半夏类药材紫外光谱聚类分析

目的：鉴别半夏及其混伪品,确立半夏各变异类型间的关系。方法：采用紫外光谱聚类分析。结果：紫外光谱聚类分析可从某溶剂提取成分的数量特征初步判别半夏与其混伪品,反映各类型之间的亲疏远近关系;结论：双生珠芽半夏、多头半夏和4-5裂叶半夏与半夏居群其它变异类型的关系较为复杂,存在居群内遗传分化,但这种遗传分化是否足以导致半夏种系分化值得进一步研究。4-5裂叶半夏是否为普通半夏与掌叶半夏的中间类型有待于研究。     

宽叶韭种内分化的同工酶及可溶性蛋白的研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（ＰＡＧＥ）对宽叶韭的３个代表居群内不同植株间的过氧化物酶、酯酶和１６个居群间的酯酶（ＥＳＴ）、过氧化物酶（ＰＯＸ）、葡萄糖－６－磷酸脱氢酶（Ｇ６ＰＤＨ）、苹果酸酶（ＭＥ）、苹果酸脱氢酶（ＭＤＨ）、天冬氨酸转移酶（ＡＡＴ）、腺苷三磷酸酶（ＡＴＰａｓｅ）、乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）８种同工酶系统以及可溶性蛋白进行了分析。结果发现：居群内不同植株的酶谱无差异;居群间的酶谱存在多态性,酶谱差异明显,且各居群均有其特征酶谱。采用“排序”方法和聚类分析,对宽叶韭１６个居群酶谱的相似系数和酶谱距离进行了研究。同工酶谱表型差异彼此显著的３个代表居群的可溶性蛋白双向电泳图谱也表现出明显差异,印证了同工酶的分析结果。结合细胞学的最新核型证据,从生物化学角度确定了这１６个居群间的亲缘关系和彼此的分化程度。结果表明：宽叶韭明显分为两大类,即冬季不倒苗和冬季倒苗两类,在同一类型中各居群之间彼此近缘,且冬季不倒苗的类型分化程度较高。本研究首次将多种同工酶的综合分析与聚类分析及可溶性蛋白双向电泳用于葱属植物的种内分化研究,为植物分子进化和系统学研究提供了科学依据     

滇东南硬叶兜兰核心种质区群体遗传结构

本研究选取国内主要种质采集区-滇东南石灰岩地区7个不同干扰居群为研究对象,旨在对其居群内和居群间遗传变异进行比较研究,以期对其保护措施的提出提供理论依据。通过利用SRAP标记对167个体的遗传多样性和遗传结构研究,结果表明：10对SRAP引物共扩增出288个位点,多态位点比率（PPB）达81.25%,香侬指数（I）为0.3709,在种水平上的具有较高遗传多样性;而居群水平上的多态位点比率仅为47.92%, 香侬指数为0.2348, 居群间平均Nei’s遗传距离为0.1268。经分子遗传变异方差分析（AMOVA）表明,有66.27%的遗传变异来源于居群内,居群间变异占总变异33.73%,此结果与遗传分化系数（Gst=0.3568）结果吻合,居群间基因流（Nm）为0.902, 不同地区间硬叶兜兰居群存在较高的遗传分化; 7个居群的UPGMA聚类在遗传相似性系数达0.863,聚为两支;经Mantel检测（r =0.298, P＞0.05）,表明居群间遗传距离与地理距离无显著相关性。居群当前较高的遗传分化与其交配系统有关,其次,外在因素：人为采集、生境破坏和片断化造成居群内遗传多样性的丧失,加剧居群间的遗传分化,再次,遗传漂变也是另一重要影响因素;此外,适应性进化亦可能加剧了居群间的遗传分化,而基因流对遗传分化的影响不大。     

半夏种内不同居群酯酶和超氧化物歧化酶同工酶酶谱特征分析

对栽培在同一生境下的16个半夏〔Pinellia ternata（Thunb.）Breit.〕居群同一生长期叶片中酯酶（EST）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）同工酶酶谱进行了比较分析,结果表明：EST和SOD同工酶酶谱在各居群间,甚至在同一居群内除少数共有的特征谱带外存在着较为明显的频率差异。EST同工酶在半夏各居群中最多可显示12条谱带,其中在慢区的第5（弱带）和快区的第10（强带）2条谱带为各居群所共有的特征谱带;SOD同工酶在半夏各居群中最多显示9条谱带,其中在慢区的第2（弱带）、快区的第5（强带）和第9（强带）3条谱带为各居群所共有的特 征谱带。     

二色胡枝子种子储藏蛋白多样性研究

采用SD-PAGE方法对二色胡枝子14个居群147个个体单粒种子盐溶蛋白进行了电泳检测,共检测到28个蛋白单体,其中多态性单体23个,多态百分率为82．14％,各居群内多态百分率平均为33％。各居群间的遗传分化系数（Gst）为0．4669。居群间基因流（Nm）为0．5709。种群内的基因多样性占总群体的53．3％,表明二色胡枝子种群具有丰富的遗传多样性,居群内变异是二色胡枝子遗传多样性的主要来源。聚类分析结果将14个二色胡枝子居群分为3类,居群间地理距离和遗传距离相关性不显著。     

青藏高原东部矮生嵩草遗传多样性的RAPD研究

基于随机扩增多态DNA（RAPD）方法分析了青藏高原东部矮生嵩草（Kobresia humilis）8个居群的遗传多样性及分化程度。14条随机引物共扩增出194个位点数,其中多态性片段168个。研究表明,矮生嵩草无论是在物种水平（多态条带比率PPB（％）为86．60％,Nei’s基因多样性（h）为0．2622,Shannon’s信息指数（I）为0．3983）,还是在居群水平（PPB=62．65％,h=0．2126．I=0．3185）,都具有较高的遗传多样性,居群的遗传多样性大小与生境有相关性。而且,用SPSS分析得出,8个居群的遗传多样性大小与海拔没有明显相关性。用AMOVA数据表明矮生嵩草的遗传变异主要分布在居群内（83．04％）,居群间变异较小（16．96％）。遗传分化指数Gst也显示了相似的结果（0．1891）。从矮生嵩草8个居群的遗传距离和聚类分析发现,以及用NTSYS对矮生嵩草8个居群的的遗传距离矩阵与地理距离矩阵间的关系进行Mantel检测,其结果表明各居群间的遗传距离与地理距离之间没有明显相关性（r=0．37779,P=0．9718〉0．05）。     

SSR在琼海和三亚两普通野生稻居群中的遗传变异

通过分析37个SSR座位在琼海与三亚两普通野生稻（Oryza rufipogon）居群中的遗传变异,结果表明,SSR座位在三亚普通野生稻居群中的变异高于其在琼海普通野生稻居群中的变异。根据遗传相似性和遗传距离公式得到琼海与三亚普通野生稻居群间的遗传相似性为0．6385,遗传距离为0．4486cM。Wright的啪验结果表明,这37个SSR座位在两居群之间存在着中等程度的遗传分化,FST=0．3909。此分化结果主要是由两居群间弱的基因漂移导致的（Nm=0．3895）。     

小毛茛居群分化研究(Ⅰ)——居群内和居群间的形态变异

对小毛茛的 3个地点共 6个居群的的形态变异作了观测。该种的株高、叶形、花瓣数目等性状具有显著的居群内和居群间变异。用 31个形态及生境性状作出的聚类分析结果表明 :小毛茛居群遗传分化主要与居群所在生境因素相关 ,与地理位置之间仅有不显著的相关性。     

南方红豆杉不同居群遗传多样性的RAPD研究

用随机扩增多态性方法对广东、湖南、江西等3省的12个南方红豆杉自然居群进行了基因组DNA多态性分析,从100条引物中共筛选出10个引物,获得RAPD谱带86条,多态性谱带占51％。聚类分析结果表明：南方红豆杉居群间的遗传距离与这些居群的地理分布相关,即相同或相邻产地的居群间的遗传距离较小,不同产地个体间的遗传距离较大。粤北南方红豆杉的9个居群的遗传多样性较低,可能与近年来资源遭到严重破坏,及其生长缓慢、种子萌发率低、成活率不高等原因有关。     

基于ISSR标记的扁玉螺(Neverita didyma)自然居群遗传结构

利用ISSR分子标记技术,对采自大连（DL）、烟台（YT）及青岛（QD）近海的扁玉螺3个自然居群的遗传结构和遗传多样性进行了分析。用13个引物对90只个体进行了PCR扩增,共检测到161个位点,3个居群的多态位点比例为74.53%～85.09%,各居群遗传多样性水平的高低依次为YT〉QD〉DL。扁玉螺在物种水平上的Nei’s基因多样性指数和Shannon’s信息指数分别为0.3395和0.5113,在居群水平上分别为0.2811和0.4189,显示出扁玉螺有着较高的遗传多样性。AMOVA分子变异分析表明,扁玉螺的遗传变异有27.16%发生在居群间,72.84%发生在居群内,居群内的遗传变异大于居群间的遗传变异。扁玉螺3个居群间的遗传分化系数（Gst）为0.1720,基因流（Nm）为2.4063,Nei’s遗传距离平均值为0.1228,表明扁玉螺居群间虽然存在着一定程度的遗传分化,但仍属于种内正常分化的范畴。上述结果为保护和利用扁玉螺资源提供了科学依据。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.