长芒草草原群落种间关联与种群联合格局的初步研究

长芒草草原群落种间关联与种群联合格局的初步研究李凌浩,史世斌（厦门大学生物系,３６１００５）（内蒙古水利科学研究所,呼和浩特０１００１０）ＰｒｅｌｉｍｉｎａｒｙＳｔｕｄｙｏｎＩｎｔｅｒｓｐｅｔｉｆｉｃＡｓｓｏｃｉａｌｉｏｎａｎｄＣｏｍｂｉｎｅｄＰｏｐ...     

赖草的种间和属间杂种胚胎培养研究

以小麦族赖草属植物的６个种：赖草（Ｌｅｙｍｕｓｓｅｃａｌｉｎｕｓ）、窄颖赖草（Ｌ．ａｎｇｕｓｔｕｓ）、单小穗赖草（Ｌ．ａｅｍｕｌａｎｓ）、多枝赖草（Ｌ．ｍｕｌｔｉｃａｕｌｉｓ）、大赖草（Ｌ．ｒａｃｅｍｏｓｕｓ）和天山赖草（Ｌ．ｔｉａｎｓｈａｎｉｃｕｓ）作试验材料,分别组配成５个种间杂交组合,并与新麦草属（Ｐｓａｔｈｙｒｏｓｔａｃｈｙｓ）、鹅观草属（Ｒｏｅｇｎｅｒｉａ）以及Ｔｈｉｎｏｐｙｒｕｍ属组配成９个属间杂交组合。应用胚胎培养技术,离体培养杂种胚胎,成功地拯救了赖草植物的种间和属间杂种。试验结果表明,杂种胚胎的胚龄、培养基的营养组成以及杂种基因型对离体胚胎的培养有明显影响。     

大连潮间带底栖海藻群落的数量特征和优势种的季节变化

大连潮间带底栖海藻群落的数量特征和优势种的季节变化熊韶峻,王献平,郭旭光（辽宁师范大学生物系,大连１１６０２２）ＳｅａｓｏｎａｌＶａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｏｆＱｕａｎｔｉｔａｔｉｖｅＣｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｓａｎｄＤｏｍｉｎａｎｔＳｐｅｃｉｅｓｏｆＢｅｎｔｈｉｃＳｅａｗｅｅｄＣｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｉｅｓｗｉｔｈｉｎＩｎｔｅｒｔｉｄａｌｓｉｎＤａｌｉａｎ,Ｃｈｉｎａ￥．ＸｉｏｎｇＳｈａｏｊｕｎ,ＷａｎｇＸｉａｎｐｉｎｇ,ＧｕｏＸｕｇｕａｎｇ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＢｉｏｌｏ－ｇｙ,ＬｉａｏｎｉｎｇＮｏｒｍａｌＵｎｉｕｅｒｓｉｔｙ,Ｄａｌｉａｎ１１６０２２）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（４）：２７－２９．Ｔｈｅｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ,ｃｏｖｅｒａｇｅ,ｂｉｏｒｎａｓｓａｎｄｄｏｒｎｉｎａｎｔｓｐｅｃｉｅｓｏｆｂｅｎｔｈｉｃｓｅａｗｅｅｄｃｏｒｎｍｕｎｌｔｙｗｉｔｈｉｎｉｎｔｅｒｔｉｄａｌｉｎＤａｌｉａｎ,ＣｈｉｎａｗｅｒｅｍｏｎｔｈｌｙｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｅｄｆｒｏｒｎＭａｒｃｈ１９９０ｔｏＭａｒｃｈ１９９１．Ｉｔｉｓｘｈｏｗｎｔｈａｔ１）．ｔｈｅｇｅｎ－ｅｒａｌｔｅｎｄｅｎｃｙｏｆｓｅａｓｏ     

中国锈革孔菌科三新记录种

本文报道了我国锈革孔菌科三个新记录种－－浅色小集毛菌Ｃｏｔｒｉｃｉｅｌｌａ ｓｕｂｐｉｃｔａ（Ｌｌｏｙｄ）Ｃｏｒｎｅｒ,浅苋针孔菌Ｉｎｏｎｏｔｕｓ ｆｌａｖｉｄｕｓ（Ｂｅｒｋ．）Ｒｙｖａｒｄｅｎ,颇氏针孔菌Ｉｎｏｎｏｔｕｓ ｐａｔｏｕｉｌｌａｒｄｉｉ（Ｒｉｃｋ）Ｉｍａｚｅｋｉ,根据中国的材料对这三种多孔菌形态进行了详细描述。     

内蒙古典型草原4种植物凋落物分解速率与气候因子之间的定量关系

文章报道了内蒙古典型草原羊草（Ａｎｅｕｒｏｌｅｐｉｄｉｕｍ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｅ）,大针茅（Ｓｔｉｐａ ｇｒａｎｄｉｓ）,猪毛菜（Ｓａｌｓｏａａ ｃｏｌｌｉｎａ）和芨芨草（Ａｃｈｎａｔｈｅｒｕｍ ｓｐｌｅｎｄｅｎｓ）的凋落物的分解速率与气温和降水之间的关系,建立了动态模型Ｘ（ｔ）／Ｘ（Ｏ）＝ｅ＾－（ａｔ－ｂΣＴ－ｃΣｐ）．其中ｔ表示时间,Ｘ（ｔ）是ｔ时凋落物残留量,ΣＴ是累计气温,ΣＰ是累计降水量。气     

哀牢山木果石栎群落优势种的生态位宽度与重叠

通过多种方法比较研究了哀牢山木果石栎（Ｌｉｔｈｏｃａｒｐｕｓ ｘｙｌｏｃａｒｐｕｓ）群落８个优势种的生态位宽度和重叠,结果表明,该群落是以木果石栎、腾冲栲（Ｃａｓｔａｎｏｐｓｉｓ ｗａｔｔｉｉ）、滇木荷（Ｓｃｈｉｍａ ｎｏｒｏｎｈａｅ）和景东石栎（Ｌｉｔｈｏｃａｒｐｕｓ ｃｈｉｎｔｕｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ）为优势种的共优群落,它们的生态位宽度值分别为０．８７３２,０．７８５６,０．６７４２和０．５７９８。     

中国白粉菌科的四个新记录种

本文报道了中国白粉菌科Ｅｒｙｓｉｐｈａｃｅａｅ的 新记录种和变种,即：ＥｒｙｓｉｐｈｅｃａｔａｌｐａｅＳｉｍｏｎ。ＥｔｈｅｓｉｉＪｕｎｅｌｌ,ＥｕｌｍａｒｉａｅＤｅｓｍ。和ＭｉｃｒｏｓｐｈａｅｒａｄｉｆｆｕｓａＣｏｏｋｅ＆Ｐｅｃｋｖａｒ。ｔｈｅｒｍｏｐｓｉｄｉｓ（Ｊａｃｚ）ＴＺ．Ｌｉｕｃｏｍｂｎｏｖ。最后的变种同时是新组合。     

兴安盟山杏灌木草原的排序

兴安盟山杏灌木草原的排序王晓江,章中,刘永军,章海波（内蒙古林业科学研究院,呼和浩特０１００１０）ＯｒｄｉｎａｔｉｏｎｏｆＰｒｕｎｕｓｓｉｂｉｒｉｃａＳｈｒｕｂ－ＳｔｅｐｐｅｓｉｎＸｉｎｇａｎＬｅａｇｕｅ,ＩｎｎｅｒＭｏｎｇｏｌｉａ￥ＷａｎｇＸｉａｏｊｉａｎｇ;ＺｈａｎｇＺｏｎｇ;ＬｉｕＹｏｎｇｊｕｎ;ＺｈａｎｇＨａｉｂｏ（ＩｎｎｅｒＭｏｎｇｏｌｉａＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＦｏｒｅｓｔｒｙＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ,Ｈｕｈｈｏｔ０１００１０）．Ｃｈｉ－ｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（１）：２９－３２。ＴｈｅＰｒｕｎｕｓｓｉｂｉｒｉｃａｓｈｒｕｂ－ｓｔｅｐｐｅｓｉｎＸｉｎｇａｎＬｅａｇｕｅｏｆＩｎｎｅｒＭｏｎｇｏｌｉａａｒｅｓｔｕｄｉｅｄｕｓｉｎｇａｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｏｒ－ｄｉｎａｔｉｏｎｍｅｔｈｏｄｓ,ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇｐｏｌａｒｏｒｄｉｎａｔｉｏｎ（ＰＯ）,ｐｒｉｎｃｉｐａｌｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ（ＰＣＡ）ｏｒｄｉｎａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｎｃｅａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ（ＣＯＡ）ｏｒｄｉｎａｔｉｏｎ,２２ｐｏｌｔｓｏｆＰｒｕｎｕｓｓｉｂｉｒｉｃａｓｈｒｕｂ－ｓｔｅｐｐｅｓａｒｅｃ     

中国牙甲科二新记录种

本文记述中国阿牙甲属Ａｇｒａｐｈｙｄｒｕｓ二新记录种,即科氏阿牙甲Ａ．ｋｅｍｐｉ（ｄ’Ｏｒｃｈｙｍｏｎｔ）和库氏阿牙甲Ａ．ｃｏｏｍａｎｉ（ｄ’Ｏｒｃｈｙｍｏｎｔ）,并认为前人所记载的东方阿牙甲Ａ．ｏｒｉｅｎｔａｌｉｓ（ｄ’Ｏｒｃｈｙｍｏｎｔ）可能为科氏阿牙甲的同物异名。     

吉林省西部草原三种优势有毒植物及其利用探讨

本文对吉林省西部草原退化草场上三种优势有毒植物一狼毒大戟（ＥｕｐｈｏｒｂｉａｅｓｕｌａＬ．）、苦参（ＳｏｐｈｏｒａｆｌａｖｅｓｃｅｎｓＡｉｔ．）、瑞香狼毒（ＳｔｅｌｌｅｒａｃｈａｍａｅｊａｓｍｅＬ．），从资源学角度对其利用途经进行了初步探讨．为今后深入研究利用这三种占有相当优势的草原危害植物．探索经济利用途经，使其从单纯的清除对象变为清除与利用结合，在草地资源的生态一经济利用中发挥作用提供参考。     

Competition among the adults of three grasshoppers (Orthop., Acrididae) on an alpine grassland

Abstract:  The intraspecific and interspecific competition among the adults of three common grasshoppers, Angaracris rhodopa (Fischer-Waldheim), Chorthippus dubius (Zubovsky) and Chorthippus fallax (Zubovsky) was investigated on Ganjia High Mountain Grassland in north-west China. The results indicated a strong intraspecific competition within species at high densities. The interspecific competition between the larger-sized species, A. rhodopa , and the smaller-sized species, C. dubius or C. fallax , was weak, while competition between C. dubius and C. fallax was strong. An asymmetric competitive interaction in mortality and fecundity associated with the diet and size was observed among the three species. Competition was strong between the two species that had a similar diet. The large-sized species had higher mortality rates and lower fecundity than the smaller-sized species. Intraspecific competition between the three species was mainly affected by food limitation, while interspecific competition was mainly associated with food limitation as well as the grasshoppers' adaptation to the environment.     

Is different degree of individual specialization in three spider species caused by distinct selection pressures?

Individual specialization (IS), i.e. the relatively narrower niche of individuals compared to their population, can be caused by the interplay between intrinsic and extrinsic factors. We studied IS on prey type and size in three congeneric euryphagous sympatrically occurring species: Philodromus albidus, Philodromus aureolus, and Philodromus cespitum. We performed prey acceptance experiments in standardized laboratory conditions using adult females. We also studied possible factors affecting IS. As intrinsic factors, we measured aggressiveness toward prey and spider size as the measures of behavioral and morphological differences, respectively. As extrinsic factors, we studied the composition of the guild of actively hunting spiders in the area from where the philodromids were collected. We computed the degree of inter- and intraspecific crowding as a measure of inter- and intraspecific competition, respectively. Then we computed competition coefficients from census data in order to estimate the strength of interspecific competition among three species. There was no IS on prey type in any studied species. In terms of prey size, only P. albidus was found to be individually specialized, while there was no IS in the other two species. There was a significant effect of aggressiveness, but no significant effect of body size on IS in P. albidus. This species was the least aggressive of the studied species. The philodromids were the dominant actively hunting spiders in the study area. P. albidus was exposed to a relatively higher degree of interspecific than intraspecific competition, whereas in the other philodromids the situation was reversed. The presence of interspecific competition between P. albidus and the other two species was confirmed by the census data analysis. We documented context-dependent IS in Philodromus species. We argue that the higher degree of IS in P. albidus was influenced by interference competition mainly from the other two philodromid species. The niches of the other two species were influenced by food limitation, which decreased their IS.     

Interspecific competition among urban cockroach species

The aim of this study was to quantify and to compare the effects of intraspecific and interspecific competition among pairs of urban cockroaches [Blatta orientalis L., Periplaneta americana (L.), and Periplaneta australasiae Fabricius (Dictyoptera: Blattodea)] in relation to the limitation of resources such as shelter or food. Our approach was to assess whether the presence of one species affected the resource exploitation of another. A reduction in access to shelters or to food for one species revealed dominant/subordination relationships among species and induced spatial segregation in shelters and temporal segregation during food exploitation. The fragmentation of available resources facilitated spatial segregation and the access of more individuals of the subordinate species. Individuals of each species were aware of the presence of non‐conspecifics. The outcome of interspecific competition under laboratory conditions should help us to understand how segregated spatial distributions occur under natural conditions in urban areas.     

Analysis of competitive interactions between the limpets Patella depressa Pennant and Patella vulgata L. on the northern coast of Portugal

Inter- and intraspecific competitive interactions among the species Patella depressa Pennant and P. vulgata L. were analysed on the northern coast of Portugal, where both species co-occur in similar proportions. Increased (×2, ×4), normal and decreased (×1/2 intraspecific only) densities of limpets were used to test the effects of competition on the growth and mortality of the limpets, and competitive interactions between the different species. Fenced plots of 25×25 cm enclosing marked limpets at various densities were set up at a mid tidal level on the shore. Twelve treatments with three replicates of different combinations of densities and species were established. Mortality was recorded every 15 days and length was measured monthly during the 5 months of the experiment. At the end of the experiment, limpets were collected for biometry, sex determination and gonad staging. Both species of grazing molluscs showed increased mortality and reduced size and weight in increased density treatments. Limpets in decreased density treatments showed lower mortality and higher size. There were no significant differences between the effect of P. vulgata on P. depressa and the effect of P. depressa on P. vulgata on mortality and length. There were, however, decreases in weight due to intraspecific effects for both species. For P. vulgata, interspecific effects were much less than intraspecific effects and for P. depressa, the interspecific effects depended on density. The analysis of the gonad stage at the end of the experiment showed that the lower stages of development were most prevalent at increased densities and the occurrence of neuter individuals only in increased densities single species plots corroborated the evidence of a stronger intraspecific interaction. The availability of food was indirectly assessed by determination of chlorophyll concentration with spectrophotometric analysis of rock chips. Microalgal food assessment in this experiment, however, did not show any clear trends. The results were compared with previous studies of competition in grazing molluscs and discussed in relation to the limits of distribution of P. vulgata on the Portuguese coast.     

Accounting for interspecific competition and age structure in demographic analyses of density dependence improves predictions of fluctuations in population size

Understanding species coexistence has long been a major goal of ecology. Coexistence theory for two competing species posits that intraspecific density dependence should be stronger than interspecific density dependence. Great tits and blue tits are two bird species that compete for food resources and nesting cavities. On the basis of long‐term monitoring of these two competing species at sites across Europe, combining observational and manipulative approaches, we show that the strength of density regulation is similar for both species, and that individuals have contrasting abilities to compete depending on their age. For great tits, density regulation is driven mainly by intraspecific competition. In contrast, for blue tits, interspecific competition contributes as much as intraspecific competition, consistent with asymmetric competition between the two species. In addition, including age‐specific effects of intra‐ and interspecific competition in density‐dependence models improves predictions of fluctuations in population size by up to three times.     

Food partitioning among Malagasy primates

Summary Food partitioning among lemurs was studied in relation to food patch size and plant chemistry in the eastern rainforest and a western deciduous forest of Madagascar. Patch size (i.e. crown diameter of food trees) is significantly correlated with group body weight of different lemur species. But intraspecific variability is high and prevents effective species separation. Chemical analyses of more than 400 plant parts eaten by seven different lemur species revealed major differences in their food choice with respect to protein concentrations, condensed tannins and alkaloids. Among the leaf eating lemurs discriminant analysis segregates three groups à two species based on chemical characteristics of their food. Whereas differences in food chemistry are pronounced between groups they are lacking between the two species within each group. The two species of each group avoid interference competition by different activity rhythms. Actual competition for slowly renewable resources such as leaves and fruit, however, can not be reduced by different activities. Here interspecific differences in gross categories of food, food species composition and different habitat utilization due to other constraints may contribute to the possible coexistence of species. Thus interspecific differences in food selection in relation to primary and secondary plant chemicals is an integrated part of the mechanisms allowing several primate species to coexist in sympatry.     

Spatial arrangement and diet overlap between colonies of desert ants

Summary The spatial patterns and diets of three desert ant species were examined. The results indicate that food competition may account for the spatial arrangement of these species, and that only intraspecific interactions may be required. Each ant species was significantly overdispersed, and the average intraspecific nearest neighbor distances were greater than the interspecific nearest neighbor distances. A test of pairwise spatial arrangment showed that all three species pairs were aggregated interspecifically. The level of the interspecific aggregation was related to the diet similarity of the species. The two species pairs with the lowest diet overlaps were significantly aggregated, and the species pair with the most similar diets was not significantly aggregated. Pairwise dietary overlaps between colonies showed that average intraspecific overlaps were significantly greater than interspecific diet overlaps. Furthermore, the diet overlap was significantly positively correlated to the mean nearest neighbor distance for the three intraspecific and three interspecific comparisons. These data indicate competition for food, especially within species, may be regulating the intercolony distances of these ant species. A computer simulation tested whether only intraspecific territoriality is necessary to produce the observed nearest neighbor distances. A simulation that placed colonies randomly on a patch confirmed that these colonies are intraspecifically overdispersed. By adding intraspecific territoriality, the simulation nearest neighbor distances fit the empirical data reasonably well. Thus interspecific competitive interactions seem unnecessary to account for the spatial arrangement of these species.     

Inter-and intraspecific effects of density manipulations upon females of two orb-weaving spiders (araneae: araneidae)

Summary A field experiment was conducted to establish whether or not inter-and intraspecific competition occurs between two syntopic species of orb-weaving spiders. Replicated single-species and mixed-species adult populations of the basilica spider, Mecynogea lemniscata, and the labyrinth spider, Metepeira labyrinthea, were established at a range of densities on open experimental units in the species' natural habitat. Each experimental unit was a 4mx1.6mx1m wood frame supporting branches upon which introduced spiders built webs. Survival and reproduction on the units were monitored from 1 August through 1 November 1978,There were no significant negative interspecific effects of density upon either survival or reproduction, which indicates that interspecific competition was not occurring during the experiment. There was statistically significant evidence of intraspecific competition between females for both species, but the negative density effects were small. They explained 5% of the variance in Mecynogea web height, 2% of the variance in Metepeira survival, and 1% of the variation in number of eggs per sac for Mecynogea.Hence inter-and intraspecific competition was either absent or weak in 1978, despite the fact that a field experiment conducted the previous year (Wise 1979) demonstrated that prey abundance was limiting the egg production of both species. Evidence of food limitation in 1977 followed by only weak competitive interactions the following year suggests that the significance of resource limitation and competition may vary temporally for the basilica and labyrinth spiders.     

Co-existence of nine gill ectoparasites (Dactylogyrus: monogenea) parasitising the roach (Rutilus rutilus l.): history and present ecology

Co-existence among potentially competing species can be favoured by niche specialisation and/or by reducing the overall intensity of competition via aggregated utilisation of fragmented resources. We investigated the respective roles of niche specialisation and aggregation in the case of nine congeneric monogenean parasites on the gills of Roach (Rutilus rutilus L.) belonging to the genus Dactylogyrus. The position of each individual parasite of the nine Dactylogyrus species was recorded. Niche breadth and niche overlap of parasite species were estimated. Comparative methods, which take into account phylogenetic information of the analysed species, were used. We reconstructed a phylogeny of the nine Dactylogyrus species based on morphological characters. We used the 'aggregation model of co-existence' in the model to test if species co-existence is facilitated when intraspecific aggregation exceeds interspecific aggregation. We observed a lack of negative correlation in abundance between pairs of parasites, and a negative correlation between niche size and parasite aggregation, for both intraspecific and interspecific aggregation. Our comparative analysis showed that parasite abundance is positively correlated with niche breadth. Then parasite abundance, and not interactions between Dactylogyrus species, seems to be the most important factor determining niche size This result gives some support to niche segregation by specialisation. Niche size was negatively correlated with both intraspecific and interspecific aggregation. No relationship was found between an increase of interspecific aggregation with an increase of niche overlapping, which suggests that competition may play little role. A lack of competition could be also confirmed by the lack of negative correlation in abundance between species pairs. A parsimony analysis of the evolution of gill distribution indicates a change in one parameter of the niche (arch, segment and/or area) at each branching event.     

湖北九宫山成熟常绿落叶阔叶混交林3种优势种的邻域效应研究

以最近邻株距离统计研究了湖北九宫山成熟常绿落叶阔叶混交林3种优势种青冈栎(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)、甜槠(Castanopsis eyrei)和短柄枹栎(Quercus serrata var.brevipetiolata)的邻域效应,进而探讨了局域尺度上的竞争/帮促关系与物种共存格局.结果显示,青冈栎、甜槠和短柄枹栎的最近邻株距离不存在下限;青冈栎的胸径大小与其种内最近邻株距离存在正相关(p=0.029),甜槠的胸径大小与种内、种间最近邻株距离均无相关性(p≥0.360),而短柄枹栎的胸径大小与种间最近邻株距离为负相关(p=0.040);3树种中任意一个的种内与种间最近邻株距离都没有显著差异(p≥0.122).这些结果表明,九宫山成熟常绿落叶阔叶混交林内邻域尺度上的竞争排斥并未充分激化,但是青冈栎的种内竞争仍然在起作用,而甜槠的竞争效应不明显,短柄枹栎则依赖种间帮促甚于相互竞争.同种和异种之间的排斥效果没有差异表明局域尺度的物种共存格局可能出于随机过程而非负密度制约过程.