呈马蹄形,确定为多子小瓜虫Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet.感染小瓜虫病的蛇(鱼句)7月6日死亡.蛇(鱼句)是否能大面积发病还有待进一步研究.     

水稻和玉米苗上饲养的稻纵卷叶螟对温度的反应

比较了水稻和玉米苗上饲养的稻纵卷叶螟在不同温度下的存活、生长发育与繁殖情况。结果表明,在24℃和27℃下,稻纵卷叶螟在玉米苗上的发育速率要比在水稻上的慢1—3 d;33℃不会抑制水稻上饲养幼虫的生长发育,但玉米苗上饲养的幼虫在30℃时就受到了抑制,且在33℃下不能发育到成虫。水稻上饲养时,稻纵卷叶螟各阶段的存活率在27—33℃间无显著差异,且36℃时死亡率很高,只有部分幼虫可发育到预蛹阶段;但是玉米苗上饲养时,稻纵卷叶螟在33℃下的存活率显著低于21—30℃,36℃下幼虫不能发育到2龄。水稻和玉米苗上饲养的稻纵卷叶螟的产卵量均表现为在24℃和27℃条件下最高;在30℃和33℃条件下,水稻上饲养出的成虫能产少量卵,而玉米苗上饲养出的成虫却不能产卵。水稻和玉米苗上饲养的稻纵卷叶螟卵的孵化率均在27℃下最高,且两寄主间无显著差异;玉米苗上饲养所得的卵在33℃和36℃下均不能孵化,而水稻上的则少量能孵化。水稻上饲养的稻纵卷叶螟相对要比玉米苗上饲养的耐高温。在24—27℃下用玉米苗饲养的稻纵卷叶螟除历期有所延长外,其它生物学特性与用水稻饲养的无显著差异。     

不同规格拉萨裂腹鱼温度耐受性研究

实验旨在探讨三种规格拉萨裂腹鱼(Schizothorax waltoni)的温度耐受能力。通过每4h升高或者降低1℃, 其中升温或者降温1h, 平衡3h, 直到试验鱼全部死亡或水温降至0。结果表明: 大规格[(100.93±13.12) g、(19.71±1.04) cm]、中规格[(15.11±5.03) g、(10.05±1.19) cm]和小规格[(1.37±0.32) g、(4.51±0.35) cm]极限最高温度分别是30℃、30℃和33℃; 极限最低温度均为0, 均能在冰水混合的水中生存; 温度耐受幅分别是30℃、30℃和33℃; 在不同温度条件下拉萨裂腹鱼呼吸频率不同, 且不同规格拉萨裂腹鱼间呼吸频率存在着显著差异(P<0.05)。因此, 在高海拔和温度变化幅度较大的区域均适合拉萨裂腹鱼规模化养殖培育, 但在冬季人工养殖过程中, 由于小规格拉萨裂腹鱼耐受能力差, 应移入温室大棚中养殖, 从而保证较高成活率和正常生长。     

温度对拟目乌贼幼体日生长率和存活率的影响

以温度为单因素变量,在人工饲养环境中,分析水温对拟目乌贼幼体日生长率与存活率的影响。实验结果表明,当水温处于28.1～32℃之间时,拟目乌贼幼体的日生长率与水温呈正相关关系;当水温处于32～32.67℃时,拟目乌贼幼体的日生长率与水温呈负相关关系;当水温处于29.5～32.6℃时,拟目乌贼幼体不易出现幼体死亡(死亡率<6.25%),适宜拟目乌贼幼体的存活;而当水温处于32.3～34℃之间时,拟目乌贼幼体出现了13.16%～61.16%的幼体死亡,不适宜拟目乌贼幼体的存活。实验结果表明,当水温处于29.5～32℃之间时,拟目乌贼幼体的存活率高(存活率>93.75%),且日生长率处于0.24%～1.76%,适宜拟目乌贼幼体的存活。     

稀有Ju鲫对草鱼出血病病毒敏感性的初步研究

本文报道稀有Ｊｕ鲫对草鱼出血病病毒的敏感性。ＧＣＨＶ是草鱼出血病的病原,用ＧＣＨＶ人工感染１－６月龄的稀有Ｊｕ鲫,在水温２２－３２℃时能导致稀有Ｊｕ鲫出现出血病症状。在水温２８℃时,病鱼在１ｄ内死亡,潜伏期为５ｄ,发病高峰期在感染后第６－８ｄ。ＧＣＨＶ能在稀有Ｊｕ鲫体内传代,并诱导８０％以上的稀有Ｊｕ鲫患病死亡。将人工感染ＧＣＨＶ的稀有Ｊｕ鲫病鱼组织超薄切片,电镜观察,发现在肠道,脾脏,肾脏等组织     

水温和体重对白斑红点鲑临界游泳速度和游动耗氧率的影响

为了揭示水温和体重对白斑红点鲑(Salvelinus leucomaenis)临界游泳速度和游动耗氧率的影响,利用试验生态学方法测定了不同体重(1龄组、2龄组和3龄组)的白斑红点鲑在4、8、12、16、20和24℃共6个水温的临界游泳速度和游泳耗氧率。结果表明:水温和体重对临界游泳速度的单独效应均显著(P0.05),但水温和体重交互作用效应却不显著(P0.05),在相同水温下白斑红点鲑临界游泳速度均随着年龄的增长(体重增加)而增加。水温4℃时3个年龄组白斑红点鲑临界游泳速度均最低,分别为(21.6±1.06)、(22.93±0.61)和(30.27±1.29)cm/s,随着水温的升高临界游泳速度均不断增加,当水温升高到16℃时临界游泳速度达到最大值,分别为(39.6±0.80)、(46.80±0.80)和(53.73±1.22)cm/s,此后随着水温进一步升高到20℃,临界游泳速度虽出现略微降低,但经统计分析16℃和20℃时临界游泳速度无显著性差异(P0.05),当水温达到24℃时却出现明显降低。水温和流速以及二者的交互作用对游泳耗氧率的影响均达到显著水平(P0.05),白斑红点鲑在适宜的相同水温和流速时体重越大其游泳耗氧率越低,整体观察3个年龄组白斑红点鲑鲑游泳耗氧率均随着水温和流速的增高而增高,但当水温和流速升高到一定值游泳耗氧率却出现降低。研究得出体重较大的个体在相同水温下抵抗水流的游泳能力较强,3个年龄组白斑红点鲑适宜的最高水温不应超过20℃,最高流速依次不应超过32、40和48 cm/s。     

水温与光照对瓦氏黄颡鱼幼鱼行为的影响

实验观察了水温和光照强度对水槽中的瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pseudobagrus vachelli)个体行为和群体行为的影响.结果表明:瓦氏黄颡鱼个体对黑白底质具有选择性;当水温为30℃和20℃,水面光照强度低于15 lx时,瓦氏黄颡鱼的游动增加;光照强度高于15 lx,游动减少;光照强度低于5 lx,在白色底质所处的时间减少;水温30℃时,瓦氏黄颡鱼在白色底质所处时间的降幅大于水温20℃的降幅;当光照强度高于5 lx,在白色底质所处的时间趋于平稳;瓦氏黄颡鱼的集群可以分为紧密集群、分散集群、休息集群和游泳集群4种类型;造成休息集群的主要原因是低水温(7.0℃～9.0℃);造成紧密集群的主要原因是较高的光照强度;通常在较弱的光照强度下(1.2～209.0 lx),瓦氏黄颡鱼表现出游泳集群;在微弱的光照强度下(0～1.6 lx)时,表现出分散集群.     

柳条鱼生殖方式的观察

我们的生物角饲养了柳条鱼,这种鱼与一般的鱼生殖方式不同。雄性柳条鱼的臀鳍鳍条一部分变长成为交接器(生殖鳍),约为体长1/3,不断向前摆动。当追逐到发情雌鱼时,很快地将按交器插入雌性柳条鱼的交接孔(生殖孔)进行交配。雌鱼的卵为卵泡受精、卵泡受孕,且是单受孕。受孕的雌鱼臀鳍上方有明显的黑色胎斑,为腹中怀胎位置。将具有胎斑的雌鱼分别饲养在小瓶中,水温26℃—30℃,结果有8个瓶号     

厚颌鲂和圆口铜鱼耗氧率与窒息点的测定

用封闭静水式装置测定了体重2.3—4.7g厚颌鲂幼鱼的耗氧率和窒息点,用封闭静水式和封闭流水式装置测定了体重9.9—55.1g圆口铜鱼的耗氧率和窒息点。结果表明:在15—27℃条件下,厚颌鲂的耗氧率随着温度的升高而升高,耗氧率与水温呈线性关系;在水温24.8℃时厚颌鲂的窒息点为(0.91±0.08)mg/L。在水温23—27℃、封闭静水实验条件下,圆口铜鱼的耗氧率随体重增加而降低,两者呈指数关系;圆口铜鱼耗氧率昼夜变化明显,夜间耗氧率大于白天,推测圆口铜鱼夜间活动较多。在水温24.5—26.0℃条件下,体重21.8—46.3g圆口铜鱼的窒息点变幅较小,平均(1.14±0.23)mg/L。研究表明两种鱼都为耗氧率和窒息点较高的鱼类。     

温度和水分及盐分胁迫对银沙槐种子萌发的影响

利用控制实验研究了温度、湿度、干旱和盐分胁迫等生态因子对银沙槐种子萌发的影响,以探索银沙槐种子对各种生态因子的适应性。结果显示:(1)银沙槐种子在20℃、25℃恒温和15℃/25℃、20℃/30℃、10℃/20℃变温环境中的发芽率较高且无显著差异,其在20℃恒温、15℃/25℃、20℃/30℃变温条件下的发芽指数较高,但差异不显著。(2)土壤含水量在1%～5%之间,各水分处理间种子发芽率差异显著(P<0.05),而在5%～25%间种子发芽率变化不显著。(3)盐胁迫和水分胁迫对银沙槐种子的萌发均有明显的抑制作用,可显著降低种子萌发率(P<0.05);种子发芽指数和活力指数均随渗透势和NaCl浓度增大而显著减小(P<0.05);恢复萌发率随渗透势和NaCl浓度的增加而显著增加(P<0.05)。研究发现,银沙槐种子萌发最适温度为20℃恒温和15℃/25℃变温,最适土壤含水量为10%～25%;种子萌发对盐分和干旱胁迫表现出不同程度的耐受性,萌发过程中主导抑制因素为渗透胁迫,离子毒害作用甚微;银沙槐种子休眠机制和萌发特征表现出它对生境的良好适应性。     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus

Summary The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl.In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum.The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.The authors wish to thank Mr. Takayuki Mori for his helpful suggestions and technical advices     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418