生态场理论及生态场特性

生态场理论及生态场特性邹锐（云南大理州环科所生态室,６７１０００）ＴｈｅｏｒｙａｎｄＣｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＦｉｅｌｄ．￥ＺｏｕＲｕｉ（ＤａｌｉＰｒｅｆｅｃｔｕｒａｌＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＥｎｖｉｒｏｎ－ｍｅｎｔａｌＳｉ...     

北方农家屋顶养绿萍技术及生态经济效益

北方农家屋顶养绿萍技术及生态经济效益安淑苹（中国科学院石家庄农业现代化研究所,０５００２１）ＴｈｅＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌａｎｄＥｃｏｎｏｍｉｃａｌＢｅｎｅｆｉｔｓｏｆＣｕｌｔｉｖａｔｉｎｇＡｚｏｌａｆｉｌｉｃｕｌｏｉｄｅｓｏｎｔｈｅＲｏｏｆｔｏｐｉｎｔ...     

多层次多树种防护林的生态效应

多层次多树种防护林的生态效应彭锦钊（广西大桂山林场,贺县５４２８２４）ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＥｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆＭｕｌｔｉ－ＬａｙｅｒａｎｄＭｕｌｔｉ－ＳｐｅｃｉｅｓＳｈｅｌｔｅｒｂｅｌｔ．￥ＰｅｎｇＪｉｎｚｈａｏ（ＤａｇｕｉｓｈａｎＦｏｒｅｓｔｆｏｒｅ...     

西双版纳次生林土壤微生物生态分布及其生化特性的研究

西双版纳次生林土壤微生物生态分布及其生化特性的研究张萍（中国科学院昆明生态研究所,６５０２２３）ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＤｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎａｎｄＢｉｏｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌＰｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓｏｆＳｏｉｌＭｉｃｒｏｏｒｇａｎｉｓｍｓｉｎＳｅｃｏｎｄａｒｙ...     

锗对水稻某些生理性状的生态效应研究

锗对水稻某些生理性状的生态效应研究许崇山唐建军（中山大学生命科学学院,广州５１０２７５）（浙江大学生物科学与技术系,杭州３１００２７）ＳｔｕｄｉｅｓｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＥｆｅｃｔｏｆＧｅｒｍａｎｉｕｍＥｌｅｍｅｎｔｏｎＳｏｍｅＰｈｙｓｉｏｌｏｇｉ...     

生态网络分析的研究进展

生态网络分析的研究进展韩博平（厦门大学生物系,３６１００５）ＰｒｏｇｒｅｓｓｅｓｏｎｔｈｅＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆＥｃｏｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ￥ＨａｎＢｏｐｉｎｇ（ＢｉｏｌｏｇｙＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔ,ＸｉａｍｅｎＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ,Ｘｉａｍｅｎ３６１００５）;ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（６）：４１－４５．Ｅｃｏｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｉｓａｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒａｌｍｏｄｅｌｗｈｉｃｈｉｓｕｓｅｄｔｏｓｉｍｕｌａｔｅｔｈｅｆｌｏｗｏｆｍａｔｅｒｉａｌａｎｄｅｎｅｒｇｙｉｎｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍ。Ｔｈｅａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｅｃｏｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｉｓｔｈｅｔｈｅｏｒｙａｎｄｍｅｔｈｏｄｓｔｏａｎａｌｙｚｅｔｈｅｆｌｏｗｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒａｎｄｆｅａｔｕｒｅｏｆｍａｔｅｒｉａｌａｎｄｅｎｅｒｇｙｉｎｅｃｏｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ,ｉｔｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｓｔｈｅａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｆｌｏｗｆｅａｔｕｒｅ,ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｉｎｄｉｃｅｓ,ｓｔｏｃｈａｓｔｉｃｐｒｏ－ｃｅｓｓ,ｔｒｏｐｈｉｃｌｅｖｅｌａｎｄｓｅｎｓｉｔｉｖｉｔｙ．Ａｒｅｖｉｅｗｉｓｓｙｓｔｅｍａｔｉｃａｌｌｙｇｉｖｅｎ．Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：ｅｃｏｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ     

吉林省边境地区吸血蚊虫生态调查

吉林省边境地区吸血蚊虫生态调查丁兆福,孙权忠,乔木（沈阳空军后勤部卫生防疫队,１１００１５）ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＩｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎｏｎＢｌｏｏｄ－ＳｕｃｋｉｎｇＭｏｓｑｕｉｔｏｅｓｉｎＢｏｒｄＲｅｇｉｏｎｓｏｆＪｉｌｉｎＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ．￥Ｄ...     

害虫生态调控的原理与方法

害虫生态调控的原理与方法戈峰（中国科学院动物研究所农业虫鼠害综合治理国家重点实验室,北京１０００８０）ＴｈｅＰｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅｓａｎｄＭｅｔｈｏｄｓｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＲｅｇｕｌａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＭａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｏｆＰｅｓｔｓ．ＧｅＦｅｎｇ（Ｉ...     

苋属作物在沧州区域的生态适应性

苋属作物在沧州区域的生态适应性武之新徐玉鹏（河北省沧州市农林科学院牧草研究中心,０６１００１）ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＡｄａｐｔａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｔｈｅＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｉｎｇＰｒｏｓｐｅｃｔｓｏｆＡｍａｒａｎｔｂｕｓＣｒｏｐｓｉｎＣａｎｇｚｈｏｕＲｅｇｉｏｎ...     

春玉米与生姜间作不同种植方式农田生态效应研究

春玉米与生姜间作不同种植方式农田生态效应研究姚向高王爱玲（河南农业大学农学院,郑州４５０００２）ＳｔｕｄｙｏｆｔｈｅＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＥｆｃｃｔｓｏｆＤｉｆｅｒｅｎｔＴｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＩｎｔｅｒｃｒｏｐｐｉｎｇｏｆＳｐｒｉｎｇＭａｉｚｅａｎｄ...     

我国果园生草栽培研究概况(综述)

本文概述果园生草栽培模式及技术,讨论生草栽培对水土保持、改善果园环境及对土壤理化、微生物性状的影响,分析了生草栽培对果树生长发育及果实产量、品质和经济效益的效应。     

Impact of floor management practices on the growth of groundcover species and soil properties in an apple orchard in northern China

Tillage and groundcover are the two mainly used management practices in orchard. Only small portion of orchard has been treated with groundcover in China, which would restrict our understanding of the scientific management of apple orchard. This study aimed to investigate the impact of different groundcover treatments on the plant growth of groundcover species and soil properties in an apple orchard near Beijing, northern China. Six commonly used groundcover species were chosen to grow underground. Our results showed that groundcover species had significant greater maximum photosynthesis rate (P_max) than weeds in control plots. Meanwhile, groundcover treatments could largely improve the microclimate of orchard compared with tillage treatment. Among all the groundcover species, alfalfa was proven to be the most appropriate species grown underground in apple orchard for its high P_max and high above-ground biomass. Groundcover treatments had little impact on soil bulk density, soil porosity and surface soil organic carbon (SOC) content. However, significantly greater deep soil organic carbon contents were found in two grass species, and significantly higher soil available nitrogen (N) contents were found in two leguminous species respectively. Our results indicated that groundcover treatment would be a sustainable management practice for apple orchard in northern China.     

Soil organic carbon changes as influenced by agricultural land use and management: a case study in Yanhuai Basin, Beijing, China

The effects of agricultural land use and management practices on soil organic carbon (SOC) are of great concern. In this study, SOC changes were investigated in sandy loam soils (Ustochrepts, USDA Soil Taxonomy) under orchard, vegetable, corn (Zea maize L.), and soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivation in northern China. The corn fields were further classified into three categories based on their inputs, i.e. high-input, mid-input, and low-input corn fields. In April 2005, a total of 197 soil samples were collected from 42 soil sites within 100 cm soil depth in Yanhuai Basin, Beijing, China. SOC contents were determined using rapid dichromate oxidation, and ANOVA statistical analysis was used to test the significances between land use and management practices at p<0.05. The results showed that: (1) the effects of land use and management practices on SOC primarily occurred within the topsoil (0–25 cm), and the SOC contents sharply decreased with the increase in soil depth. (2) SOC content and density values of orchard, vegetable, and high-input corn fields were higher than those of soybean, mid- and low-input corn fields.     

Tissue age,orchard location and disease management influence the composition of fungal and bacterial communities present on the bark of apple trees

Plants host microbial communities that can be affected by environmental conditions and agronomic practices. Despite the role of bark as a reservoir of plant pathogens and beneficial microorganisms, no information is available on the effects of disease management on the taxonomic composition of the bark-associated communities of apple trees. We assessed the impact of disease management strategies on fungal and bacterial communities on the bark of a scab-resistant apple cultivar in two orchard locations and for two consecutive seasons. The amplicon sequencing revealed that bark age and orchard location strongly affected fungal and bacterial diversity. Microbiota dissimilarity between orchards evolved during the growing season and showed specific temporal series for fungal and bacterial populations in old and young bark. Disease management did not induce global changes in the microbial populations across locations and seasons, but specifically affected the abundance of some taxa according to bark age, orchard location and sampling time. Therefore, the disease management applied to scab-resistant cultivars, which is based on a limited use of fungicides, partially changed the taxonomic composition of bark-associated fungal and bacterial communities, suggesting the need for a more accurate risk assessment regarding possible pathogen outbreaks.     

有机荔枝园、常规荔枝园和天然荔枝园蜘蛛类群的比较

2004～2005年,对珠海市斗门区有机、常规和天然荔枝园的蜘蛛群落进行了系统的调查和分析,结果表明,不同类型荔枝园蜘蛛群落丰富度S值天然＞有机＞常规荔枝园;多样性指数H'值有机＞天然＞常规荔枝园;均匀度E值有机＞天然＞常规荔枝园.说明进行有机管理的荔枝园对蜘蛛群落的多样性影响较小,有利于保护和发挥天敌的自然控制力.有机、常规荔枝园的优势类群均为园蛛科、皿蛛科和球蛛科,而天然荔枝园除这三者外,跳蛛科也明显增加.除天气因素外,更重要的还与人为农事活动干扰程度直接相关.有机荔枝园不使用化学农药,蜘蛛种类多,个体数也较多.而常规荔枝园由于频繁地使用了化学合成物质,蜘蛛种类和数量较少.说明施用大量的化学农药,对蜘蛛的影响较大.     

Movement of adult pecan weevils Curculio caryae within pecan orchards

1 The pecan weevil Curculio caryae (Horn) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is an indigenous pest of pecan Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch, in North America. Understanding the movement of this pest from the orchard floor to host trees could lead to pest management practices that exploit weevil behaviour and thus reduce insecticide application to the entire orchard canopy. Furthermore, no information exists on diel periodicity of pecan weevil movement. 2 Movement of adult pecan weevils crawling and flying to the host trunk, flying to the host canopy, crawling within the host canopy and flying between host trees was studied using four types of passive traps over four seasons. Each type of trap was used to capture weevils at different locations on or near the tree and to discriminate flying versus crawling behaviour. 3 More pecan weevils crawl to the trunk than fly and a proportion of the population flies directly from the orchard floor into the pecan canopy. The majority of this movement occurs at dusk. 4 The vertical distribution of weevils was generally uniform throughout the canopy but more weevils were captured in suspended traps nearest tree tops, rather than traps near the ground, when flying between trees and this was significantly so for two of 4 years. 5 The results of the present study are contrary to previous reports suggesting that most adult pecan weevils fly to the pecan trunk after emergence from the soil; however, our results did indicate that a proportion of the population flies directly from the orchard floor into the pecan canopy and thus would circumvent strategies that attempt to control weevils moving up the trunk.     

红壤丘陵山地柑桔园土壤熟化问题的初步探讨

丘陵山地红壤广泛分布于我国江南,由于地处优越的自然生物气候条件,各省已利用红壤丘陵山地开垦了数以百万亩的柑桔园。然而,这些园地土壤在不同程度上仍表现出自然土壤的基本特性,即所谓“瘠、酸、黏、旱”。针对这些问题,各地柑桔区对这类土壤进行了颇有成效的改良利用,明显改善了土壤性状,加速了红壤柑桔园土壤的熟化过程,从而提高果园土壤的熟化度,为创造柑桔高产、稳产、优质提供了最基本的土壤条件。     

Relationships between management practices and ground‐active invertebrate biodiversity in New Zealand kiwifruit orchards

相似文献   

The effect of integrated pest management practices in an apple orchard on Heteroptera community structure and population dynamics

Abstract: The community structure and population dynamics of Heteroptera was studied in an apple orchard in the Czech Republic, between 1992 and 1995. The study investigated the changes which occurred after introduction of integrated pest management (IPM) practices into an intensive apple orchard. The IPM consisted of establishing grass ground cover or planting six selected herb species in two wide belts along the rows of trees. The IPM areas were compared with areas where chemical control was continued. Seventy Heteroptera species were captured (22 predatory and 48 phytophagous). The diversity of heteropteran communities was always higher on IPM plots and six predatory species and 24 phytophagous species were only captured on the IPM plots. Annual variation of abundance of predatory species on IPM plots was smaller than in phytophagous species. Orius spp. were abundant on the chemical control areas due to abundant Tetranychus urticae C.L. Koch populations, which were probably a consequence of the application of pyrethroid insecticides. Other predatory species were more abundant in IPM areas due to higher prey availability. The abundance of phytophagous species was favoured by the herbaceous undergrowth of the IPM plots. The number of predatory Heteroptera species increased after the introduction of IPM practices. Vegetation cover diversity is enhanced due to cultivation of the plots with IPM regime and has not resulted in any additional increase in the abundance of predatory Heteroptera species.