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1.
目的探讨抗生素对所致腹泻大鼠肠道屏障功能、肠道菌群结构和肠道细菌移位的影响及乳酸杆菌制剂的保护机制。方法采用细菌培养法动态测定抗生素所致腹泻大鼠肠道菌群变化及肠系膜淋巴结、肝脏、脾脏和结肠组织的移位细菌量;应用光镜和电子显微镜观察肠黏膜组织超微结构变化。结果应用抗生素可致大鼠腹泻,肠道菌群失调,肠黏膜组织受损,发生肠道细菌移位。大肠埃希菌攻击可加重肠道菌群失调和肠黏膜损伤程度,促发细菌移位发生。乳酸杆菌可扶正肠菌群结构,修复损伤的肠黏膜,抑制肠细菌移位发生。结论阐明了抗生素、肠黏膜屏障功能、肠道菌群结构和肠道细菌移位间的互为因果,相互影响的关系。微生态制剂在维持机体微生态平衡、修复肠黏膜方面具有保护作用。  相似文献   

2.
益生菌Lactobacillus amylovorus S1对仔猪后肠菌群的影响   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
苏勇  姚文  朱伟云 《微生物学报》2006,46(6):961-966
结合PCR/DGGE(Denaturinggradientgelelectrophoresis,变性梯度凝胶电泳)和16SrDNA序列分析技术,研究添加益生菌LactobacillusamylovorusS1后仔猪从7至35日龄(断奶后两周)后肠菌群的变化。6窝新生仔猪被随机分成两组:对照组和处理组,处理组仔猪于7、9和11日龄口服L.amylovorusS1菌液(活菌数5×109CFU/mL)。分别于7、14、21、24和35日龄,每窝随机屠宰一头仔猪,收集肠道样品。比较不同日龄仔猪后肠菌群DGGE图谱表明,断奶后图谱中多数高GC含量细菌条带消失,至断奶后两周又逐渐出现。序列分析显示,这些高GC含量细菌主要为乳酸杆菌。统计分析表明,仔猪口服益生菌S1对其盲肠和结肠菌群的多样性指数无显著影响。通过比较处理组和对照组图谱发现,处理组14日龄出现一特异条带,与其匹配的序列的最相似已知菌为Clostridiumdisporicum,相似性为95%;而35日龄对照组有一特异优势条带,该条带被鉴定为猪链球菌(Streptococcussuis),相似性为99%。  相似文献   

3.
目的研究大剂量甲氨喋呤(HDMTX)化疗急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)患儿肠道菌群的变化,并和健康儿童进行比较。从微生态的角度分析HDMTX化疗与肠道菌群变化的相互关系,为微生态制剂用于HDMTX化疗副作用的预防和治疗提供依据。并探讨荧光定量PCR技术在该领域应用的实用性和可行性,以便推广应用。方法收集36例HDMTX化疗前后ALL患儿及36例健康对照组儿童的粪便标本,并提取目标细菌DNA,用分子生物学专用分光光度仪进行DNA的A值测量。用细菌的16S rRNA/DNA序列设计乳酸杆菌和大肠埃希菌的引物,行常规PCR完成细菌的定性,然后取准确定量的两种细菌DNA,经系列稀释后做荧光定量PCR,制作出标准曲线,待测样品同时进行荧光定量PCR反应,并和标准曲线进行比较,获得各样品中两种细菌的量。结果HDMTX化疗ALL患儿的肠道菌群与健康儿童比较发生了明显的变化,患儿化疗前1天、化疗后第3天、化疗后第7天和对照组儿童的粪便标本中细菌的A260值分别为(2436.3±768.6)、(1496.5±577.1)、(1966.6±598.3)和(3479.3±870.5)ng/μl;患儿化疗前1天、化疗后第3天、化疗后第7天和对照组的肠道乳酸杆菌数量的对数值分别为(8.10±0.43)、(6.73±0.45)、(7.45±0.43)和(9.12±0.50)ng/μl,而大肠埃希菌数量的对数值分别是(6.62±0.4)、(5.96±0.42)、(7.02±0.42)和(7.52±0.43)ng/μl。对照组和ALL组,ALL组化疗前和后,大便标本中乳酸杆菌和大肠埃希菌数量的对数值差异均有非常显著性(P〈0.01)。结论HDMTX化疗ALL患儿肠道中乳酸杆菌和大肠埃希菌的数量较正常对照组明显减少。在HDMTX化疗治疗过程中,采用微生态制剂,调整细菌比例,使肠道内益生菌的数量尽快恢复正常是必要的。16S rRNA/DNA荧光定量PCR技术在临床细菌定量分析中切实可行。  相似文献   

4.
野猪是当前南方山地森林生态系统中数量激增的主要有蹄类。为揭示贵州苗岭地区野猪肠道细菌的群落结构、多样性及菌群功能,本研究采用16S rRNA高通量测序技术检测了4头野猪胃肠道(胃、回肠、结肠和直肠)的细菌群落,共获得1 268 577条有效序列。经质控过滤,所有序列归类于1 019个OTU,包含19门292属。在门分类水平上,野猪肠道内核心菌群主要为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria),优势菌属包括普雷沃氏菌属(Prevotella)、乳酸杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、大肠-志贺氏菌属(Escherichia-Shigella)和双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)等15个菌属。稀疏曲线表明测序深度已基本覆盖样品中所有细菌,测序充分。alpha多样性指数中,结肠和直肠的Chao1和Shannon指数显著高于胃和回肠(P<0.05),证明结肠和直肠比胃和回肠具有更高的菌群丰富度和多样性。主坐标分析(PCoA)和相似性分析(Anosim)结果也同样表明野猪不同肠道菌群结构具有显著差异。LEfSe分析表明在野猪不同肠段共有22个显著差异的细菌菌属,其中大部分都归属于厚壁菌门,并且PICRUSt分析显示不同的肠段也表现出独特的代谢功能和代谢途径。本研究初步揭示了野猪的肠道菌群特征,发现野生种群野猪肠道中具有相对复杂的菌群结构,且不同肠段间存在显著差异。  相似文献   

5.
昆虫体内细菌的多样性对昆虫的消化、营养的吸收、生长发育繁殖具有至关重要的作用.本研究利用16S rRNA基因序列,构建内生菌16S rRNA克隆文库,探明红火蚁3龄幼虫和4龄幼虫种群体内微生物菌群结构并加以对比,采用Miseq高通量测序的方法揭示红火蚁3龄幼虫与4龄幼虫肠道菌的相似性和差异性.结果表明:红火蚁高龄幼虫的两个不同发育阶段肠道菌菌群的结构及组成存在一定的差异性.3龄幼虫肠道菌的物种丰富度和物种多样性都低于4龄幼虫.红火蚁3龄、4龄幼虫体内共有183个OTU,归属于15个门、24个纲、56个目、101个科、151个属,其中3龄幼虫肠道微生物的OTU数目有51个,其优势菌群为支原菌属,比例达到95.11%;4龄幼虫肠道微生物的OTU数目有170个,其优势菌群为变形菌门的7个属,比例达到93.78%,其中优势菌属为肠杆菌属,比例达到37.10%.本研究分析了红火蚁高龄幼虫肠道菌的细菌多样性及3龄幼虫与4龄幼虫两个阶段肠道菌群的群落结构组成差异,为进一步明确红火蚁高龄幼虫肠道菌生理功能和生态学意义具有重要的参考价值.  相似文献   

6.
【目的】研究断奶前给仔猪饲喂植物乳杆菌和干酪乳杆菌对断奶前、后肠道菌群组成、数量和短链脂肪酸(SCFA)浓度的影响,分析仔猪生长性能与肠道形态、微生物菌群及SCFAs的相关性,探讨测试菌株缓解仔猪断奶应激的可能机制。【方法】选取15窝7 d龄杜长大仔猪,随机分为3组,分别灌喂2 mL去离子水(对照组)、0.5×10~9 CFU/mL植物乳杆菌(LP组)或干酪乳杆菌(LC组)的菌液,每组以窝为单位5个重复,于21 d(断奶)、24 d和35 d屠宰,采集回肠和结肠食糜,分析菌群组成和数量的变化,测定SCFAs浓度。【结果】测试菌株均能显著提高断奶2周后回肠、结肠菌群多样性(P0.05),促进乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌增殖;显著促进断奶前回肠和结肠中乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和总SCFA生成,促进断奶后乙酸和总SCFA产生;相关分析显示,测试菌株组仔猪腹泻率下降与SCFAs浓度上升、回肠绒毛高度增加和总菌数量上升显著相关,日增重提高与结肠乙酸和TSCFA浓度增加显著相关。【结论】测试菌株促进乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌等有益菌增殖,增加肠道菌群多样性,促进肠道SCFAs生成。  相似文献   

7.
方圆  李玭  武微  熊倩  律娜  朱宝利  张玉梅 《微生物学报》2021,61(11):3642-3652
[目的] 比较持续母乳喂养条件下不同分娩方式的34周龄婴儿肠道菌群差异,探讨分娩方式对较大婴儿肠道菌群发育的影响。[方法] 在北京地区招募健康足月分娩母乳喂养婴儿,在34周仍然参与随访的持续母乳喂养婴儿共21例,其中剖宫产婴儿16例、阴道分娩婴儿5例,进行肠道菌群的16S rRNA检测。[结果] 两组共21个粪便样本中,共注释到6个门,分别为:疣微菌门、变形菌门、梭杆菌门、厚壁菌门、放线菌门和拟杆菌门;两组共21个样本中共有57个OTU注释到属水平,其中,26个属水平OTU被注释到厚壁菌门,18个属水平OTU被注释到变形菌门,6个属水平OTU被注释到放线菌门,5个属水平OTU被注释到拟杆菌门,梭杆菌门、疣微菌门各有1个属水平OTU被注释。其中变形菌门在阴道分娩组(44.17%)肠道菌群中的含量高于剖宫产组(16.10%);而放线菌门在阴道分娩婴儿(0.00%)肠道菌群中的含量低于剖宫产婴儿(0.09%)。阴道分娩组与剖宫产组相比,共有7个菌属的丰度发生了显著降低(P<0.05),分别为副杆菌属、葡萄球菌属、嗜血杆菌属、乳杆菌属、肠球菌属、双歧杆菌属及一注释到科水平的毛螺旋菌科OTU。[结论] 分娩方式对持续母乳喂养的婴儿肠道菌群结构存在影响,且这种影响在出生后34周仍然存在。  相似文献   

8.
广谱抗生素应用对小婴儿肠道微生态的影响   总被引:8,自引:1,他引:7  
目的 :探讨抗生素对小婴儿肠道微生态的影响 ,评价便涂片法监测小婴儿肠道菌群变化的可行性。方法 :对 3 0例应用广谱抗生素治疗的 3个月以下小婴儿 (试验组 )及 3 2例同年龄正常儿 (对照组 ) ,用便涂片直接镜检法进行肠道菌群的初步分析和监测。结果 :应用抗生素 3~ 15d,试验组革兰阴性杆菌比例明显下降 ,革兰阴性杆菌生长受抑制 ,革兰阳性球菌渐表现出优势生长。因此 ,对应用抗生素的患儿应尽早应用微生态制剂调整肠道菌群。结论 :应用便涂片直接检菌法可帮助临床医生初步判定小婴儿肠道菌群的变化情况 ,简便、经济、实用  相似文献   

9.
目的:检测新疆维吾尔族结肠癌人群肠道菌群结构,探讨维吾尔族结肠癌患者肠道菌群结构差异,以求找到肠内与结肠癌有关系的菌群。方法:使用16Sr DNA-PCR-DGGE技术对维吾尔族结肠癌患者肠道菌群分布情况制作肠道菌群指纹图谱,从图谱中的条带进行切胶回收、进行克隆、测序,与Genebank数据库提供的序列进行比对做树状图分析,对新疆维吾尔族结肠癌患者肠道细菌种群多样性进行探讨。结果:通过实验得到了维吾尔族结肠癌患者肠道菌群结构特征的DNA指纹图谱、基因序列及树状图。测序结果显示,维吾尔族结肠癌患者肠道菌群中主要分布乳酸杆菌属,拟杆菌属和梭杆菌属以及很多差异性细菌的分布情况。从维吾尔族结肠癌患者肠道菌群的分布情况来看,优势菌乳酸杆菌量甚少,拟杆菌属,梭杆菌属数量较多。结论:肠道乳酸杆菌优势菌量的减少及拟杆菌属,梭杆菌属比例的改变可能与结肠癌患者发病有一定的关系。  相似文献   

10.
结合PCR/DGGE (Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,变性梯度凝胶电泳)和16S rDNA序列分析技术,研究添加益生菌Lactobacillus amylovorus S1后仔猪从7至35日龄(断奶后两周)后肠菌群的变化。6窝新生仔猪被随机分成两组:对照组和处理组,处理组仔猪于7、9和11日龄口服L. amylovorus S1菌液(活菌数5×10.9 CFU/mL)。分别于7、14、21、24和35日龄,每窝随机屠宰一头仔猪,收集肠道样品。比较不同日龄仔猪后肠菌群DGGE图谱表明,断奶后图谱中多数高GC含量细菌条带消失,至断奶后两周又逐渐出现。序列分析显示,这些高GC含量细菌主要为乳酸杆菌。统计分析表明,仔猪口服益生菌S1对其盲肠和结肠菌群的多样性指数无显著影响。通过比较处理组和对照组图谱发现,处理组14日龄出现一特异条带,与其匹配的序列的最相似已知菌为Clostridium disporicum,相似性为95%;而35日龄对照组有一特异优势条带,该条带被鉴定为猪链球菌(Streptococcus suis),相似性为99%。  相似文献   

11.
Phylogenetic relationships of butyrate-producing bacteria from the human gut   总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12  
Butyrate is a preferred energy source for colonic epithelial cells and is thought to play an important role in maintaining colonic health in humans. In order to investigate the diversity and stability of butyrate-producing organisms of the colonic flora, anaerobic butyrate-producing bacteria were isolated from freshly voided human fecal samples from three healthy individuals: an infant, an adult omnivore, and an adult vegetarian. A second isolation was performed on the same three individuals 1 year later. Of a total of 313 bacterial isolates, 74 produced more than 2 mM butyrate in vitro. Butyrate-producing isolates were grouped by 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The results indicate very little overlap between the predominant ribotypes of the three subjects; furthermore, the flora of each individual changed significantly between the two isolations. Complete sequences of 16S rDNAs were determined for 24 representative strains and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. Eighty percent of the butyrate-producing isolates fell within the XIVa cluster of gram-positive bacteria as defined by M. D. Collins et al. (Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 44:812-826, 1994) and A. Willems et al. (Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 46:195-199, 1996), with the most abundant group (10 of 24 or 42%) clustering with Eubacterium rectale, Eubacterium ramulus, and Roseburia cecicola. Fifty percent of the butyrate-producing isolates were net acetate consumers during growth, suggesting that they employ the butyryl coenzyme A-acetyl coenzyme A transferase pathway for butyrate production. In contrast, only 1% of the 239 non-butyrate-producing isolates consumed acetate.  相似文献   

12.
A cultured microflora obtained from the caecum of a "normal" mouse was given to 4 groups of germfree mice and was supplied 1x, 2x, 3x and 4x respectively at 5-day intervals. Another group received a 10(-7) dilution of the caecal flora while a group associated with an 'SPF' flora served as control. The difference (measured by 8 parameters) between mice supplied with the cultured flora or with a 10(-7) dilution, both given once only, was small. Supplying the flora 3x resulted in more 'normal' mice compared with mice which received the flora once or twice. The caeca of specified-pathogen-free mice contained more bacteria per gram (microscopic bacterial count), less aerobic and anaerobic bacteria per gram (viable counts), while the yield as percentage of the microscopic bacterial count was lower as compared with the group to which a cultured flora was supplied 4 times.  相似文献   

13.
目的对比Sanger和Pyrosequencing测序法分析健康人口腔菌群组成。方法收集6例健康成人唾液、舌背、黏膜、龈上及龈下菌斑并构建16SrRNA基因文库,分别用Sanger和Pyrosequencing测序法分析。结果 Sanger测序所得已知的序列有5,794条(占6,535总序列数88.7%)、75个属,396个序列划分操作分类单元(operational taxonomic units,OTUs,占总OTUs的61.4%)。Pyrosequencing测序所得已知的序列有10,771条(占11,103总序列数97.0%)、66个属,322个OTUs(占总OTUs的68.0%)。Sanger和Pyrosequencing测序法所得口腔菌群在门、属的水平分布趋势基本一致,但在种的水平分布差异显著。Sanger和Pyrosequencing测序法构建的口腔菌群文库均匀度值分别为0.016和0.007,说明Pyrosequencing分析口腔菌群物种数量分布比Sanger测序方法的文库均匀性稍差,但优势种更显著。结论 Pyrosequencing测序时所构建基因文库能代表口腔菌群的多样性且经济、省时,可以应用于口腔细菌物种的分析。  相似文献   

14.
Bacterial communities in buffalo rumen were characterized using a culture-independent approach for a pooled sample of rumen fluid from 3 adult Surti buffaloes. Buffalo rumen is likely to include species of various bacterial phyla, so 16S rDNA sequences were amplified and cloned from the sample. A total of 191 clones were sequenced and similarities to known 16S rDNA sequences were examined. About 62.82% sequences (120 clones) had >90% similarity to the 16S rDNA database sequences. Furthermore, about 34.03% of the sequences (65 clones) were 85–89% similar to 16S rDNA database sequences. For the remaining 3.14%, the similarity was lower than 85%. Phylogenetic analyses were also used to infer the makeup of bacterial communities in the rumen of Surti buffalo. As a result, we distinguished 42 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) based on unique 16S r DNA sequences: 19 OTUs affiliated to an unidentified group (45.23% of total OTUs), 11 OTUs of the phylum Firmicutes, also known as the low G+C group (26.19%), 7 OTUs of theCytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroides phylum (16.66%), 4 OTUs of Spirochaetes (9.52%), and 1 OTU of Actinobacteria (2.38%). These include 10 single-clone OTUs, so Good’s coverage (94.76%) of 16S rRNA libraries indicated that sequences identified in the libraries represent the majority of bacterial diversity present in rumen.  相似文献   

15.
Butyrate is a preferred energy source for colonic epithelial cells and is thought to play an important role in maintaining colonic health in humans. In order to investigate the diversity and stability of butyrate-producing organisms of the colonic flora, anaerobic butyrate-producing bacteria were isolated from freshly voided human fecal samples from three healthy individuals: an infant, an adult omnivore, and an adult vegetarian. A second isolation was performed on the same three individuals 1 year later. Of a total of 313 bacterial isolates, 74 produced more than 2 mM butyrate in vitro. Butyrate-producing isolates were grouped by 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The results indicate very little overlap between the predominant ribotypes of the three subjects; furthermore, the flora of each individual changed significantly between the two isolations. Complete sequences of 16S rDNAs were determined for 24 representative strains and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. Eighty percent of the butyrate-producing isolates fell within the XIVa cluster of gram-positive bacteria as defined by M. D. Collins et al. (Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 44:812–826, 1994) and A. Willems et al. (Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 46:195–199, 1996), with the most abundant group (10 of 24 or 42%) clustering with Eubacterium rectale, Eubacterium ramulus, and Roseburia cecicola. Fifty percent of the butyrate-producing isolates were net acetate consumers during growth, suggesting that they employ the butyryl coenzyme A-acetyl coenzyme A transferase pathway for butyrate production. In contrast, only 1% of the 239 non-butyrate-producing isolates consumed acetate.  相似文献   

16.
目的了解暴露PM_(2.5)后的Bac荷瘤裸鼠肠道菌群组成的变化。方法采用A549细胞对30只Bac裸鼠进行肺内注射,饲养1周适应环境,第2周开始进行暴露染尘与对照暴露生理盐水组实验,共暴露1、4、8周。采用口鼻暴露仓进行小鼠染尘与生理盐水暴露操作,每周暴露6d,每天2h,建立大气污染暴露荷瘤裸鼠模型,5只未做处理的Bac荷瘤裸鼠作为空白对照组。采集裸鼠晨起新鲜粪便样品,抽提其中微生物总基因组DNA,采用Ⅱ代基因测序技术对粪便样品进行16S高变区扩增测序,划分可操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit,OTU),使用I-Sanger分析平台对所有OTU进行物种注释与评估、物种组成分析、样本比较分析等,运用R Studio软件对数据进行统计学分析。结果厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门在PM_(2.5)暴露组、生理盐水对照组和空白对照组均为最优势菌门。PM_(2.5)暴露组与生理盐水对照组及空白对照组相比厚壁菌门减少,拟杆菌门增加。结论 PM_(2.5)暴露减少Bac荷瘤裸鼠肠道菌群丰度,破坏肠道菌群平衡,在一定程度上可抑制有益菌的繁殖,并使致病菌数量增加。  相似文献   

17.
Over a period of ten months a total of 5618 cord blood units (CBU) were screened for microbial contamination under routine conditions. The antibiotic resistance profile for all isolates was also examined using ATB strips. The detection rate for culture positive units was 7.5%, corresponding to 422 samples.16S rRNA sequence analysis and identification with API test system were used to identify the culturable aerobic, microaerophilic and anaerobic bacteria from CBUs. From these samples we recovered 485 isolates (84 operational taxonomic units, OTUs) assigned to the classes Bacteroidia, Actinobacteria, Clostridia, Bacilli, Betaproteobacteria and primarily to the Gammaproteobacteria. Sixty-nine OTUs, corresponding to 447 isolates, showed 16S rRNA sequence similarities above 99.0% with known cultured bacteria. However, 14 OTUs had 16S rRNA sequence similarities between 95 and 99% in support of genus level identification and one OTU with 16S rRNA sequence similarity of 90.3% supporting a family level identification only. The phenotypic identification formed 29 OTUs that could be identified to the species level and 9 OTUs that could be identified to the genus level by API test system. We failed to obtain identification for 14 OTUs, while 32 OTUs comprised organisms producing mixed identifications. Forty-two OTUs covered species not included in the API system databases. The API test system Rapid ID 32 Strep and Rapid ID 32 E showed the highest proportion of identifications to the species level, the lowest ratio of unidentified results and the highest agreement to the results of 16S rRNA assignments. Isolates affiliated to the Bacilli and Bacteroidia showed the highest antibiotic multi-resistance indices and microorganisms of the Clostridia displayed the most antibiotic sensitive phenotypes.  相似文献   

18.
Butyrate‐producing bacteria play an important role in the human colon, supplying energy to the gut epithelium and regulating host cell responses. In order to explore the diversity and culturability of this functional group, we designed degenerate primers to amplify butyryl‐CoA:acetate CoA‐transferase sequences from faecal samples provided by 10 healthy volunteers. Eighty‐eight per cent of amplified sequences showed > 98% DNA sequence identity to CoA‐transferases from cultured butyrate‐producing bacteria, and these fell into 12 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The four most prevalent OTUs corresponded to Eubacterium rectale, Roseburia faecis, Eubacterium hallii and an unnamed cultured species SS2/1. The remaining 12% of sequences, however, belonged to 20 OTUs that are assumed to come from uncultured butyrate‐producing strains. Samples taken after ingestion of inulin showed significant (P = 0.019) increases in Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. Because several of the dominant butyrate producers differ in their DNA % G+C content, analysis of thermal melt curves obtained for PCR amplicons of the butyryl‐CoA:acetate CoA‐transferase gene provides a convenient and rapid qualitative assessment of the major butyrate producing groups present in a given sample. This type of analysis therefore provides an excellent source of information on functionally important groups within the colonic microbial community.  相似文献   

19.
Li CQ  Liu WC  Zhu P  Yang JL  Cheng KD 《Microbial ecology》2011,62(4):800-812
Several molecular techniques were employed to document the bacterial diversity associated with the marine sponge Gelliodes carnosa. Cultivation-dependent and cultivation-independent methods were used to obtain the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the bacteria. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the bacterial community structure was highly diverse with representatives of the high G + C Gram-positive bacteria, cyanobacteria, low G + C Gram-positive bacteria, and proteobacteria (α-, β-, and γ-), most of which were also found in other marine environments, including in association with other sponges. Overall, 300 bacterial isolates were cultivated, and a total of 62 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified from these isolates by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and DNA sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes. Approximately 1,000 16S rRNA gene clones were obtained by the cultivation-independent method. A total of 310 clones were randomly selected for RFLP analysis, from which 33 OTUs were acquired by further DNA sequencing and chimera checking. A total of 12 cultured OTUs (19.4% of the total cultured OTUs) and 13 uncultured OTUs (39.4% of the total uncultured OTUs) had low sequence identity (≤97%) with their closest matches in GenBank and were probably new species. Our data provide strong evidence for the presence of a diverse variety of unidentified bacteria in the marine sponge G. carnosa. A relatively high proportion of the isolates exhibited antimicrobial activity, and the deferred antagonism assay showed that over half of the active isolates exhibited a much stronger bioactivity when grown on medium containing seawater. In addition to demonstrating that the sponge-associated bacteria could be a rich source of new biologically active natural products, the results may have ecological implications. This study expands our knowledge of the diversity of sponge-associated bacteria and contributes to the growing database of the bacterial communities within sponges.  相似文献   

20.
Three broiler feeding trials were investigated in order to identify gut bacteria consistently linked with improvements in bird performance as measured by feed efficiency. Trials were done in various geographic locations and varied in diet composition, broiler breed, and bird age. Gut microbial communities were investigated using microbial profiling. Eight common performance-linked operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified within both the ilea (180, 492, and 564-566) and ceca (140-142, 218-220, 284-286, 312, and 482) across trials. OTU 564-566 was associated with lower performance, while OTUs 140-142, 482, and 492 were associated with improved performance. Targeted cloning and sequencing of these eight OTUs revealed that they represented 26 bacterial species or phylotypes which clustered phylogenetically into seven groups related to Lactobacillus spp., Ruminococcaceae, Clostridiales, Gammaproteobacteria, Bacteroidales, Clostridiales/Lachnospiraceae, and unclassified bacteria/clostridia. Where bacteria were identifiable to the phylum level, they belonged predominantly to the Firmicutes, with Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria also identified. Some of the potential performance-related phylotypes showed high sequence identity with classified bacteria (Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus aviarius, Lactobacillus crispatus, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Escherichia coli, Gallibacterium anatis, Clostridium lactatifermentans, Ruminococcus torques, Bacteroides vulgatus, and Alistipes finegoldii). The 16S rRNA gene sequence information generated will allow quantitative assays to be developed which will enable elucidations of which of these phylotypes are truly performance related. This information could be used to monitor strategies to improve feed efficiency and feed formulation for optimal gut health.  相似文献   

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