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祁连山植被水文效应的多层次Fuzzy综合评判

祁连山植被水文效应的多层次Ｆｕｚｚｙ综合评判车克钧,傅辉恩（甘肃省张掖祁连山水源林研究所７３４０００）Ｍｕｌｔｉｐｌｅ－ＬｅｖｅｌＦｕｚｚｙＣｏｍｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉｖｅＥｖａｌｕａｔｉｏｎｏｎＨｙｄｒｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＦｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓｏｆＶｅｇｅｔａｔｉｏｎｓｏｎｔｈｅＱｉｌｉａｎＭｏｕｎｔａｉｎｓ￥．ＣｈｅＫｅｊｕｎ;ＦｕＨｕｉｅｎ（ＱｉｌｉａｎＭｏｕｎｔａｉｎｓＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＦｏｒｅｓｔｆｏｒＷａｔｅｒＳｏｕｒｃｅＣｏｎｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎ,Ｚｈａｎｇｙｅ,ＧａｎｓｕＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ７３４０００）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（３）：３１－３５．ＢｙｍｅａｎｓｏｆｍｕＩｔｉｐｌｅ－ｌｅｖｅｌｆｕｚｚｙｃｏｍｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉｖｅｅｖａｌｕａｔｉｏｎ,ｔｈｅｈｙｄｒｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓｏｆｆｏｕｒｖｅｇｅｔａｔｉｏｎｔｙｐｅｓａｒｅａｎａｌｙｚｅｄ．ＰｉｃｅａｃｒａｓｓｉｆｏｌｉａｆｏｒｅｓｔｉｓｓｈｏｗｎｔｏｂｅｔｈｅｂｅｓｔｔｙｐｅｆｏｒｗａｔｅｒｃｏｎｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎｏｎＱｉｌｉａｎｍｏｕｎｔａｉｎｓ,Ｓａｂｉｎａｐｒｚｅｗｌｓｋｉｉｆｏｒｅｓｔａ     

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南山暖性次生针叶林的Fuzzy数学分类

南山暖性次生针叶林的Ｆｕｚｚｙ数学分类余小平（重庆师范学院生物系,６３００４７）ＦｕｚｚｙＮｕｍｅｒｉｃａｌＣｌａｓｓｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆＷａｒｍＳｅｃｏｎｄａｒｙＣｏｎｉｆｅｒｏｕｓＦｏｒｅｓｔａｔＮａｎｓａｎＭｏｕｎｔａｉｎ￥．ＹｕＸｉａｏｐｉｎｇ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＢｉｏｌｏｇｙ,ＣｈｏｎｇｑｉｎｇＴｅａｃｈｅｒｓ’Ｃｏｌｌｅｇｅ,６３００４７）;ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（４）：２３－２６．ＮｕｍｅｒｉｃａｌｃｌａｓｓｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓａｒｅｍａｄｅｆｏｒｍａｓｓｏｎｐｉｎｅｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｉｅｓｉｎｗａｒｍｓｅｃｏｎｄａｒｖｃｏｎｉｆｅｒｏｕｓｆｏｒｅｓｔａｔＮａｎｓａｎｍｏｕｎｔａｉｎ．Ｆｕｚｚｙａｇｇｒｅｇａｔｉｏｎａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｉｓａｐｐｌｉｅｄ,ａｎｄｓｉｘａｓｘｏｃｌａｔｉｏｎｇｒｏｕｐｓａｎｄｔｅｎａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎｓａｒｅｃｌａｓｓｉｆｉｅｄ．Ｔｈｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｏｆｃｌａｓｓｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｃｏｉｎｃｉｄｅｗｉｔｈａｃｔｕａｌｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓｏｆｖｅｇｅｔａｔｉｏｎｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ．Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎ     

洞庭湖滩血吸虫易感地带保水生态灭螺的试验研究

洞庭湖滩血吸虫易感地带保水生态灭螺的试验研究张元培,朱南屏（湖南省水产科学研究所沅江４１３１００）（湖南省华容县血防站４１４２００）ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＥＩｉｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｏｆＳｎａｉｌ（Ｏｎｃｏｍｅｌａｎｉａ）ｂｙＲｃｔａｉｎｉｎｇＷａｔｅｒｉｎＢｌｏｏｄＦｌｕｋｅ（Ｓｃｈｉｓｔｏｓｏｍａ）Ｓｕｓｃｅｐｔｉ－ｂｌｅＲｅｇｉｏｎｓＡｒｏｕｎｄＤｏｎｇｔｉｎｇＬａｋｅ￥．ＺｈａｎｇＹｕａｎｐｅｉ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＦｉｓｈｅｒｉｅｓＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈｏｆＨｕｎａｎＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ,Ｙｕａｎｊｉａｎｇ４１３１００）,ＺｈｕＮａｎｂｉｎｇ（ＳｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆＳｎａｉｌＦｅｖｅｒＣｏｎｔｒｏｌｏｆＨｕａｒｏｎｇＣｏｕｎｔｙ,ＨｕｎａｎＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ,４１４２００）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（３）：２３－２５．Ｉｎｂｌｏｏｄｆｌｕｋｅ（Ｓｃｈｉｓｔｏｓｏｍａ）ｓｕｓｃｅｐｔｉｂｌｅｒｅｇｉｏｎｓｏｆｔｈｅｌａｋｅｂｅａｃｈ,ｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔｓｏｆｗａｔｅｒｉｎｕｎｄａｔｅｄｅｌｉｍｉ－ｎａｔｉｎｇｓｎａｉｌ（Ｏｎｃｏｍｅｌａｎｉａ）ａｒｅｃａｒｒｉｅｄｏｕｔｂｙｂｕｉｌ     

福建中亚热带村级农业生态经济类型的成因与发展机制研究

福建中亚热带村级农业生态经济类型的成因与发展机制研究林文雄,吴志强,林群慧,郑世庆,王松良,梁义元（福建农学院,福州３５０００２）ＣｏｎｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｎｇＦａｃｔｏｒａｎｄＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔＭｅｃｂａｎｉｓｍｏｆＲｕｒａｌＡｇｒｏ－ｅｃｏｌｏｍｉｃＴｙｐｅｓｉｎＭｉｄ－ｓｕｂｔｒｏｐｉｃａｌＲｅｇｉｏｎｏｆＦｕＪｉａｎＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ￥．ＬｉｎＷｅｎｘｉｏｎｇ;ＷｕＺｈｉｑｉａｎｇ;ＬｉｎＱｕｎｈｕｉ;ＺｈｅｎｇＳｈｉｑｉｎｇ;ＷａｎｇＳｏｎｇｌｉａｎｇ;ＬｉａｎｇＹｉｙｕａｎ（ＦｕｊｉａｎＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＣｏｌｌｅｇｅ,Ｆｕｚｈｏｕ３５０００２）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（２）：６６－６８．Ｕｓｉｎｇｓｙｓｔｅｍａｔｉｃａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｍｅｔｈｏｄｔｈｅａｕｔｈｏｒｓｓｔｕｄｉｅｄｔｈｅｓｔａｔｕｅｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓａｎｄｔｈｅｉｒｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｐａｔ－ｔｅｒｎｓｏｆｒｕｒａｌａｇｒｏ－ｅｃｏｌｏｍｉｃｔｙｐｅｉｎｍｉｄ－ｓｕｂｔｒｏｐｉｃａｌｒｅｇｉｏｎｏｆＦｕｊｉａｎｐｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ．１１ｔａｐｅｓｏｆｓｙｓｔｅｍｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅａｎ     

湿地的国内外研究进展

湿地的国内外研究进展王宪礼李秀珍（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）ＡｄｖａｎｃｅｓｉｎＷｅｔｌａｎｄｓ’Ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｓ．ＷａｎｇＸｉａｎｌｉ,ＬｉＸｉｕｚｈｅｎ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡ...     

A new tool for the assessment of severe anthropogenic eutrophication in small shallow water bodies

Unlike in deep stratified lakes, the assessment of eutrophication in shallow aquatic systems (i.e., wetlands, marshes, ponds) should be based on the interaction between water and sediment. The availability of P to primary producers is naturally higher in shallow systems, because the sediment plays an active part via adsorption, precipitation and release processes. Thus, many wetlands in protected areas are naturally eutrophic and have a high trophic status due to intrinsic features and thus, display a high concentration of total-P in the water without necessarily implying pollution or poor quality. We have provided a diagnostic tool based on the chemical equilibrium of dissolved reactive P (operationally-defined as o-P) between water and sediment that distinguish anthropogenic eutrophication from a background of natural eutrophy. When the P-binding capacity of the sediment becomes saturated, the o-P concentration increases in the water as long as both the biological uptake and the sediment adsorption are unable to cope with the rate of P-release from the sediment under a long-term P load (or severe anthropogenic eutrophication). In such conditions, we have found that the ratio of total-P/particulate-P exceeds 2.0 in the water, and have used this threshold to validate this tool in other sets of wetlands.     

Wetland hydrologic class change from prior to European settlement to present on the Des Moines Lobe, Iowa

It has been hypothesized that wetland restoration policies have favored the restoration of the wettest classes of wetlands on the Des Moines Lobe of the prairie pothole region. To test this hypothesis we compared pre-drainage wetland distributions based on soils data and National Wetland Inventory (NWI) estimates of contemporary wetland distributions on the Des Moines Lobe. Based on the NWI data, the Des Moines Lobe today has only 3–4% of the wetland area that it had prior to the onset of drainage. On the basis of their soils, pre-drainage wetlands were predominantly temporarily flooded to saturated wetlands (84%), with only about 6% of the wetlands with water regimes classified as semi-permanently to permanently flooded. Depending on the interpretation of wetland modifiers on NWI maps, wetlands classified by the NWI as semi-permanent to permanently flooded make up more than 41% of the wetland area while wetlands with temporarily flooded to saturated water regimes account for 45–58% of the Lobe’s wetland area. The water regimes of contemporary wetlands when compared to their historic regimes suggest that many of today’s wetlands have different water regimes than they did prior to the onset of drainage. Because of the regional lowering of the groundwater table, many of today’s wetlands have drier water regimes, but some have wetter water regimes because they receive drainage tile inputs. Our results indicate that restoration has favored the wettest classes of wetlands and that temporarily to saturated wetland classes have not been restored in proportion to their relative abundance in the pre-drainage landscape.     

Building a potential wetland restoration indicator for the contiguous United States

Wetlands provide key functions in the landscape from improving water quality, to regulating flows, to providing wildlife habitat. Over half of the wetlands in the contiguous United States (CONUS) have been converted to agricultural and urban land uses. However, over the last several decades, research has shown the benefits of wetlands to hydrologic, chemical, biological processes, spurring the creation of government programs and private initiatives to restore wetlands. Initiatives tend to focus on individual wetland creation, yet the greatest benefits are achieved when strategic restoration planning occurs across a watershed or multiple watersheds. For watershed-level wetland restoration planning to occur, informative data layers on potential wetland areas are needed. We created an indicator of potential wetland areas (PWA), using nationally available datasets to identify characteristics that could support wetland ecosystems, including: poorly drained soils and low-relief landscape positions as indicated by a derived topographic data layer. We compared our PWA with the National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) from 11 states throughout the CONUS to evaluate their alignment. The state-level percentage of NWI-designated wetlands directly overlapping the PWA ranged from 39 to 95%. When we included NWI that was immediately adjacent to the overlapping NWI, our range of correspondence to NWI ranged from 60 to 99%. Wetland restoration is more likely on certain landscapes (e.g., agriculture) than others due to the lack of substantive infrastructure and the potential for the restoration of hydrology; therefore, we combined the National Land Cover Dataset (NLCD) with the PWA to identify potentially restorable wetlands on agricultural land (PRW-Ag). The PRW-Ag identified a total of over 46 million ha with the potential to support wetlands. The largest concentrations of PRW-Ag occurred in the glaciated corn belt of the upper Mississippi River from Ohio to the Dakotas and in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley. The PRW-Ag layer could assist land managers in identifying sites that may qualify for enrollment in conservation programs, where planners can coordinate restoration efforts, or where decision makers can target resources to optimize the services provided across a watershed or multiple watersheds.     

A comparison of wetland characteristics between Agricultural Conservation Easement Program and public lands wetlands in West Virginia,USA

In West Virginia, USA, there are 24 conservation easement program wetlands enrolled in the Agricultural Conservation Easement Program (ACEP). These wetlands are located on private agricultural land and are passively managed. Due to their location within fragmented agricultural areas, wetlands enrolled in ACEP in West Virginia have the potential to add wetland ecosystem services in areas that are lacking these features. We evaluated ACEP wetlands compared to reference wetlands on public land in West Virginia by using surrounding land cover, vegetative cover, and wetland features and stressors such as the presence or absence of erosion, upland inclusion, algal mats, and evidence of impacts from the surrounding landscape as surrogate measurements of wetland function on 13 ACEP wetlands and 10 reference wetlands. ACEP wetlands had higher percentages of tree coverage and a higher proportion of agricultural land in the areas immediately surrounding the wetland. Reference wetlands had higher percent coverage of emergent vegetation and had a higher proportion of forest in the immediate landscape. Our findings suggest that ACEP wetlands provide valuable early successional and forested wetland cover in a state that is largely forested. Because of this, it is important to maintain and even expand ACEP in West Virginia to continue providing a valuable source of early successional wetland habitat.     

Development of an Indicator to Monitor Mediterranean Wetlands

Wetlands are sensitive ecosystems that are increasingly subjected to threats from anthropogenic factors. In the last decades, coastal Mediterranean wetlands have been suffering considerable pressures from land use change, intensification of urban growth, increasing tourism infrastructure and intensification of agricultural practices. Remote sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques are efficient tools that can support monitoring Mediterranean coastal wetlands on large scales and over long periods of time. The study aims at developing a wetland indicator to support monitoring Mediterranean coastal wetlands using these techniques. The indicator makes use of multi-temporal Landsat images, land use reference layers, a 50m numerical model of the territory (NMT) and Corine Land Cover (CLC) for the identification and mapping of wetlands. The approach combines supervised image classification techniques making use of vegetation indices and decision tree analysis to identify the surface covered by wetlands at a given date. A validation process is put in place to compare outcomes with existing local wetland inventories to check the results reliability. The indicator´s results demonstrate an improvement in the level of precision of change detection methods achieved by traditional tools providing reliability up to 95% in main wetland areas. The results confirm that the use of RS techniques improves the precision of wetland detection compared to the use of CLC for wetland monitoring and stress the strong relation between the level of wetland detection and the nature of the wetland areas and the monitoring scale considered.     

Aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblages in mitigated and natural wetlands

Many wetlands have been constructed in West Virginia as mitigation for a variety of human disturbances, but no comprehensive evaluation on their success has been conducted. Macroinvertebrates are extremely valuable components of functioning wetland ecosystems. As such, benthic and water column invertebrate communities were chosen as surrogates for wetland function in the evaluation of 11 mitigation and 4 reference wetlands in West Virginia. Mitigation wetlands ranged in age from 4 to 21 years old. Overall familial richness, diversity, density and biomass were similar between mitigation and reference wetlands (p > 0.05). Within open water habitats, total benthic invertebrate density was higher in reference wetlands, but mass of common taxa from water column samples was higher in mitigation wetlands (p < 0.05) Planorbidae density from benthic samples in emergent habitats was higher in reference than mitigated wetlands. Benthic Oligochaeta density was higher across open water habitats in mitigation wetlands. All other benthic taxa were similar between wetland types. Among the most common water column orders, Isopoda density was higher in reference wetlands, but Physidae density was higher in mitigation wetlands. Within mitigation wetlands, emergent areas contained higher richness and diversity than open areas. These data indicate that mitigation and reference wetlands generally support similar invertebrate assemblages, especially among benthic populations. The few observed differences are likely attributable to differences in vegetative community composition and structure. Mitigation wetlands currently support abundant and productive invertebrate communities, and as such, provide quality habitat for wetland dependent wildlife species, especially waterbirds and anurans.     

Root and rhizome distribution as an indicator of upper salt marsh wetland limits

Four wetland plant species, Deschampsia cespitosa, Distichlis spicata, Grindelia integrifolia, and Salicornia virginica, were tested to determine the effect of soil moisture on the vertical distribution of roots and rhizomes. In an 8-month greenhouse experiment involving plants grown from seeds and rhizomes the occurrence of more than 65% of the root and rhizome mass in the upper 10 cm of soil was indicative of saturated conditions. Roots and rhizomes were more evenly distributed under field capacity and low moisture conditions. The percent of total root and rhizome biomass in the upper 10 cm of a 35 cm core may be useful in determining whether or not a plant is experiencing saturated soil conditions, a criterion often used for defining wetlands. Limited field studies support the conclusion of the greenhouse study.     

Salt marsh harvest mouse demography and habitat use in the Suisun Marsh,California

We undertook a 2-year (2002–2004) mark–recapture study to investigate demographic performance and habitat use of salt marsh harvest mice (Reithrodontomys raviventris halicoetes) in the Suisun Marsh. We examined the effects of different wetland types and microhabitats on 3 demographic variables: density, reproductive potential, and persistence. Our results indicate that microhabitats dominated by mixed vegetation or pickleweed (Salicornia spp.) supported similar salt marsh harvest mouse densities, reproductive potential, and persistence throughout much of the year, whereas few salt marsh harvest mice inhabited upland grass-dominated microhabitats. We found that densities were higher in diked wetlands, whereas post-winter persistence was higher in tidal wetlands, and reproductive potential did not differ statistically between wetland types. Our results emphasize the importance of mixed vegetation for providing adequate salt marsh harvest mouse habitat and suggest that, despite their physiognomic and hydrological differences, both diked and tidal wetlands support salt marsh harvest mouse populations by promoting different demographic attributes. We recommend that habitat management, restoration, and enhancement efforts include areas containing mixed vegetation in addition to pickleweed in both diked and tidal wetlands. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.     

Is there a core set of organisms that structure macroinvertebrate assemblages in freshwater wetlands?

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