Some studies on the ecology of limnetic crustacean zooplankton in Lake Begnas and Rupa,Pokhara Valley,Nepal

Monthly zooplankton samples taken during the period February, 1977 to February, 1978 in the deepest portion in two shallow sub-tropical Lakes, Begnas and Rupa in the Pokhara Valley, Nepal were studied. Four peaks of zooplankton abundance were noted. Adult and copepodid Copepoda were numerically dominant in both lakes with 56% Copepoda, 24% Cladocera and 20% nauplii in Lake Begnas and 48% Copepoda, 36% Cladocera and 16% nauplii in Lake Rupa. Other forms like Chaoborus larvae occurred sporadically in both lakes. An occurrence of the rare Limnocnida nepalensis (Coelenterata: Limnomedusae) in Lake Rupa was also noted during April and May, 1977. Although both of these lakes had already been ranked as eutrophic, the absence of calanoids, relative abundance of Bosmina longirostris and higher gross primary production in Lake Rupa is an indication of a higher trophic condition than that of Lake Begnas.     

Review of the fauna of Rotatoria,Cladocera, and Copepoda of the basin of the Anadyr’ River

The zooplankton composition is studied in the thermokarst, glacial and meteorite lakes, channels, former riverbeds, and hollows in the basin of Anadyr’. We found 174 taxa: 78, Rotatoria, 55, Cladocera, and 41, Copepoda. The most diverse is the lake fauna: 51 taxa of Rotatoria, 48, Cladocera, and 37, Copepoda. The thermokarst Lake Maiorskoe hosts 68 taxa: 31, Rotatoria, 14, Cladocera, and 23, Copepoda, wheras the cold ultraoligotrophic Lake El’gygytgyn features only one species of Cyclop of the group scutifer Cyclops neymanae Strel., and Rotatoria and Cladocera are present as allochtonous forms. The Copepoda illustrate the relations of the Anadyr’ fauna with those of Europe, North America, and Japan.     

不同类型景观水体浮游动物群落差异及其影响因素

探明不同类型景观水体中环境敏感型浮游动物群落特征差异及影响因素对景观水体生物多样性维持和水生生态系统保护十分重要。于2014年5月在上海选取具代表性的8个景观水体共设置35个采样点进行浮游动物采样调查,并同步测定水体环境指标。本次调查采集并鉴定浮游动物40种,其中轮虫29种,枝角类7种,桡足类4种。基于浮游动物群落组成进行聚类分析,所有采样点聚为四种景观类型:天然湖泊(淀山湖)、人工湖泊(滴水湖)、AAAA级公园水体(共青森林公园和古猗园)和普通综合性公园水体(世纪公园、和平公园、长风公园和车镜公园)。两种公园水体浮游动物种类较为丰富,多样性较高,各自约有40%的种为生境特有种,而淀山湖特有种仅1种(为猛水蚤),滴水湖3种均为蛭态类。物种相似性方面,大型天然淀山湖与人工滴水湖相似性最高(37.5%),普通公园水体次之(33.3%),与AAAA公园水体相似度最低(20%)。后两者间的相似性较高(27.8%),且两者与滴水湖的相似度均较低(18.5%和12.0%)。四类水体仅有3个共有种/类群:角突臂尾轮虫(Brachionus angularis)、螺形龟甲轮虫(Keratella cochlearis)和桡足类无节幼体。AAAA公园水体中甲壳纲动物的相对丰度(88.8%)远高于其他水体,其优势种由3种大型浮游动物(甲壳纲)组成,普通公园水体优势种仅由4种小型浮游动物(轮虫)组成,淀山湖和滴水湖的群落结构简单,优势种单一。冗余分析(RDA)显示,水温、透明度、pH、化学需氧量、氨氮和总磷是影响景观水体浮游动物群落差异的显著环境因子。     

富营养化对小型湖泊浮游甲壳动物群落结构及多样性的影响

2017年3月到2018年2月研究了临涣湖浮游甲壳动物群落结构的季节变化。临涣湖共记录浮游甲壳动物13种,其中枝角类8属8种,桡足类5属5种。短尾秀体溞(Diaphanosoma brachyurum)、广布中剑水蚤(Mesocyclops leuckarti)和象鼻溞(Bosmina sp.)等小型富营养种类是温暖季节的优势种,而近邻剑水蚤(Cyclops vicinus)是冬季的优势种。盔形溞(Daphnia galeata)等大型种类仅在少数月份中被观察到。临涣湖浮游甲壳动物的年平均密度和生物量分别为28.3个/L和0.33 mg/L。营养状态指数(TSI_M)的年平均值为62.6。浮游甲壳动物的Shannon指数、Pielou指数和Simpson指数的年平均值分别为0.86、0.74和0.49,且3种多样性指数均具有显著的季节差异。营养盐水平、营养状态指数和物种多样性指数均表明,临涣湖水体处于富营养化状态。冗余分析结果表明,水温、总磷浓度和叶绿素a浓度是影响临涣湖浮游甲壳动物群落结构变化的上行效应因子。鲢、鳙鱼的捕食压力是临涣湖浮游甲壳动物群落结构小型化的下行效应因子。     

Pelagic cladocera in upper volga water reservoirs

The results of cladoceran crustaceans studies in the pelagial of the Ivankovo and Uglich water reservoirs were generalized. In the period of 1973–1995, both waterbodies were similar in terms of Cladocera species composition and the dominating complex. The list of species composition of pelagic cladocerans has increased since the 1950s. The highest abundance of cladocerans was observed in the Ivankovo water reservoir. Daphnia cucullata G. Sars has been stably dominant in zooplankton summary biomass, while Chydorus sphaericus (O.F. Müller) and Bosmina longirostris (O.F. Müller) prevailed in terms of abundance. Changes in the pelagic cladoceran complex composition is evidence of the waterbodies’ eutrophication. The share of Cladocera in the zooplankton’s total summer biomass was 68 and 53% in the Ivankovski and Shoshinski stretches of the Ivankovo water reservoir, correspondingly, and 60% in the Uglich water reservoir (on average for 1970s–1990s).     

Seasonality and abundance of some dominant crustacean zooplankton in Lake Awasa,a tropical rift valley lake in Ethiopia

The zooplankton of a Rift Valley lake in Ethiopia, Awasa, was sampled at 3 stations for 2 years (1986 and 1987) concurrently with various meteorological and limnological measurements. The spatial and temporal variation in abundance of some numerically dominant crustaceans, Mesocyclops aequatorialis similis (Copepoda), Thermocyclops consimilis (Copepoda) and Diaphanosoma excisum (Cladocera) is discussed. Temporal (months, sampling dates) rather than spatial (station) variability accounts for more than 50% of the total variance in zooplankton abundance but horizontal patchiness exists during periods of high zooplankton density. Sampling errors were generally low, except for counts of cyclopoid nauplii (subsampling) and Diaphanosoma (inter-replicate variance). Zooplankton showed distinct seasonality associated with the mixing cycle of the lake. Total numbers increased to more than 200 000 m⁻³ during the unstratified period (July to September). Low numbers were evident during stratification (February to May) when zooplankton numbers did not exceed 15 000 m⁻³. Individual zooplankton species and age classes showed variable seasonal amplitudes, ranging from 6.4 (nauplius 3) to 44.8 (copepodite 3 of Mesocyclops). We discuss some possible causes for zooplankton seasonality in Lake Awasa, and also review zooplankton seasonal cycles in other tropical lakes, especially African ones.     

Community characteristics and of zooplankton in Qinzhou Bay

Qinzhou Bay, the biggest bay in Guangxi Province, is very species-rich and is developing a robust marine economy. In recent years, as human impact has increased, problems associated with the environment have become more complicated. Measuring zooplankton diversity and abundance is a way to monitor environmental conditions. According to the data from four ecological surveys of the zooplankton in Qinzhou Bay during 2008 and 2009, a total of 134 species of zooplankton were identified, including 52 Copepoda species, 27 Medusa species, 14 Planktonic larvae, 9 Chaetognatha species, 8 Pteropoda species, 5 Amphipoda species, 4 Cladocera species, 4 Ostracoda species, 3 Thaliacea species, 2 Appendiculata species, 2 Sergestdae species, 2 Protlsta species, 1 Rotiera species and 1 Cumacea species. The fauna was clearly characterized as tropical population. The total species number was highest in autumn, followed by spring, winter and summer. Zooplankton species diversity in Qinzhou Bay has increased compared with the results obtained in 1983–1985 (83 species). However, compared with other bays, the number of zooplankton species in Qinzhou Bay is close to Daya Bay (128), higher than in Zhilin Bay (60), Jiaozhou Bay (81) and Luoyuan Bay (70), and far lower than in the north South Sea (709). We adopted the dominant index Y > 0.02 as the distinguishing standard of dominant species. The number of dominant species in spring, summer, autumn and winter were six, nine, eight and five. There was only one common dominant species (Penilia avirostris) appeared in different seasons, For summer and autumn, the shared dominant species numbered about four. Between other seasons, the shared dominant species varied between two and three. The number of uniquely dominant species was four in summer, three in autumn and one in both spring and winter. The dominant species in different seasons have some overlaps and some differences. The average biomass of zooplankton was 378 mg/m³ at all times of year. The average biomass was largest in autumn, followed by winter, and was the least in spring and summer. The average density of zooplankton for the entire year was 805.11 ind/m³. The average density was largest in summer, followed by winter, and was least in autumn and spring. Copepoda and Planktonic larvae were the major components of zooplankton in spring and summer at Qinzhou Bay, with the other species’ densities under 10%. In autumn, Copepoda, Planktonic larvae and Chaetognatha were the major components of the biomass, and in winter, the major species were Copepoda and Cladocera, with the others species’ density under 10%. The average value of the Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H′) was 3.84 and the evenness index (J′) was 0.77. The zooplankton diversity index and community evenness overall were good and the community organization had a complete and stable state, but the status of the community was relatively weak. The relationship between biomass/density of zooplankton and environmental factors is remarkable. Biomass and density are positively correlated with temperature and nutrient concentration, and are negatively correlated with salinity.     

Zooplankton of Lake Titicaca on the Bolivian side

Summary The zooplankton, especially the Cladocera and the Copepoda, of Lake Titicaca on the Bolivian side is reported on the basis of a collection made in April 1961. The zooplankton at that time was sparse, consisting only of seven species. Boeckella titicacae Harding is the dominant copepod and B. occidentalis Marsh is also abundant, as in the previous records obtained by the Percy Sladen Expedition in 1937. The Cladocera are poorly represented in the plankton by Ceriodaphnia quadrangula (O. F. Müller), Bosmina cf. hagmanni Stingelin and a few Daphnia pulex Leydig. In a pond near the village of Belen, close to the east coast of the large lake were found 14 species of zooplankters, most of which were living among aquatic vegetation and did not occur in Lake Titicaca. Some taxonomic and zoogeographic remarks are given on some species.Kyoto UniversitySakarazuka-Hondori 2–18, Toyonaka-shi near Osaka, Japan     

Species composition and seasonal abundance of zooplankton in two Ethiopian Rift Valley lakes — Lakes Abiata and Langano

The composition and annual cycle of the zooplankton of two Ethiopian Rift Valley soda lakes is described. Lake Langano has a conductivity of 1 400 to 1800 µS cm^–1 and a permanent mineral turbidity. Lake Abiata is more concentrated (conductivity 19 000 to 23 000 µS cm^–1) and more alkaline but less turbid; it is characterised by dense phytoplankton blooms, mainly cyanophytes.The zooplankton assemblage is typically tropical, with relatively few species of Cladocera and Copepoda. There was a marked difference in zooplankton between the two lakes, Lake Abiata showing much higher concentrations and greater wet season/ dry season differences. The species composition was also different. Lake Abiata lacked Cladocera, and calanoid copepods occurred only during the wet season with lower conductivities. These two phenomena were attributed to high sodium bicarbonate concentration and to dense cyanophyte blooms. Eleven species of rotifers occurred in Lake Abiata, including six Brachionus spp. but B. rubens was the only rotifer found in Lake Langano. The seasonal variation of the zooplankton is discussed in relation to seasonal fluctuations in conductivity and Chl a concentration.     

太平湖浮游动物动态演替与环境因子的相关性研究

2012年11月至2014年10月, 对太平湖浮游动物群落进行了为期两年的调查研究。共鉴定出浮游动物45属89种, 其中轮虫 29属69种、枝角类5属7种、桡足类2属4种和原生动物9属9种; 优势种主要来自于轮虫异尾轮虫属(Trichocereca)和龟甲轮虫属(Keratella)。浮游动物的丰度值存在明显的季节变化, 表现为夏季最大, 平均达1326 ind./L, 秋季春季次之, 分别为608和605 ind./L, 冬季最小为216 ind./L; 垂直分布表现为春夏季太平湖表层浮游动物丰度最高, 中间层次之, 底层最小, 秋冬季则表现为中间层最高。浮游动物群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Margalef丰富度指数中间层普遍高于表层和底层, Pielou均匀度指数表现为底层要高于表层和中间层, 季节变化表现为夏秋季显著高于冬春季的现象, 水质评价表明夏秋季水质好于春冬季。聚类和多维尺度分析表明: 太平湖浮游动物可分为夏秋季类群与春冬季类群, 两类群均表现为湖心与上下游区域群落结构差异较大, 其中春冬季类群差异较明显; 相关和逐步回归分析表明: 透明度和水温为太平湖浮游动物群落结构变化的主要环境影响因子; 依据结构方程模型(SEM)和冗余分析(RDA)的结果显示, 在溶解氧和水温较高的水环境中浮游动物丰度值表现为较大, 其中水温对轮虫的影响高于对枝角类和桡足类的影响。     

Zooplankton species diversity in Lake St. Clair,Ontario, Canada

Zooplankton species diversity and selected chemical parameters were investigated at three stations in Lake St. Clair, Ontario, Canada, from 15 June–26 August, 1971. Primary productivity and zooplankton species diversity were greatest at stations 1 and 2 which were enriched by the Thames River drainage. No significant correlation between total zooplankton diversity and chlorophyll a was found, however, within the Cladocera and Copepoda, positive correlations with chlorophyll a, reactive silicate and nitrate were shown at stations 2 and 3. Rotifer species diversity showed negative correlation with chlorophyll a, nitrate and reactive silicate.     

南四湖浮游动物群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系

为探讨南四湖浮游动物多样性特征及其与水质的相关性,于2012年夏季(7月)和冬季(12月)对南四湖浮游动物的群落结构进行了系统研究,结合历史数据,分析了南四湖浮游动物群落的多样性特征和时间变化。共采集到浮游动物163种,其中,轮虫78种,原生动物65种,枝角类17种,桡足类3种。夏季记录浮游动物种类数(141种)高于冬季(105种)。从四个湖区来看,微山湖浮游动物种数最多(102种),其次是南阳湖(95种)和昭阳湖(80种),独山湖(73种)较少。南四湖浮游动物全年平均密度为2 192 ind/L,平均生物量为2.27 mg/L。除原生动物外,其他三类浮游动物夏季的平均密度和生物量都高于冬季。采用丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和均匀度指数对浮游动物多样性进行了评价,结果均显示,南四湖浮游动物多样性夏季高于冬季。通过回归分析发现,总氮是影响浮游动物密度的主要因素,总氮和水温是影响浮游动物生物量的主要因素,p H和电导率是影响浮游动物多样性的主要因素。     

Impact of predation by Mysis relicta on zooplankton in Flathead Lake, Montana, USA

We documented major changes in the zooplankton community of Flathead Lake following the appearance of Mysis relicta. The three common cladocerans found in the lake decreased in abundance, most notably Daphnia longiremis which disappeared from the lake. Copepods were also affected by M.relicta, especially Diacyclops thomasi which decreased in abundance by an order of magnitude. The only macrozooplankton species which seemed to benefit from the presence of M.relicta was Leptodiaptomus ashlandi. The varied responses of dominant zooplankton species appeared to be the result of a combination of factors. Laboratory feeding studies indicate that M.relicta preferred Cladocera over Copepoda, with the following order of feeding preference: Bosmina longirostris > D.longiremis >, Daphnia thorata > L.ashlandi > D.thomasi. The two zooplankton species which declined most following the appearance of M.relicta showed the greatest degree of habitat overlap with M.relicta. Daphnia longiremis and D.thomasi, together with M.relicta, are cold stenotherms and were concentrated in the hypolimnion during the summer. Finally, another trait shared by D.longiremis and D.thomasi was the absence of a diapause stage, which made them vulnerable to predation by M.relicta throughout the year.      

Zooplankton associations in East African lakes spanning a wide salinity range

Abstract The zooplankton of 38 East African lakes has been analysed in terms of species richness and dominance. The conductivities of the lakes range from 48 to 72 500 µS cm^–1 20 °C. The lakes generally contain more species of rotifers than either Copepoda or Cladocera. The number of species of rotifers begins to decline at a conductivity below 1000 µS cm^–1, and falls to 2 or 3 species above 3000 µS cm^–1. Similar reductions occur in the Copepoda and Cladocera.Many species can be dominant at conductivities below 1000 µS cm^–1, but the range is restricted progressively with increasing salinity. The dominant species of Rotifera, Copepoda and Cladocera change independently along the salinity gradient, but there are indications of interactions and modifications of community structure by predation and competition.     

Alteration in the zooplankton community of a fly ash treated lake

The zooplankton community in Lake Charles East, Indiana, was sampled from June, 1974 through September, 1977 as part of a lake restoration study. About 1.8 × 10⁴ kg of lime and 1.8 × 10⁶ kg of ponded fly ash were added to the lake during May through August, 1975 to precipitate phosphate and seal the sediments. Annual mean species number (5.2–11.3) and annual mean species diversity (H′, 0.9–1.3) were highest in 1976, the first year after treatment. By the second post-treatment year these variables had returned to pretreatment levels. Prior to treatment Cladocera were dominant during fall and early winter (Sept.–Dec. 1974), with Copepoda dominant in late winter and spring (Jan.–May 1975). After treatment Cladocera were dominant throughout the fall and winter (Nov. 1957–May 1976). Copepoda were again dominant in August 1976. The short term effect of the treatment appeared to be termination of the latter part of the copepod annual cycle through elimination of aestivating copepodites in the summer and increased abundance of Cladocera during the winter and spring immediately following treatment. Community composition one year after treatment was similar to that observed prior to treatment.     

Features of the structure and spatial distribution of plankton in the Sheksna Reservoir

Based on the field studies conducted in August 2005 and 2007, the distributions of zooplankton structure and abundance, as well as chlorophyll content, in the Sheksna Reservoir are analyzed. A total of 107 zooplankton species have been found (46 Cladocera, 18 Copepoda, and 43 Rotifera), including 24 species (10 Cladocera, 2 Copepoda, and 12 Rotifera) new for the reservoir. In the surface layer of water, where blue-green algae concentrate, zooplankton abundance and biomass are 1.5–5 times lower and the zooplankton structure is simpler than in deeper layers. The highest zooplankton biomass (>3 g/m³) are observed in Lake Beloe and the upper area of the Sheksna section, while in the near-shore sites it did not exceed 1 g/m³. There are no significant changes in zooplankton abundance when compared to the abundance recorded at the end of the past century.     

The effects of a colony of the Armenian gull (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Larus armeniacus</Emphasis> Buturlin) on zooplankton in the Lake Sevan littoral zone (Armenia)

The zooplankton of the open and semi-protected parts of Lake Sevan littoral zones that have been affected by the products of vital activity of the colony of the Armenian gull (Larus armeniacus Buturlin) were studied. It was shown that in the open coastal area the number of species is higher as compared to a similar reference site. However, the impact of wave-driven mixing of the water resulted in the lack of significant changes in the number and biomass of invertebrates at the compared observation sites. At the semi-protected part, the number of species, as well as the number and biomass of zooplankton, are significantly higher compared to the reference site. At the nesting area at both types of shoals copepods compose the basis of the zooplankton number and biomass, with Calanoida being part of the dominant complex. At the reference sites of the open shoal Copepoda also prevail; at the semi-protected sites, it is Cladocera that prevail. The basic differences between the effect of the products of the birds’ vital activities and anthropogenic eutrophication on zooplankton were revealed.     

淀山湖浮游动物的群落结构及动态

为帮助利用生物操纵技术进行淀山湖水体富营养化治理,2004年1月至2005年12月对淀山湖浮游动物群落结构,包括种类组成、种群动态、现存量进行了2周年的系统调查.淀山湖浮游动物有128种,其中浮游原生动物23属29种、轮虫23属51种、枝角类15属33种、桡足类15种.年均密度6 965ind/L,原生动物和轮虫分别占62.19%和36.77%,密度高峰出现在春季;生物量年均为6.00mg/L,以轮虫和枝角类占优势,分别占51.65%和38.38%,生物量高峰出现在夏季.4个类群浮游动物多样性指数H'与其均匀度指数J呈显著正相关,原生动物群落多样性指数H'与其密度呈显著负相关.根据浮游动物密度及优势种组成特征判断,淀山湖水质为富营养型.原生动物多样性指数具有较好的水质指示作用.     

Zooplankton assemblages in two reservoirs: one subjected to accentuated water level fluctuations,the other with more stable water levels

The abundance, composition and dynamics of zooplankton were followed in two reservoirs of the River Douro catchment. The Serra Serrada Reservoir is subject to marked fluctuations in water levels. The highest values of total phosphorus, soluble reactive phosphorus, nitrate, water colour and chlorophyll a were found during the minimum level phase. Rotifera was dominant except in late summer and autumn when the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia quadrangula or the copepod Tropocyclops prasinus replaced them as the dominant zooplankton. Among the rotifers the most common taxa were Keratella cochlearis, Conochilus sp. and Asplanchna priodonta. Maximum rotifer density was about 80,000 ind m⁻³ in 2000, 200,000 ind m⁻³ in 2001 and 100,000 ind m⁻³ in 2002. Among the crustacean zooplankton C. quadrangula achieved densities of up to 45,000 ind m⁻³ and T. prasinus, up to 80,000 ind m⁻³. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed a strong contribution of the variation in the stored water volume, temperature, total phosphorus, chlorophyll, nitrates, and water transparency to the observed, significant association between zooplankton assemblage and environmental variables. In the Azibo Reservoir, fluctuations in water level are smaller. Only total phosphorus, cholorophyll and conductivity varied seasonally. Cladocera and Copepoda were dominant during the whole study period. The most abundant taxa were Ceriodaphnia pulchella, Daphnia longispina, Diaphanosoma brachyurum, Bosmina longirostris and Copidodiaptomus numidicus. Cladocera achieved densities of up to 25,000 ind m⁻³ and Copepoda up to 15,000 ind m⁻³. Rotifera in general reached densities of up to 6,000 ind m⁻³. On the basis of canonical correspondence analysis only temperature and conductivity were significantly associated with zooplankton assemblage.     

长江口及邻近海域浮游动物群落结构及季节变化

根据2006—2007年长江口及其邻近海域(29°30'N—32°30'N,120°00'E—127°30'E)150个站位4个季节的调查资料,对长江口海域浮游动物群落结构、种类组成、优势种及其季节变化进行研究。结果表明,长江口及其邻近海域浮游动物群落物种多样性丰富,四季共鉴定浮游动物460种,隶属7个门,246属,此外,另有54类浮游幼体。其中,桡足类是最优势类群,有193种,占41.96%;端足类为第二优势类群,有51种,占11.09%;水螅水母为第三优势类群,有34种,占7.39%。长江口及其邻近海域浮游动物的物种多样性呈现明显季节变化,其特征为:夏季(317种)秋季(309种)春季(230种)冬季(138种)。中华哲水蚤和百陶带箭虫为长江口及其邻近海域的四季优势种。长江口及其邻近海域浮游动物大体可划分为5种生态类群:近岸低盐类群、广温广盐类群、低温高盐类群、高温广盐类群和高温高盐类群。结合同步调查的水文和水化学数据,进行浮游动物群落丰度与环境因子的相关分析表明:盐度是影响长江口及其邻近海域的浮游动物群落丰度的主要环境因子。