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1.
施钾时期对冬小麦旗叶光合特性和籽粒淀粉积累的影响   总被引:18,自引:4,他引:14  
在相同施钾量的基础上。采用一次性基施,1/2基施、1/2于拔节期追施。研究施钾时期对小麦旗叶光合特性和籽粒淀粉积累的影响.结果表明。分期施钾比一次性施钾提高了小麦开花后旗叶的光合速率、旗叶中磷酸蔗糖合成酶(SPS)和籽粒中腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(ADPGPPase)的活性,提高了籽粒中蔗糖的供应强度和淀粉积累速率。增加了籽粒产量.研究还表明。两个施钾处理均提高了小麦叶片中蔗糖的合成能力和其在籽粒中转化为淀粉的能力,施钾提高产量的主要原因是施钾较好地协调了光合物质合成、运输与转化,即较好地协调了淀粉合成的源库关系.  相似文献   

2.
不同施钾时期对红富士苹果产量和品质的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
通过大田试验研究了钾肥不同施用时期对红富士苹果产量、品质、钾肥利用效率及叶片和果实养分含量的影响.结果表明:与对照(不施钾)相比,增施钾肥显著提高了苹果产量4.3%~33.2%,且具有明显改善果品质量的作用.与100%钾基施相比,膨大期施钾处理(50%基施+50%膨大期施、50%花后施+50%膨大期施、100%膨大期施)苹果产量显著增加20.5%~27.7%,果品质量亦有所改善.50%基施+50%膨大期施和50%花后施+50%膨大期施钾处理在苹果增产和改善品质的基础上,明显提高了果园的钾肥利用效率,并维持了果实生长周期中叶片钾含量的相对稳定,为树体钾素的持续供应提供了保障.然而,50%花后施+50%膨大期施钾处理果实钙含量显著下降,不利于果实后期贮藏.综合考虑,50%基施+50%膨大期施为果园钾肥施用的最佳时期.  相似文献   

3.
施钾对甘薯氮素转移分配及氮代谢酶活性的影响   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
汪顺义  刘庆  史衍玺  李欢 《生态学杂志》2016,27(11):3569-3576
利用15N示踪技术,研究了施钾对甘薯发根结薯期、薯块膨大期地上和地下部氮素转移分配、光合特性及氮代谢酶活性的影响.结果表明: 在发根结薯期,施钾显著提高15N向地上部的转移分配,其中K3(K2O, 300 mg·kg-1)处理与对照相比15N向叶片转移速率提高了76.2%,15N积累量提高了92.1%.在薯块膨大期,随施钾量增加地上部叶片15N总分配率由33.7%降低至24.4%,块根15N分配率由5.8%升高至17%,其中K3处理块根15N积累量是对照的3倍.两个关键生长期硝酸还原酶、谷氨酸脱氢酶、谷氨酰胺合酶、谷氨酸合酶和净光合速率(Pn)均随施钾量的增加而提高.逐步回归分析表明,氮代谢酶活性和Pn是影响甘薯15N转移和分配的主要因素(R分别为0.965和0.942),通径分析表明,在发根结薯期主要通过促进硝酸还原酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶介导的氮素催化能力促进氮素向地上部分配;在薯块膨大期主要通过提高谷氨酰胺合酶/谷氨酸合酶循环介导的氮素同化能力促进氮素向地下部分配.  相似文献   

4.
施钾时期对食用甘薯光合特性和块根淀粉积累的影响   总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12  
在施钾240 kg·hm-2水平下,研究施钾时期对甘薯叶片光合特性和块根淀粉积累的影响.结果表明:与一次性施钾(全部基施)相比,分期施钾(1/2基施+1/2栽后75 d追施)提高了甘薯叶片的光合速率及叶片中磷酸蔗糖合成酶和块根中腺苷二磷酸焦磷酸化酶活性,提高了块根中淀粉积累速率(生育期平均增幅为6.7%),显著增加了块根产量(增幅为8.2%).与不施钾处理相比,两个施钾处理均提高了叶片中蔗糖的合成能力和蔗糖在块根中转化为淀粉的能力.  相似文献   

5.
菠菜叶片中硝态氮还原与叶柄中硝态氮累积的关系   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
测定了不同生长期在不同施氮水平下3个菠菜品种各器官的硝态氮含量、叶片的硝酸还原酶活性、叶片细胞硝态氮的贮存库和代谢库大小.结果表明:叶柄中硝态氮含量远高于其它器官,其含量与叶片内源/外源硝酸还原酶活性的比值呈负相关;叶片细胞中硝态氮代谢库的大小与叶柄中硝态氮含量之间没有确定的关系.  相似文献   

6.
施氮对不同抗旱性冬小麦叶片光合与呼吸的调控   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2  
在大田条件下对两个不同抗旱特性的冬小麦品种全生育期叶片光合气体交换参数、光合色素含量和呼吸值及其对氮素水平的响应进行了研究.结果表明,施氮180 kg·hm-2处理旱地品种叶片气孔导度、总光合色素含量、光合速率较不施氮处理在全生育期分别提高了43.75%、18.54%和49.66%,水地品种分别提高了12.12%、20.88%和29.25%;而旱地品种总呼吸速率降低了4.8%,水地品种降低了4.5%.适量施氮,增强了小麦叶片的气体交换能力,提高了光合色素含量,并降低了呼吸速率,从而提高了小麦叶片光合碳同化能力.小麦品种间光合的差异主要由非气孔因素引起.旱地品种呼吸速率较低,吸收的光能较多地用于光合碳同化作用.不施氮处理叶片光合速率较高的生育时期其呼吸速率也高,而施氮处理叶片光合速率高的生育时期呼吸值较低.施氮增加了光能向光合碳同化方向的分配.施氮对提高冬小麦抗旱能力有积极作用,其机理在于氮素改善了叶片气体交换状况,提高了光合色素含量,并优化了叶片对光能吸收的分配.  相似文献   

7.
采用盆栽试验,研究了施用控释复合肥对烤烟叶片生理特性和氮、磷、钾含量的影响。结果表明:增加控释复合肥的用量能显著提高烤烟叶片生育期的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素(团棵-打顶期)、抗坏血酸(ASA)含量(旺长-成熟期)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性(团棵-打顶期)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性(旺长-成熟期),同时,烤烟叶片氮、磷、钾含量也呈现上升趋势;相反,增施控释复合肥显著降低了烤烟叶片类胡萝卜素(成熟期)、丙二醛(MDA)、抗坏血酸(团棵期)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量(团棵-旺长期)和超氧阴离子自由基(O2·-)产生速率;增施控释复合肥不仅能提高烤烟的抗氧化能力,还能促进对氮、磷、钾营养元素的积累。  相似文献   

8.
在沿黄灌区选择8年生‘骏枣’植株,以不施钾肥作为对照,分别在果树开花期、幼果期、果实膨大期、转色期每株沟施300 g硫酸钾,测定各处理果实品质、产量、叶片光合以及荧光参数的变化,以明确沿黄灌区‘骏枣’的最佳施钾时期,为制定枣树合理施肥措施提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)与对照相比,施用钾肥可促进骏枣的光合作用、改善果实品质,且不同生育期效应不同,并以果实膨大期施用钾肥对提高骏枣果实品质、产量、叶片光合效果最为显著。(2)果实膨大期施用钾肥后,‘骏枣’的果实纵径、横径、果形指数、单果重、单株产量比对照分别显著提高了22.64%、39.33%、13.62%、19.52%和19.58%,果实维生素C(Vc)、可溶性糖和果糖的含量、糖酸比分别比对照显著提高了37.98%、22.82%、31.37%和29.95%,叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r)比对照分别显著提高了28.91%、38.44%、36.75%和27.25%,叶片初始荧光(F_o)、最大荧光(F_m)、电子传递速率(ETR)比对照分别显著提高了28.18%、29.15%和37.75%,而胞间CO _2浓度(C_i)和裂果率在果实膨大期达到最低值,比对照分别显著降低了28.34%和35.50%。研究发现,在‘骏枣’果实膨大期株施300 g钾肥,可显著增加植株叶片叶绿素含量、光合作用效率和光能吸收、电子传递效率,提高树体光合能力,显著降低裂果率,有效改善骏枣果实外在和内在品质,显著提高单株产量。  相似文献   

9.
施锌对石灰性褐土上小白菜光合作用及保护酶活性的影响   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
通过田间试验的方法,采用30(低锌)、75(中锌)和120kg/hm2ZnSO4(高锌)3个施锌水平,研究施锌对山西省石灰性褐土上小白菜叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率、硝酸还原酶(NR)活性、抗氧化酶活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响.结果表明:随着施锌量的提高,小白菜叶片各叶绿素组分含量、总叶绿素含量、净光合速率和NR活性均呈先升后降的变化趋势,并均以中锌处理最大,且中、高锌处理显著高于对照(不施锌);小白菜叶片过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性也呈先升后降的趋势,而超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性持续增加,CAT、POD和SOD活性分别在低锌、中锌和高锌处理时达到最大值,所有施锌处理的3种保护酶活性均显著高于缺锌对照;各处理小白菜叶片MDA含量随着施锌量增大而逐渐降低,且所有施锌处理均显著低于缺锌对照.研究发现,施锌能有效增强石灰性褐土上小白菜叶片光合能力和氮同化能力,显著提高其抗氧化酶系活性,并以75kg/hm2ZnSO4效果最佳.  相似文献   

10.
不同施钾水平对苜蓿营养物质及抗蓟马性的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
【目的】明确施钾是否能有效提高苜蓿对蓟马的抗性以及钾-营养物质-抗虫性之间的关系。【方法】以感蓟马紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa品种甘农3号(Gannong No.3)和抗蓟马紫花苜蓿品种甘农9号(Gannong No.9)为材料,设0,6,9,12和15 g/m2(K2O)5个钾水平,在大田蓟马为害高峰期,评价和测定了不同钾水平处理下苜蓿的受害指数、虫口数量、叶片钾含量、碳氮比和游离氨基酸变化。【结果】在第2茬中,随着钾水平的升高,甘农3号和甘农9号老叶和心叶的钾含量上升,可溶性糖和碳氮比升高,游离氨基酸含量下降,虫口数量无显著性差异,受害指数显著降低(P0.05),且在9 g/m2(K2O)水平下最低。在第3茬中,甘农3号和甘农9号的受害指数、叶片钾含量、碳氮比及游离氨基酸的变化规律和第2茬相同,但虫口数量上升。第2茬和第3茬中,不同施钾水平下,苜蓿叶片钾含量与受害指数负相关但不显著(P0.05)。施钾后甘农3号的受害指数均低于未施钾甘农9号的受害指数。【结论】钾元素可通过提高苜蓿碳氮比,降低游离氨基酸的含量来提高苜蓿对蓟马的耐害性。在大田条件下,通过施钾管理来提高苜蓿品种对蓟马的耐害性是一种有效的措施。  相似文献   

11.
Ruiters  C.; McKenzie  B. 《Annals of botany》1994,74(6):633-646
The seasonal allocation and efficiency of biomass and resources(starch, soluble carbohydrates, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe,Mn and Cu) within and between the constituent plant parts ofSparaxis grandiflora subspecies fimbriata , a deciduous, synanthousgeophyte, are described. The sequential production of roots,leaves and a new daughter corm, with fruit production phasedin during the development of the daughter corm, results in continualtransfer of resources when the plant is not dormant. The newdaughter corm serves as the major sink for the allocation ofdry matter and resources during the vegetative, reproductiveand senescent periods. The parent corm is the major source ofresources in the early stages of the vegetative period. Theamount of resources allocated to the reproductive structureswas comparatively low when compared with that allocated to vegetativeplant parts. The corms have highly flexible storage capacitiesfor a variety of nutrients, particularly the better conservednutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and carbohydrates.The dynamic patterns for the majority of the resources revealedhigh allocation when metabolic activity was also highest. Efficientrecovery or recycling of important resources from senescingorgans results in a similar or greater allocation to the daughtercorm than the amount that was present in the parent corm ofthe previous growth season. This is seen as an advantage tothese plants that grow in a seasonal environment where soilsare of low nutrient status.Copyright 1994, 1999 Academic Press Dry mass, efficiency, phenophase, resource allocation, Sparaxis grandiflora, fynbos  相似文献   

12.
Oxidative cleavage of cis-epoxycarotenoids by 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) is the critical step in the regulation of abscisic acid (ABA) synthesis in higher plants. ABA has been associated with dormancy and flower senescence, while also regulating plant adaptive responses to various environmental stresses. An NCED gene, CstNCED, was cloned from Crocus sativus stigmas. The deduced amino acid sequence of the CstNCED protein shared high identity with other monocot NCEDs, and was closely related to the liliopsida enzymes. At the N-terminus of CstNCED a chloroplast transit peptide sequence is located. However, its expression in chloroplast-free tissues suggested localization in other plastid types. The relationship between expression of CstNCED and the endogenous ABA level was investigated in the stigma and corms, where it was developmentally regulated. The senescence of the unpollinated stigma is preceded by an increase in ABA levels and CstNCED expression. In corms, a correlation was observed between CstNCED expression and dormancy. Furthermore, CstNCED expression was correlated with the presence of zeaxanthin in the dormant corms. When detached C. sativus leaves and stigmas were water and salt stressed, increases in CstNCED mRNA were observed. The results provided evidence of the involvement of CstNCED in the regulation of ABA-associated processes such as flower senescence and corm dormancy in monocotyledonous saffron.  相似文献   

13.
Induction and characterization of in vitro corms of diploid-taro   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
When in vitro plantlets were cultured in Murashige and Skoog liquid medium supplemented with 8–10% sucrose and 22–44 μM 6-benzylaminopurine, all of the stem explants formed corms. 170–850 μM paclobutrazol increased corm formation, whereas 1700 μM paclobutrazol inhibited corm development. Inclusion of 66 μM 6-benzylaminopurine in 170 μM paclobutrazol treatment resulted in smaller corms, and bigger corms formed in the combination of 1700 μM paclobutrazol and 66 μM 6-benzylaminopurine. No corms formed in 63–630 μM cycocel treatments. In vitro corm growth was also affected by the culture methods. Deep-layer agitated culture yielded corms of up to 2.03 g, with an average fresh weight of 0.7 g, 40 days after induction. In thin layer cultures, corms were up to 1.87 g, with an average fresh weight of 0.5 g. SDS-PAGE analysis of water-soluble proteins revealed changes of polypeptides with corm growth. Compared to smaller ones, corms over 0.2 g had higher dry matter, carbohydrate and anthocyanin content. These corms had a 99–100% survival rate upon transplanting directly to soil after storage at 4 °C for 10 months. This study indicates that the most economic production method of diploid taro seed corm is by thin-layer liquid culture in Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 22–44 μM benzylaminopurine and 8–10% sucrose for 6 weeks. The formed corms can be stored at 4 °C up to 10 months and transplanted directly into soil without acclimatization. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

14.
FTFLOWERING LOCUS T)及其同源基因作为三大开花途径整合子之一,被认为是调控植物开花的重要基因。为了深入研究FT同源基因的功能以及西红花(Crocus sativus L.)开花的分子机理,对已报道的3个西红花FT同源基因(CsatFT1CsatFT2CsatFT3)进行分离及分析。gDNA包含长度分别为835、1 642和1 132 bp的完整开放阅读框(ORF),均具有4个外显子和3个内含子;cDNA包含长度分别为528、525和540 bp的ORF,分别编码175、174和179个氨基酸;系统进化分析表明,CsatFT1、CsatFT2、CsatFT3分别和同为单子叶植物的水仙(Narcissus chinensis)NtFT、麝香百合(Lilium longiflorum)LlFT和洋葱(Allium cepa)AcFT1表现出较近的遗传距离。qRT-PCR分析结果显示,小球茎膨大阶段前期,CsatFT1CsatFT2CsatFT3在叶片中表达水平最高,侧根中次之,子球茎、主根中极低几乎检测不到;小球茎膨大阶段后期,CsatFT1CsatFT2CsatFT3都在子球茎中表达水平较高,在顶芽中几乎检测不到;室内储藏开花阶段,CsatFT1CsatFT2CsatFT3在柱头中表达水平最高,叶中次之,花瓣和花药中较低几乎检测不到。通过观测转基因烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)和转基因拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)植株表型发现,CsatFT1CsatFT2CsatFT3均具有促进植物提早开花的功能。  相似文献   

15.
Colchicum autumnale L. is a monocotyledonous geophyte with hysteranthous leaves, i.e. flowering and leaf growth occur in different time periods. Because after the starch, the second prominent storage compound of corm is represented by proteins, we were interested in nitrogen remobilisation during the annual life cycle of C. autumnale. In this context the content of soluble and insoluble proteins were measured in parallel with determination of some exo-and endopeptidase activities. Our results indicate that the continual proteolysis occurs in both mother and new daughter corms during the whole life-cycle of the plant. L-Ala-aminopeptidase and trypsin-like endopeptidase were the most active peptidases in both mother and daughter corms. As the protein level of mother corm did not change significantly during the development of the future above-ground part under the soil surface (the first, autumnal developmental stage), the developmental profile of nitrate reductase activity was estimated followed by evaluation of total nitrogen and amino acid contents. Significant activity of root nitrate reductase was detected in the roots only in the second, vernal stage. Our results showed that the stored proteins constituted a relevant nitrogen source partly required by the growth processes of the late autumnal stage, but mainly by the intensive growth of leaves and reproductive structures during the second, photosynthetically active stage of the life-cycle.  相似文献   

16.
The distribution patterns of photosynthesis products derivedfrom 14CO2 and of applied 14C-sucrose were studied in floweringgladiolus plants (Gladiolus grandiflorus cv. Eurovision) irrigatednormally or water stressed. Even small stresses led to a decreasein the mobilizing ability of the inflorescence and an increasein that of the corm. The stress caused a great reduction in14CO2 fixation, and, to a lesser degree, a delay in assimilatetranslocation out of the source leaves. In all cases, well irrigatedor stressed, the corms had the highest water potential (leastnegative), followed by the inflorescences and the leaves. Thegreater the stress, the greater were the differences betweenthose organs. It is proposed that under water deficit the waterpotential of the main sink (inflorescence) decreases and itsturgor dependent growth is slowed down, so reducing its mobilizingability, and causing delayed translocation out of the leaves.The water potential of the corm — the competitive sink— remains high enabling its growth to continue and assimilatesare attracted to it. 14C-distribution, corm, flower, Gladiolus grandiflorus, water deficit, water potential  相似文献   

17.
以黄瓜‘津研四号’幼苗为试材, 采用Hoagland营养液栽培, 研究了不同浓度(0、0.01、0.1、1和10 μmol·L-1) IAA处理对50 mmol·L-1 NaHCO3胁迫下黄瓜幼苗光合特性及抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明, 碱胁迫对黄瓜幼苗的生长有抑制作用, 0.01-1 μmol·L-1外源IAA处理可显著增加黄瓜幼苗的生物量; 使叶中Na+积累降低, K+积累增加, 且IAA的缓解效果具有浓度效应。叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量提高, 净光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs)增加, 以1 μmol·L-1 IAA处理的效果最好。添加1 μmol·L-1外源IAA显著提高了碱胁迫下黄瓜叶中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性及还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量, 降低了碱胁迫诱导的活性氧积累和膜脂过氧化反应; 而10 μmol·L-1外源IAA处理则加剧碱胁迫对黄瓜幼苗的危害。  相似文献   

18.
The distribution pattern of the products of photosynthesis wasstudied in gladiolus plants (Gladiolus grandiflorus cv Eurovision)in four stages of development I, plants having a very younginflorescence still enclosed between the leaves; II, plantswith a young inflorescence just emerged from the leaves, III,plants at full bloom, IV, plants with young fruits. The first,third or sixth foliage leaf was labelled with 14CO2, and subsequentdistribution in the plant was determined Results were expressedas a percentage of translocated 14C accumulated by each partof the plant which gives a measure of its ‘sink strength’,or as ‘relative sink activity’ (RSA) which is independentof the size of the indicated organ. There are two competing sinks in the developing gladiolus—theinflorescence and the new corm. When RSA is the criterton theinflorescence constitutes the main sink irrespective of thesource leaf from the first stage until flowering. With the subsequentwilting of the flowers and fruit set RSA of the inflorescencedeclines rapidly and the new corm becomes the main sink When‘sink strength’ is the criterton it appears thatthe inflorescence acts as a very weak sink when it is youngand becomes increasingly stronger until flowering and then declinessteeply. Sink strength of the corm declines during the developmentof the inflorescence and then increases again steeply with wiltingof the flowers and fruit set. There are small differences betweenthe various source leaves. The young new corm acts as a strongsink for the lower foliage leaf and progressively weaker forupper leaves. Gladiolus grandiflorus, flower development, corm, assimilates distribution, sink strength, relative sink activity  相似文献   

19.
20.
Cytokinin deficiency causes pleiotropic developmental changes such as reduced shoot and increased root growth. It was investigated whether cytokinin-deficient tobacco plants, which overproduce different cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase enzymes, show changes in different sink and source parameters, which could be causally related to the establishment of the cytokinin deficiency syndrome. Ultrastructural analysis revealed distinct changes in differentiating shoot tissues, including an increased vacuolation and an earlier differentiation of plastids, which showed partially disorganized thylakoid structures later in development. A comparison of the ploidy levels revealed an increased population of cells with a 4C DNA content during early stages of leaf development, indicating an inhibited progression from G2 to mitosis. To compare physiological characteristics of sink leaves, source leaves and roots of wild-type and cytokinin-deficient plants, several photosynthetic parameters, content of soluble sugars, starch and adenylates, as well as activities of enzymes of carbon assimilation and dissimilation were determined. Leaves of cytokinin-deficient plants contained less chlorophyll and non-photochemical quenching of young leaves was increased. However, absorption rate, photosynthetic capacity (F(v)/F(m) and J(CO2 max)) and efficiency (Phi CO(2 app)), as well as the content of soluble sugars, were not strongly altered in source leaves, indicating that chlorophyll is not limiting for photoassimilation and suggesting that source strength did not restrict shoot growth. By contrast, shoot sink tissues showed drastically reduced contents of soluble sugars, decreased activities of vacuolar invertases, and a reduced ATP content. These results strongly support a function of cytokinin in regulating shoot sink strength and its reduction may be a cause of the altered shoot phenotype. Roots of cytokinin-deficient plants contained less sugar compared with wild-type. However, this did not negatively affect glycolysis, ATP content, or root development. It is suggested that cytokinin-mediated regulation of the sink strength differs between roots and shoots.  相似文献   

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