濒危植物元宝山冷杉种群结构与分布格局

元宝山冷杉是广西特有,列入《中国植物红皮书》的珍稀濒危植物,种群数量不足900株,在元宝山自然保护区设置5块样地,应用相邻格子法进行调查获取野外资料,对元宝山冷杉种群进行统计,编制种群的特定时间生命表,绘制大小结构图和存活曲线,并进行种群动态谱分析;应用理论分布模型和聚集强度指数进行处群分布格局分析,结果表明：元宝山冷杉种群幼苗个体比例大,大个体级死亡率较高,个体胸径超过21cm后,生命期望陡降,谱分析表明,种群的动态过程存在周期性,由于种内和种间竞争的影响及林窗效应,种群结构有波动性变化过程,元宝山冷杉种群当前仍为稳定型种群,元宝山冷杉种群呈现聚集分布,在不同发育阶段的分布格局有差异;幼苗,幼树阶段为集群分布,中龄阶段向随机分布发展,大树呈均匀分布,种群在不同发育阶段的空间分布格局差异与其生物学和生态学特性密切相关,同时受群落内小环境的影响。     

元宝山冷杉群落特征的初步研究

元宝山冷杉仅分布于广西融水县元宝山．元宝山冷杉群落为常绿针阔混交林,上层林木主要是松科植物,中、下层以樟科、茶科、杜鹃花科、壳斗科为主．元宝山冷杉群落现存大树基本上都是老龄树,林内有少量幼苗,但很难见到中龄林木,因此,元宝山冷杉种群年龄结构不完整,将被常绿阔叶树取代．     

元宝山冷杉群落主要树木种群间联结关系的研究

元宝山冷杉 (Ａｂｉｅｓｙｕａｎｂａｏｓｈａｎｅｎｓｉｓ)是广西特有的珍稀濒危植物 ,为古老的残遗物种 ,它对研究我国古代植物区系的发生和演变 ,以及古气候、古地理 ,特别是对第四纪冰期气候的探讨有学术价值[6] 。元宝山冷杉仅分布于广西北部融水县的元宝山蓝坪峰一带 ,种群个体数量不足 90 0株 ,天然更新不良 ,多为老树及幼树、幼苗 ,罕见青壮年个体。研究元宝山冷杉群落主要树木种群间的联结关系 ,对于研究种群间的相互作用 ,群落的组成和动态 ,阐明种群生态学以及进一步保护好元宝山冷杉 ,保存物种多样性 ,具有重要的现实意义。1　…     

岷江上游林线附近岷江冷杉种群的生存分析

 岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)林是青藏高原东南缘亚高山暗针叶林的主要类型之一,在岷江上游地区,岷江冷杉林一般在2 800～3 800 m之间呈带状分布并且在阴坡形成林线。为了对岷江上游林线地段的岷江冷杉种群进行生存分析,在岷江上游林线附近弓杠岭(33°02′39″ N,103°43′11″ E)设置了10个样地,使用侧生轮枝计数或WinDENDRO系统对个体年龄进行确定。调查数据经匀滑技术处理,编制了岷江冷杉种群特定时间生命表,绘制了岷江冷杉种群的存活曲线、死亡率曲线和消失率曲线。结果表明：1）岷江上游林线地段岷江冷杉种群存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅲ型。2）林线地段岷江冷杉种群生存率呈单调下降趋势,生存率下降趋势前期高于后期,说明岷江冷杉种群幼苗死亡率高,种群后期比较稳定。3）林线地段岷江冷杉林整个生长期中出现了两个死亡高峰期,一个出现在幼苗向幼树过渡时期（0 ～40年）,另一个出现在中龄时期（180年）。岷江上游林线地段岷江冷杉种群幼苗死亡率较高的原因可能和林线地段的温度较低、积雪厚度、风向、水分等环境条件有关。     

湖北神农架地区巴山冷杉（Abies fargesii）种群结构特征与空间分布格局

巴山冷杉群落是湖北神农架地区主要的群落类型之一,从生命表特征、年龄结构、存活曲线以及种群和不同龄级个体空间分布格局等方面研究了湖北神农架地区巴山冷杉的种群结构特征与空间分布规律.研究结果表明:巴山冷杉的种群年龄结构图呈现的是幼苗比例最大,中龄树、幼树和成龄树比例次之的规律;巴山冷杉幼苗储备丰富,巴山冷杉自身的生物学特性及环境因素是形成这种现象的主要原因;湖北神农架地区巴山冷杉种群的存活曲线接近于Deevey C型,I径级巴山冷杉死亡率最高,II径级开始巴山冷杉幼树死亡率大幅度下降,直至老龄期死亡率逐渐升高;巴山冷杉种群不同年龄级的个体呈现出集群分布或随机分布,处于不同发育阶段的个体群,其空间分布格局是随时间变化的.     

濒危植物元宝山冷杉的遗传多样性研究

元宝山冷杉(Abies yuanbaoshanensis)是仅分布于广西融水县元宝山的珍稀濒危物种。本研究采用AFLP分子标记分析了元宝山冷杉种群的遗传多样性。取元宝山冷杉种群43棵植株作为研究材料,4对引物组合用于AFLP扩增,共得到261条DNA扩增带。分析结果：元宝山冷杉种群的多态位点百分比率为50．96％,Nei's基因多样性为0．1510,Shannon多样性指数为0．1735。用NTSYS软件计算各个样品间的相似性系数,并用UPGMA法基于相似性系数进行了聚类分析。研究结果表明：元宝山冷杉种群的遗传多样性水平低,种群内个体间的相似性系数很大,无明显亚种群间的遗传分化。要保护或保存这个物种的遗传资源,建议应该选择种群内尽可能多的个体进行保护。     

甘南高山林线岷江冷杉—杜鹃种群结构与动态

高山林线是一种典型的生态交错带,是对气候反映最敏感的地区之一。甘肃南部高山林线区域主要以原始岷江冷杉种群和杜鹃种群为优势种,通过对岷江冷杉和杜鹃种群建立静态生命表,绘制存活曲线描述其结构特征,利用种群数量动态预测时间序列分析定量研究未来的发展趋势。结果显示:(1)岷江冷杉种群幼苗比较丰富,能很好的维持种群个体的自疏死亡,存活曲线呈Deevey-Ⅲ型;杜鹃种群幼苗缺乏,存活曲线趋向于Deevey-Ⅰ型;死亡曲线和危险率曲线都随着龄级的增加而增加,杜鹃种群的死亡率在各个龄级一直大于岷江冷杉种群,危险率在Ⅱ龄级以后杜鹃种群也始终大于岷江冷杉种群。(2)岷江冷杉种群结构动态变化指数Vpi大于修正后的种群结构动态变化指数V′pi且大于0,而杜鹃种群结构动态变化指数Vpi小于修正后的种群结构动态变化指数V′pi且小于0,则岷江冷杉种群属于增长型,杜鹃种群属于衰退型,岷江冷杉、杜鹃随机干扰极大值分别为0.027、0.011,说明二者对外界干扰均比较敏感。(3)杜鹃种群时间序列预测为前期幼苗比较缺乏,中期稳定,后期衰退的动态特征,而岷江冷杉种群表现出各龄级时间变化较小,幼苗个体数较多,种群为稳定增长型,岷江冷杉更能适应甘肃南部高山林线区域当前环境。     

濒危植物秦岭冷杉种群数量动态

为了对濒危植物秦岭冷杉种群数量动态评价和预测,通过样地调查和数据统计,研究了秦岭冷杉种群的年龄结构、静态生命表及其与环境因子关系,运用时间序列模型预测了种群数量动态.结果表明,多数秦岭冷杉种群幼龄级个体数较少,中老龄个体数量较大,呈衰退趋势.仅处于低海拔地区的秦岭冷杉－木蓝－苔草群丛中的种群（D种群）由于立地条件较好,幼龄级个体数量相对丰富,种群稳定.不同秦岭冷杉种群生命表和存活曲线的分析表明,尽管生境条件差异,但存活曲线基本接近Deevey Ⅲ型;不同种群偏离典型存活曲线的程度与幼苗缺乏程度有关,一般Ⅲ～Ⅴ龄级死亡率较高.时间序列分析表明,在未来20、40和80年中,不同秦岭冷杉种群均会呈现老龄级株数先增后减的趋势,种群稳定性长期维持困难.对影响秦岭冷杉种群增长的10个环境因子通过主成分分析（PCA）发现,乔木层盖度、土壤有机质含量和空气湿度对种群发挥有利影响,而人为干扰和光照强度对秦岭冷杉种群增长发挥不利影响.应充分利用秦岭冷杉性喜荫、耐寒、种子活力较强的特点,加强现有林分就地保护,重点是具有结实能力的中老龄个体;在阴坡地带,对林下灌木比较密集的群丛,通过砍灌、清理林下活地被物等抚育措施,为幼苗发育创造良好的环境条件;就地采种育苗,扩大人工种群.     

暗针叶林下华西箭竹（Fargesia nitida）对岷江冷杉（Abies faxoniana）幼龄植株种群动态的影响

通过不同华西箭竹（Fargesia nitida）环境中岷江冷杉（Abies faxoniana）幼龄植株种群生命表及存活曲线、死亡曲线、消失率曲线和生存函数曲线,分析种群动态趋势,并根据野外取样分析华西箭竹对岷江冷杉幼龄植株生物量分配的影响。结果表明：在暗针叶林下,岷江冷杉幼龄植株总的种群结构呈明显的金字塔型,存活曲线DeeveyⅢ型,幼苗个体丰富,死亡率高,进入小树阶段后有较高的生命期望。小密度华西箭竹增大了岷江冷杉幼苗、幼树的死亡率,该环境下的岷江冷杉幼龄植株种群存活曲线为DeeveyⅡ型,而无竹环境为DeeveyⅢ型。大密度华西箭竹环境中岷江冷杉小幼苗叶重比显著增大,异速生长显著增高。过于密集的华西箭竹严重抑制了岷江冷杉幼苗的定居,而小密度华西箭竹的存在对岷江冷杉的更新并非完全不利。     

梵净山冷杉和元宝山冷杉的叶绿体微卫星遗传多样性分析

梵净山冷杉和元宝山冷杉是极度濒危的国家一级重点保护植物.应用叶绿体微卫星标记(cpSSR)研究它们的遗传多样性,并与同属的广布种岷江冷杉的一个种群进行比较.结果表明：3对 cpSSR 引物(Pt63718、Pt30204和Pt71936)在这3种冷杉的249个个体中共检测到21个等位基因,组成35种单倍型;它们的单倍型数和有效单倍型数分别为梵净山冷杉(No＝12,Ne＝3．92),元宝山冷杉(No＝9,Ne＝3．28),两者均低于广布种岷江冷杉(No＝14,Ne＝11．57);梵净山冷杉和元宝山冷杉的稀有单倍型较少,其频率最高的单倍型分别出现在该种群的46．0％和44．1％的个体中;梵净山冷杉(He＝0．75)和元宝山冷杉(He＝0．70)的单倍型多样性也低于岷江冷杉(He＝0．97).梵净山冷杉和元宝山冷杉的叶绿体微卫星遗传多样性水平低.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。     

Time of detection of recessive genes: effects of system of mating and number of examined individuals

Summary Anthers were cultured from two sets of seven lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with different cytoplasms, the euplasmic nucleus donors, Siete Cerros 66 and Penjamo 62, as well as their six alloplasmic lines derived from wild relative species of the genera Triticum and Aegilops. Significant cytoplasmic and nuclear effects but no cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction were found for embryogenic anther response, with the best performance of Penjamo 62 in Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm. Plant regeneration was not affected significantly by the cytoplasmic background of the lines cultured. The possible genetic implications of the observed cytoplasmic and nuclear influences on the in vitro haploid induction of wheat are discussed.