石蒜属植物多糖组成的分析比较研究

对五种石蒜属植物:安徽石蒜、中国石蒜、忽地笑、换锦花、石蒜多糖的结构组成进行了对比分析。结果表明,安徽石蒜多糖与其他四种植物多糖差异较大,而忽地笑多糖和石蒜多糖相似、中国石蒜多糖和换锦花多糖相似。该研究为探讨石蒜属种间亲缘关系提供实验依据。     

石蒜属植物分支系统学分析

基于37个形态学、解剖学、孢粉学和细胞学性状及解剖学性状之外的28个形态学、孢粉学和细胞学性状,分别对石蒜属进行分支系统学分析,试图建立石蒜属种间的系统发育关系.利用PAUP*软件分别构建了最大简约树(MP),所得树的拓扑结构是一致的.同时,基于解剖学9个性状,对石蒜、换锦花、忽地笑、江苏石蒜、长筒石蒜、乳白石蒜、夏水仙、红兰石蒜、安徽石蒜、短蕊石蒜、中国石蒜11个种进行系统发育树构建,其结果也是支持上述系统发育树的.系统发育树结构结果表明,石蒜属16种明显聚为两大类:石蒜、玫瑰石蒜、稻草石蒜和江苏石蒜;广西石蒜、红兰石蒜、换锦花、香石蒜、夏水仙、长筒石蒜、安徽石蒜、中国石蒜、忽地笑、乳白石蒜、短蕊石蒜和陕西石蒜.除换锦花、红兰石蒜及江苏石蒜系统发育位置不同之外,大类群的划分与RAPD指纹图谱基本一致.类群一均属于石蒜亚属(Lycoris亚属).类群二又可以聚为两小类:广西石蒜、红兰石蒜、换锦花、香石蒜、夏水仙归为一类;长筒石蒜、安徽石蒜、中国石蒜、忽地笑、乳白石蒜、短蕊石蒜和陕西石蒜归为一类.前一子类群除广西石蒜外,都属于整齐花亚属(Symmanthus亚属).后一子类群除长筒石蒜与安徽石蒜外,均属于石蒜亚属(Lycoris亚属).因此,花冠整齐与否是一个重要的分类特征,但作为石蒜属植物亚属的划分依据,没有得到本研究支持.而在本文中,雄蕊与花被片的位置关系可以作为大分类群划分依据,能否依此来对石蒜属植物亚属进行划分,仍需探讨.另外研究表明叶微形态特征在研究种间亲缘关系时,具有一定的作用.而在种间亲缘关系鉴定时,出叶期不应成为重要的依据.同时研究还表明中国石蒜与忽地笑具有非常近的亲缘关系,与形态学研究一致.     

应用HPLC图谱进行石蒜属种间关系与分类研究

利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)对石蒜属及其近缘植物中国水仙共17份样品的生物碱进行检测,以各样品生物碱色谱峰的相对保留时间为变量,采用SPSS12.0中的Q型聚类法,得到树形图。聚类分析结果显示,17份样品聚成3类:第Ⅰ类包括长筒石蒜、安徽石蒜、鹿葱、换锦花、中国石蒜、香石蒜、乳白石蒜、红蓝石蒜8个种;第Ⅱ类由石蒜、稻草石蒜、江苏石蒜、忽地笑、玫瑰石蒜、矮小石蒜组成;中国水仙单独成第Ⅲ类。聚类结果与传统分类结果有较好的一致性,并支持鹿葱、玫瑰石蒜、安徽石蒜杂交起源的观点。外形相似的忽地笑与中国石蒜,矮小石蒜与石蒜HPLC图谱明显有别,表现出较远化学亲缘关系。表明HPLC化学图谱可用于石蒜属及其近缘植物中国水仙的分类和鉴别研究,并为石蒜属植物指纹图谱研究和质量控制提供重要参考。     

中国石蒜属种间亲缘关系ITS序列分析

本文利用核糖体DNA内转录间隔区(ITS)序列对石蒜属13个种(含变种)的亲缘关系进行分析。结果表明,各样品的ITS1长度为259～260bp,ITS2为230bp,分别有多个特异性信息位点。以ITS序列为依据对石蒜属植物亲缘关系进行分析,表明石蒜属13个种可分为三大类,其中类Ⅰ包括中国石蒜、地笑、安徽石蒜和长筒石蒜,核型为M T型;类Ⅱ包括矮小石蒜、换锦花、玫瑰石蒜和红蓝石蒜,核型为ST型;类Ⅲ包括稻草石蒜、乳白石蒜、短蕊石蒜和两种人工杂交种,核型为ST M T。系统进化树与核型分析结果相似,第Ⅲ类可能为自然杂交种。     

中国石蒜属遗传多样性与亲缘关系的SSR分析

利用SSR-PCR分析中国石蒜属植物的遗传多样性与种间亲缘关系,从46对SSR引物选出18对扩增清晰、多态性好的引物对石蒜属15个种和外类群中国水仙进行了PCR扩增,采用非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和改良的银染法染色,结果表明供试材料具有高度的遗传多样性,多态性位点百分率达97.63%。通过UPGMA法将供试20份材料聚成4类。第I类包括安徽石蒜、长筒石蒜、黄长筒石蒜、忽地笑、中国石蒜、乳白石蒜,其中安徽石蒜与长筒石蒜的亲缘关系很近;第II类包括香石蒜、鹿葱、换锦花、红蓝石蒜和玫瑰石蒜;第III类由石蒜、矮小石蒜、稻草石蒜和江苏石蒜组成;第IV类为外类群中国水仙。分子聚类结果不仅支持乳白石蒜、鹿葱、红蓝石蒜、江苏石蒜、稻草石蒜的杂交起源观点,而且与形态学分类、物种的染色体倍性、核型存在较高的一致性,即除乳白石蒜外,染色体基数接近或等于11、核型含有11t或11t倍数的物种聚为一大类;染色体基数不等于11、核型为6M+10T的种聚成了另一大类。SSR-PCR容易区分同种不同产地的安徽石蒜或不同花色的长筒石蒜,外形十分相似的石蒜和矮小石蒜,忽地笑和中国石蒜。本研究认为,将安徽石蒜作为一个独立的种不太合适,它可能是长筒石蒜的变种或是以长筒石蒜为亲本的杂交种。     

石蒜药用价值

石蒜属(Lycoris)属于单子叶植物石蒜科,为一类具地下鳞茎的多年生草本植物,因鳞茎形似蒜头,且喜生于溪谷石缝处,故中文名称为石蒜,别名老鸦蒜、蒜头草、蟑螂花、龙爪花等。因本属植物花色艳丽,花冠形似百合,故英文名有MagicLily、Surprise Lily、Spider Lily等等。石蒜属植物叶带状或扁长线形,翠绿或深绿,丛状,开花时无叶,实心的花葶笔直从鳞茎中抽出,顶生4-8朵花,组成伞形花序;花大且色彩缤纷,蒴果,种子球形,黑色有光泽。目前石蒜属植物已经成为世界著名球根花卉,国内外都进行了大量栽培与商品切花生产,同时石蒜属植物自古在民间即被作…     

石蒜资源的开发利用

舟山群岛有山有水,自然资源丰富。石蒜资源就是其中之一。石蒜的形态及其分布与数量舟山石蒜是石蒜科(AMaryllidaceae)。石蒜属(Lycoris Herd)的一个地方种。舟山石蒜(Lycoris radiata)系多年生单本植物。地下有白色球茎,状如蒜头,外皮黑色。初冬簇生条带形叶,至翌年6月间枯死,8月间自鳞茎抽出花茎,长30厘米许,顶端着生数朵(一般三朵)有梗的花,散形排列,花盖六片,向外反卷,呈紫红色、红色、也有黄色的,甚美丽。雌雄蕊较长,突出花外,子房下位,开花后,部份也有能结实的,果为蒴     

石蒜属植物生物学特性及栽培技术研究进展(综述)

综述了石蒜属植物栽培技术和繁殖方法等研究,同时,结合生产实践经验对目前石蒜属植物栽培中存在的问题进行探讨,为更加合理有效地利用石蒜属植物资源提供理论与技术依据。     

基于叶绿体DNA atpB-rbcL区序列探讨石蒜属种间系统发育关系

摘要：为了探讨石蒜属（Lycoris Herb.）的种间系统发育关系,对石蒜属95个材料包括15种、4变种及2个人工杂种的叶绿体 DNA atpB-rbcL间隔区进行了测序,结合花部形态和核型特征,探讨了石蒜属种间系统关系及其可能的杂交起源,结果表明：在系统发育树上亲缘关系近的材料聚在一起,其中矮小石蒜（L. radiata var. pumila）和换锦花（L. sprengeri）与2个人工杂交种（Hybrid 1、Hybrid 2）、麦秆石蒜（L. straminea）、江苏石蒜（L. houdyshelii）、短蕊石蒜（L. caldwellii）和乳白石蒜（L. albiflora）具有密切的亲缘关系。atpB-rbcL序列揭示的石蒜属种间关系与染色体核型的分类结果部分一致,主要表现在具有近端部着丝粒(A)染色体的种与具有中部(M)和端部(T)着丝粒染色体的种各成一支,与形态和染色体分类结果一致;不同之处在于具有中部、端部和近端部着丝粒染色体的种分散在两个主要分支内,进一步验证了具有中部、端部和近端部3种着丝粒类型染色体组的石蒜如麦秆石蒜、江苏石蒜、短蕊石蒜和乳白石蒜等是杂交起源的假设,结合2个人工杂交种分析,揭示了短蕊石蒜和乳白石蒜的近端部着丝粒染色体来源于换锦花;麦秆石蒜和江苏石蒜近端部着丝粒染色体来源于矮小石蒜。     

石蒜属12 种植物叶片比较解剖学研究

 对石蒜属( Lycoris Herb. ) 12 种植物叶片的比较解剖学研究表明: (1) 石蒜属植物叶片横切面的端部、中部及基部的轮廓基本呈浅“W”或“V”字型, 有些种的表皮细胞上具有明显的尖刺状乳突; ( 2)石蒜属植物均为异面叶, 叶肉组织有一定的栅栏组织和海绵组织分化, 但二者的厚度、叶肉中所占比例及栅栏组织的细胞层数在种间有一定的差异; (3) 海绵组织发达、具有大而明显的薄壁细胞或细胞裂溶后形成空腔(分泌腔或气腔); (4) 叶片中维管束数目大多为奇数, 叶脉维管束鞘由薄壁细胞组成; (5) 石蒜属植物横切面上叶缘的形状分为圆弧形和楔形两种类型。石蒜属植物叶的解剖结构具有许多相似特征; 同时又具有一定的种间差异, 可为石蒜属植物的种间关系和开发利用提供有价值的信息。     

Stomatal malfunctioning under low VPD conditions: induced by alterations in stomatal morphology and leaf anatomy or in the ABA signaling?

Exposing plants to low VPD reduces leaf capacity to maintain adequate water status thereafter. To find the impact of VPD on functioning of stomata, stomatal morphology and leaf anatomy, fava bean plants were grown at low (L, 0.23 kPa) or moderate (M, 1.17 kPa) VPDs and some plants that developed their leaves at moderate VPD were then transferred for 4 days to low VPD (M→L). Part of the M→L‐plants were sprayed with ABA (abscisic acid) during exposure to L. L‐plants showed bigger stomata, larger pore area, thinner leaves and less spongy cells compared with M‐plants. Stomatal morphology (except aperture) and leaf anatomy of the M→L‐plants were almost similar to the M‐plants, while their transpiration rate and stomatal conductance were identical to that of L‐plants. The stomatal response to ABA was lost in L‐plants, but also after 1‐day exposure of M‐plants to low VPD. The level of foliar ABA sharply decreased within 1‐day exposure to L, while the level of ABA‐GE (ABA‐glucose ester) was not affected. Spraying ABA during the exposure to L prevented loss of stomatal closing response thereafter. The effect of low VPD was largely depending on exposure time: the stomatal responsiveness to ABA was lost after 1‐day exposure to low VPD, while the responsiveness to desiccation was gradually lost during 4‐day exposure to low VPD. Leaf anatomical and stomatal morphological alterations due to low VPD were not the main cause of loss of stomatal closure response to closing stimuli.     

AtNHX1基因对荞麦的遗传转化及抗盐再生植株的获得

通过农杆菌介导法将拟南芥液泡膜Na /H 反向转运蛋白基因AtNHX1转入荞麦中,在2·0mg/L6-BA、0·1mg/LIAA、1mg/LKT、50mg/L卡那霉素和500mg/L头孢霉素的MS培养基上进行选择培养,从来源于864块外植体的36块抗性愈伤组织中共获得426棵再生植株(转化频率为4·17%)。经PCR、Southern印迹分析、RT-PCR和Northern检测,初步证实AtNHX1基因已整合至荞麦基因组中。用200mmol/L的盐水对转基因植株和对照植株进行胁迫处理6周,转基因植株能够生存,而对照植株死亡。用不同浓度的NaCl溶液处理转基因植株和对照植株,发现Na 及脯氨酸含量在转基因植株中的积累水平显著高于对照植株,而K 的含量在转基因植株中的积累水平低于对照植株。次生代谢产物黄酮类化合物芦丁在转基因植株根、茎和叶片中的含量也比对照植株明显要高。这些结果表明利用基因工程手段提高作物的耐盐性是可行的。     

Inhibition of sulphur redistribution into new leaves of vegetative soybean by excision of the maturing leaf

When soybean plants are pulsed with [³⁵S]sulphate, label is subsequently redistributed from the roots to the leaves. This confounds studies to measure the redistribution of label from leaves. Accordingly, soybean plants ( Glycine max [L.] Merr. cv. Stephens) were grown in 20 μ M sulphate and a small portion of the root system (donor root) was pulsed with [³⁵S]sulphate for 24 h. After removing the donor root, the plants were transferred into unlabelled solution, either without sulphate (S20→SO) or with 20 μ M sulphate (S20→20) (intact plants). Also at this time, the expanding leaf (L3) was excised from half of the plants in each treatment (excised plants). Immediately after the pulse, only ca 15% of the label occurred in the roots and ca 40% in the expanding leaf, L3, mostly in the soluble fraction. In intact S20→20 plants, ³⁵S-label was exported from the soluble fraction of L3, mostly as sulphate, whilst L4 and L5 imported label. Similar responses occurred in S20→SO plants except that export of label from L3 was more rapid. Excision of L3 from S20→S20 plants inhibited labelling of leaves L4-L6 but not total sulphur, whereas in S20→SO plants, excision of L3 inhibited the import of both total sulphur and ³⁵S-label in leaves L4, L5 and L6. The data suggest that the soluble fraction of almost fully expanded leaves is an important reserve of sulphur for redistribution to growing leaves. The ³⁵S-label in the root system exhibited fluctuations consistent with its proposed role in the recycling of soluble sulphur from the leaves.     

Attractiveness of Michigan native plants to arthropod natural enemies and herbivores

The use of plants to provide nectar and pollen resources to natural enemies through habitat management is a growing focus of conservation biological control. Current guidelines frequently recommend use of annual plants exotic to the management area, but native perennial plants are likely to provide similar resources and may have several advantages over exotics. We compared a set of 43 native Michigan perennial plants and 5 frequently recommended exotic annual plants for their attractiveness to natural enemies and herbivores for 2 yr. Plant species differed significantly in their attractiveness to natural enemies. In year 1, the exotic annual plants outperformed many of the newly established native perennial plants. In year 2, however, many native perennial plants attracted higher numbers of natural enemies than exotic plants. In year 2, we compared each flowering plant against the background vegetation (grass) for their attractiveness to natural enemies and herbivores. Screening individual plant species allowed rapid assessment of attractiveness to natural enemies. We identified 24 native perennial plants that attracted high numbers of natural enemies with promise for habitat management. Among the most attractive are Eupatorium perfoliatum L., Monarda punctata L., Silphium perfoliatum L., Potentilla fruticosa auct. non L., Coreopsis lanceolata L., Spiraea alba Duroi, Agastache nepetoides (L.) Kuntze, Anemone canadensis L., and Angelica atropurpurea L. Subsets of these plants can now be tested to develop a community of native plant species that attracts diverse natural enemy taxa and provides nectar and pollen throughout the growing season.     

Influence of saline stress on root hydraulic conductance and PIP expression in Arabidopsis

Measurements of the root hydraulic conductance (L0) of roots of Arabidopsis thaliana were carried out and the results were compared with the expression of aquaporins present in the plasma membrane of A. thaliana. L0 of plants treated with different NaCl concentrations was progressively reduced as NaCl concentration was increased compared to control plants. Also, L0 of plants treated with 60 mmol/L NaCl for different lengths of time was measured. Variations during the light period were seen, but only for the controls. A good correlation between mRNA expression and L0 was observed in both experiments. Control plants and plants treated with 60 mmol/L NaCl were incubated with Hg and then with DTT. For these plants, L0 and cell-to-cell pathway contributions to root water transport were determined. These results revealed that in control plants most water movement occurs via the cell-to-cell pathway, thus implying aquaporin involvement. But, in NaCl-stressed plants, the Hg-sensitive cell-to-cell pathway could be inhibited already by the effect of NaCl on water channels. Therefore, short periods of NaCl application to Arabidopsis plants are characterised by decreases in the L0 of roots, and are related to down-regulation of the expression of the PIP aquaporins. This finding indicates that the well known effect of salinity on L0 could involve regulation of aquaporin expression.     

Non‐pathogenic association of L‐form bacteria (pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola) with bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and its potential for biocontrol of halo blight disease

L‐forms of the halo blight pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae phaseolicola, were maintained in a medium which suppressed cell wall synthesis. These L‐forms, unlike revertants (walled forms derived from unstable L‐forms) and cell walled (parent) organisms, did not elicit a hypersensitive response in tobacco leaves. Association of L‐forms with Phaseolus vulgaris was established by seed imbibition in L‐form suspensions compared with appropriate control treatments (5% mannitol or heat‐killed cells). Seedling emergence and plant growth was not affected by L‐form imbibition. The association was detected by agglutination assays using polyclonal antibody. The L‐form association was localized to the lower shoot tissue and was progressively lost with age of plants. Plants with associated L‐forms had vigour and shoot weights equivalent to controls and showed no disease symptoms. The cell walled form could not be isolated from plants showing positive agglutination. On challenge with the pathogen, plants associated with L‐forms showed significantly less disease symptoms than controls. Stem extracts, from associated plants, were inhibitory to in vitro cultures of both L‐forms and parent forms of Ps. syr. phaseolicola. These results indicate that L‐form associations confer induced systemic resistance to bean plants and might be developed as novel biocontrol systems.     

几种常见沉水植物对砷富集的研究进展

常见的沉水植物(苦草、狐尾藻、金鱼藻、黑藻)对水体中的砷(As)有着较强的富集能力,研究沉水植物对As的富集特征对利用沉水植物控制水体As污染及保护人体健康有着重要意义。沉水植物对As的富集能力与水环境中As的浓度、形态、共存离子如磷酸盐、Zn离子等因素相关,其对As的耐受性及富集能力可以通过合适的化学、生物方法得到增强,从而提高沉水植物对含As污水的修复能力。但由于植物基因多样性及水环境因素复杂性,沉水植物对As的运输和解毒机制,以及沉水植物后期的处理和管理技术,仍是今后该领域需要重点关注的问题。     

海南省3个国家级自然保护区外来入侵植物的调查和分析

通过野外实地调查，对海南省的3个国家级自然保护区外来入侵植物的种类数量和分布现状进行了调查分析。结果表明，铜鼓岭、东寨港和大田3个国家级自然保护区内的外来入侵植物分别为35、38和37种，总计18科55种，入侵途径以无意传播为主。绝大多数外来入侵植物已在保护区内建立稳定的繁殖种群，其中飞机草（Eupatorium odoratum L．）、假臭草（Eupatorium catarium Veldkamp．）、胜红蓟（Ageratum conyzoides L．）、刺花莲子草（Alternanthera pungens H．B．K．）、曼陀罗（Datura stramonium L．）、龙珠果（Passiflora foetida L．）及仙人掌[Opuntia stricta（Haw．）Haw．]等7种外来入侵植物对保护区生态环境及生物多样性的危害和影响最大。依据保护区内外来入侵植物的特点和生态影响，提出了一些有效的管理措施和防治建议。     

AtNHX1基因对荞麦的遗传转化及抗盐再生植株的获得

通过农杆菌介导法将拟南芥液泡膜Na⁺/H⁺反向转运蛋白基因AtNHX1转入荞麦中,在2.0mg/L 6-BA、0.1mg/L IAA、1mg/L KT、50mg/L卡那霉素和500mg/L头孢霉素的MS培养基上进行选择培养,从来源于864块外植体的36块抗性愈伤组织中共获得426棵再生植株（转化频率为4.17%）。经PCR、Southern印迹分析、RT-PCR和Northern检测,初步证实AtNHX1基因已整合至荞麦基因组中。用200mmol/L的盐水对转基因植株和对照植株进行胁迫处理6周,转基因植株能够生存,而对照植株死亡。用不同浓度的NaCl溶液处理转基因植株和对照植株,发现Na⁺及脯氨酸含量在转基因植株中的积累水平显著高于对照植株,而K⁺的含量在转基因植株中的积累水平低于对照植株。次生代谢产物黄酮类化合物芦丁在转基因植株根、茎和叶片中的含量也比对照植株明显要高。这些结果表明利用基因工程手段提高作物的耐盐性是可行的。     

AtNHX1基因对荞麦的遗传转化及抗盐再生植株的获得

通过农杆菌介导法将拟南芥液泡膜Na⁺/H⁺反向转运蛋白基因AtNHX1转入荞麦中,在2.0mg/L 6-BA、0.1mg/L IAA、1mg/L KT、50mg/L卡那霉素和500mg/L头孢霉素的MS培养基上进行选择培养,从来源于864块外植体的36块抗性愈伤组织中共获得426棵再生植株（转化频率为4.17%）。经PCR、Southern印迹分析、RT-PCR和Northern检测,初步证实AtNHX1基因已整合至荞麦基因组中。用200mmol/L的盐水对转基因植株和对照植株进行胁迫处理6周,转基因植株能够生存,而对照植株死亡。用不同浓度的NaCl溶液处理转基因植株和对照植株,发现Na⁺及脯氨酸含量在转基因植株中的积累水平显著高于对照植株,而K⁺的含量在转基因植株中的积累水平低于对照植株。次生代谢产物黄酮类化合物芦丁在转基因植株根、茎和叶片中的含量也比对照植株明显要高。这些结果表明利用基因工程手段提高作物的耐盐性是可行的。