不同干扰条件下荒漠啮齿动物生态位特征

2002和2003年的4、7、10月份在内蒙古阿拉善荒漠区设开垦区、轮牧区、过牧区和禁牧区4个不同类型的干扰区,每个干扰区布设4个固定样方,对荒漠啮齿动物的空间生态位及其季节特征进行了研究。结果表明:五趾跳鼠和子午沙鼠的空间生态位宽度指数最高,分别为0.925和0.908;短尾仓鼠、小毛足鼠和草原黄鼠的次之,分别为0.789、0.782和0.711;五趾心颅跳鼠的最低,为0.003。草原黄鼠与小毛足鼠等6个种对的空间生态位重叠指数最高,均大于0.9,接近于1,生态位几乎完全重叠。长爪沙鼠与五趾心颅跳鼠、三趾心颅跳鼠的空间生态位重叠指数均为0,不存在资源利用竞争。在荒漠生境中,啮齿动物不仅对不同干扰条件的适应性较强,而且对资源利用存在较大程度的趋同性。在不同干扰条件下荒漠啮齿动物的生态位宽度会随着不同季节的变化出现明显的改变。同样,生态位重叠和生态位分化随着不同生态季节的变化也会发生明显的改变,春、秋季的生态位重叠程度低,分化程度高,秋季较春季略强;夏季的生态位重叠程度高,而分化程度低。     

黑河流域中游地区荒漠-绿洲景观区啮齿动物群落结构

2005年4–5月和9月对黑河流域中游地区荒漠-绿洲景观区不同生境中啮齿动物群落结构进行了研究。在甘肃省张掖市高台县黑泉乡选择流动沙丘、含砾沙漠、固定沙地、荒漠灌丛、防护林带、灌耕草地、灌耕农田和河岸草地等8种代表性生境,采用活捕法(4,800铗日)共捕获啮齿动物254只,隶属于3科8属9种。利用捕获记录计算了群落结构特征指数,进一步利用Pearson相关系数考察了不同生境啮齿动物群落的相似性,并在此基础上对不同生境的啮齿动物群落作了聚类分析。群落结构特征指数表明,啮齿动物物种多样性(用Shannon-Wiener指数测度)在灌耕草地中最低(0.6859),在固定沙地中最高(1.7036);物种均匀度(用Pielou均匀度指数测度)在流动沙丘中最低(0.6531),在河岸草地中最高(1.0000)。聚类分析结果显示,研究区啮齿动物群落可以分成荒漠型群落和绿洲型群落两大类。三趾跳鼠(Dipussagitta)在荒漠型生境中密度较高,总体上具有优势地位,尤其是在流动沙丘生境中占据绝对优势;黑线仓鼠(Cricetulusbarabensis)在植被较好的绿洲型生境中占据优势地位,但在流动沙丘外的其他荒漠型生境中也有发现。除五趾跳鼠(Allactagasibirica)外,其他种类的跳鼠只在荒漠型生境中发现。本次调查没有在防护林内部生境中捕获啮齿动物,但在林缘区域仍有捕获记录。啮齿动物群落物种多样性指数与捕获率间无显著关联(r=0.240,P=0.566)。本研究提示人为干扰可能对维持研究区域的啮齿动物多样性有积极意义。     

四川南充城区鼠型小兽空间生态位分析

2003年9月～2004年8月,通过铗日法对四川南充城区的鼠型小兽生态位进行了研究.在调查地共发现8种鼠型小兽,其中食虫类2种、啮齿类6种.微尾鼩Anourosorex squamipes和褐家鼠Rattus norvegicus的空间生态位宽度指数最高,分别为0.860和0.816;社鼠Niviventer confucianus次之,为0.619;灰麝鼩Crocidura attenuata最低,为0.001,几乎等于0.小家鼠Mus musculus和社鼠的空间生态位重叠指数最高,为0.789;社鼠与微尾鼩空间生态位重叠指数次之,为0.664;黄胸鼠Rattus flavipectus与小家鼠,黑线姬鼠Apodernus agrarius与小家鼠、灰麝鼩的生态位重叠指数均为0,不存在对资源利用的竞争.在研究的生境中,鼠型小兽表现出对不同生境有较强适应性,但对资源利用存在较小程度的趋同性.     

高寒牧区中华羊茅人工草地退化演替的数量特征研究

对中华羊茅人工草地退化演替数量特征的研究表明,植物群落组分种的数量、丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数均随演替的进程而增加,生态优势度指数呈下降趋势。对25个组分种的重要值、生态位宽度及生态位重叠值计测的结果表明,一些阔叶杂草（如细叶亚菊、西伯利亚蓼等）是退化演替过程中入侵人工草地的先锋植物,比其他杂类草具有较大的生态位宽度值,其重要值在演替过程中呈逐年上升趋势。以中华羊茅为其中一个组分种的植物种对间的生态位重叠值,在大多数情况下小于两种阔叶杂草种对间的生态位重叠值。阔叶杂草入侵是导致人工草地退化的一个重要影响因素。     

红树林区软体动物生态位的三种分析方法

利用广东湛江红树林保护区定量取样获取的软体动物密度数据,根据Shannon-Wiener和Pj．anka公式,分别选用潮带和季节（方法1）、红树植物群落和季节（方法2）、红树植物群落和潮带（方法3）3种不同环境因子组合确定环境资源位点数,从而计算研究区软体动物生态位宽度和物种间重叠值。结果表明,3种分析方法计算结果有差别,采用方法1、方法2和方法3计算的物种生态位宽度分别为0～1．96、0～2．16、0～1．64;生态位重叠指数为0～0．1的种对,方法1、方法2和方法3分别占25．1％、32．8％和21．6％,生态位重叠指数为0．1～0．5的种对,分别占31．6％、36．2％和22．3％,生态位重叠指数〉0．5的种对分别占43．396、3196和56．1％。可见,方法3计算出的生态位重叠指数比其它2种方法的大。物种聚类和排序也验证了3种分析方法的计算结果有差别。将计算结果与实际定量取样比较,表明以红树植物群落和季节为准确定环境资源位点数的分析方法与实际相符,适合红树林区软体动物的生态位研究。     

贺兰山冲积扇荒漠草地拟步甲生态位及种间关联

【目的】拟步甲对维持荒漠半荒漠生境的生物多样性和生态系统功能具有重要作用。本研究旨在揭示拟步甲物种的生态位及种间关联,为冲积扇荒漠草地生境拟步甲群落构建机制研究奠定基础。【方法】2019年5-10月采用陷阱法调查贺兰山冲积扇荒漠草地划分为100个相同大小正方形单元的200 m×200 m样地的拟步甲昆虫群落组成,运用2×2联列表分析、生态位宽度、生态位重叠、方差比率法、 χ²检验、联结系数(AC)、共同出现百分率(PC)、Ochiai指数、Dice指数和Spearman秩相关系数等方法分析物种间的生态位和种间联结性。【结果】6次调查共捕获拟步甲科成虫7属10种1 086头,其中克小鳖甲Microdera kraatzi kraatzi、弯胫东鳖甲Anatolica pandaroides和平坦东鳖甲Anatolica planata是优势种。平坦东鳖甲空间生态位宽度最大,小圆鳖甲Scytosoma pygmaeum时间生态位宽度最大,克小鳖甲时空生态位宽度最大,类沙土甲Opatrum subaratum时间、空间、时空生态位宽度最小,处于竞争劣势。对拟步甲生态位宽度值聚类表明,克小鳖甲、弯胫东鳖甲、小圆鳖甲和裂缘圆鳖甲S. dissilimarginis是广生态位种。种对的时间生态位重叠比空间生态位重叠更显著。方差比率和W检验表明拟步甲昆虫总体呈显著正关联; χ²检验、联结系数(AC)和Spearman 秩相关系数的结果显示正负关联种对的比率大于1,总体趋于正相关。共同出现百分率(PC)、Ochiai指数和Dice指数表明,优势种克小鳖甲、弯胫东鳖甲和平坦东鳖甲种间呈显著正关联。根据Spearman秩相关系数结果,这10种拟步甲可划分为3个生态种组。【结论】优势种类具有较宽的生态位,物种时间生态位和空间生态位宽度变化不一致,正联结性显著的种对生态位重叠相应也较高。生态种组聚类反映了种对生态适应性的差异。研究结果为研究冲积扇荒漠草地生境小尺度空间拟步甲昆虫群落演替提供了参考依据。     

三种玉米蚜虫种群的生态位分析

对重庆市郊区1998～1999年春玉米上3种蚜虫种群的数量动态、生态位宽度和生态位重叠进行了系统的分析研究．结果表明,发生在春玉米上的玉米蚜(Rhopalosiphum maidis),禾谷缢管蚜(Rhopalosiphum padi)和麦长管蚜(Sitobion avenae)3种蚜虫混合种群的种群数量消长呈现出5月中下旬和6月下旬两个高峰;在生态位宽度上,Livens生态位宽度指数(Bi)分析表明,麦长管蚜表现出时间上的高度分化,玉米蚜表现出空间上的高度聚集特性,而禾谷缢管蚜的分化并不明显;在生态位重叠上,玉米蚜和禾谷缢管蚜的HturlbeIt生态位重叠指数(Lij)最高,玉米蚜和麦长管蚜次之,禾谷缢管蚜和麦长管蚜最小．在春玉米上发生的3种蚜虫中,玉米蚜具有较强的竞争优势．     

汾河水库及河道中优势硅藻生态位的研究

采用Levins生态位宽度公式和Petrailis生态位特定重叠指数测定了汾河水库和河道中 5 0个主要硅藻种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠 ,并对生态位宽度和生态位重叠的关系进行了初步探讨 ,结果表明 ,着生硅藻中的原子舟形藻、眼斑小环藻、平卧桥弯藻、尖菱形藻、短小舟形藻、线形曲壳藻、阿尔夫舟形藻等生态位最大 ,浮游硅藻中 ,以具星小环藻、团聚小环藻、眼斑小环藻生态位最宽 ;同时表明 ,生态位宽度大的种与其它种的生态位重叠也较大。生态位重叠表明 ,着生硅藻中 ,生态位重叠普遍偏高 ,河道中 ,清洁水体指示种普通等片藻进攻性最强 ,水库中以α -中污和 β-中污带生物比索曲壳藻进攻性最高。从生态位普遍重叠指数分析 ,浮游硅藻明显小于着生硅藻 ,表明浮游生境下 ,硅藻分化明显 ,着生环境中 ,硅藻对资源利用充分     

四川嘛咪泽自然保护区不同生境类型鸟类多样性调查

2006年4~5月采用样点法对四川嘛咪泽自然保护区的鸟类组成和种群数量进行了调查,共记录到鸟类7目23科105种,数量1948只,其中国家重点保护鸟类6种,我国特有鸟类7种。鸟类区系以东洋界成分为主。对不同生境鸟类多样性的分析结果表明:1)人工林和灌丛草地生境间的鸟类群落相似性指数最高,灌丛草地和原始林之间鸟类群落相似性最低;2)次生林鸟类多样性指数最高,灌丛草地最低;3)原始林内国家级保护鸟类最多,特有种仅次于次生林;4)林中鸟类垂直分布中间层密度最大。     

唐家河自然保护区小哺乳动物空间生态位初步研究

1989年4～11月,采用去除取样法,对四川省唐家河自然保护区内小哺乳动物的空间生态位宽度和重叠度进行了研究。共安置ll000铗日,捕获小哺乳动物14种846只。根据香农一威纳多样性指数公式以及Cowell和Futuyma公式分别计算了各小哺乳动物种群的空间生态位宽度和空间生态位重叠指数。在14种小哺乳动物中,社鼠的空间生态位宽度指数最大（1．00）,大足鼠、川I西长尾朐、川朐和灰麝朐的最小,均为0。14种小哺乳动物空间生态位重叠指数最大为1,最小为0,其中大足鼠与川西长尾朐及灰麝朐、针毛鼠与川朐的空间生态位彼此完全重叠;藏鼠兔与针毛鼠、大足鼠、洮洲绒鼠、川西长尾朐、川朐以及灰麝朐的空间生态位完全分离。空间生态位完全重叠的种类,是通过选择不同的食物以及不同的微生境来避免过度竞争。回归分析显示,小哺乳动物种群的空间生态位宽度指数与它们利用空间资源的平均值呈显著的正相关（r=0．8285,P〈0．05）。空间生态位宽度指数的季节变化表明,社鼠种群分布没有明显的季节差异,中华姬鼠和安氏白腹鼠每年可能有一个数量高峰期,高山姬鼠一年则可能有两个数量高峰。     

Niche characteristics of rodents by diverse disturbance in Alashan desert,Inner Mongolia,China

Four diverse disturbance types,namely,farmland,rotationaUy grazed grassland,overgrazed grassland and forbidden grazing grassland,were identified in the Alashan desert region of Inner Mongolia.Rodents were sampled in April,July and October in 2002 and 2003 using the trap-day method.Their spatial and temporal niches among the four disturbance types were assessed using the Shannon-Wiener niche breadth index and the Pianka niche overlap index.The Shannon-Wiener niche breadth index was the highest for Allactaga sibirica and Meriones meridianus (0.925 and 0.908,respectively),intermediate for Cricetulus eversmanni,Phodopus roborovskii and Citellus dauricus (0.789,0.782 and 0.711,respectively),and lowest for Cardiocranius paradoxus (0.003).The Pianka niche overlap indices of six-paired species were the highest and varied from 0.900 to 1.000,suggesting their spatial niche overlapped almost completely.Conversely,the spatial niche overlap index for Meriones unguiculatus,Cardiocranius paradoxus,and Salpingotus kozlovi was zero,thus indicating a complete absence of competition among them.In addition,the temporal niche breadth and overlap indices varied greatly in relation to disturbance types and season.The level of temporal niche overlap in spring and autumn was low while in summer it was high.For all disturbance types and for each season,the temporal niche overlap index of Meriones meridianus and Cricetulus barabansis was always highest but for Meriones unguiculatus and Salpingotus kozlovi always lowest.     

古浪县北部荒漠植被主要植物种的生态位特征

利用Shannon-Wiener生态位宽度公式和Pianka生态位重叠公式,计测分析了甘肃省古浪县北部荒漠植被主要植物种在不同植被演替阶段的生态位宽度和生态位重叠。结果表明:在流动沙地上花棒的生态位宽度最大,其次是沙蒿;在半固定沙地上白刺的生态位宽度最大;在固定沙地上,不论是封育植被还是未封育植被中均是花棒的生态位最宽。同一植物种的生态位随着植被演替阶段的变化而发生变化,这种变化反映了不同演替阶段下的植被恢复效果。优势种的生态位重叠大,生态位宽的物种对重叠值也大,相同物种对在不同演替阶段的生态位重叠不一致。有些物种生态位宽度窄,但重叠值大,是由荒漠植被区物种分布存在生境斑块现象造成的。     

Niche characteristics of rodents by diverse disturbance in Alashan desert, Inner Mongolia, China

Four diverse disturbance types, namely, farmland, rotationally grazed grassland, overgrazed grassland and forbidden grazing grassland, were identified in the Alashan desert region of Inner Mongolia. Rodents were sampled in April, July and October in 2002 and 2003 using the trap-day method. Their spatial and temporal niches among the four disturbance types were assessed using the Shannon-Wiener niche breadth index and the Pianka niche overlap index. The Shannon-Wiener niche breadth index was the highest for Allactaga sibirica and Meriones meridianus (0.925 and 0.908, respectively), intermediate for Cricetulus eversmanni, Phodopus roborovskii and Citellus dauricus (0.789, 0.782 and 0.711, respectively), and lowest for Cardiocranius paradoxus (0.003). The Pianka niche overlap indices of six-paired species were the highest and varied from 0.900 to 1.000, suggesting their spatial niche overlapped almost completely. Conversely, the spatial niche overlap index for Meriones unguiculatus, Cardiocranius paradoxus, and Salpingotus kozlovi was zero, thus indicating a complete absence of competition among them. In addition, the temporal niche breadth and overlap indices varied greatly in relation to disturbance types and season. The level of temporal niche overlap in spring and autumn was low while in summer it was high. For all disturbance types and for each season, the temporal niche overlap index of Meriones meridianus and Cricetulus barabansis was always highest but for Meriones unguiculatus and Salpingotus kozlovi always lowest. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25(10): 2,637–2,643 [译自: 生态学报]     

Coexistence of carnivores in a heterogeneous landscape: habitat selection and ecological niches

Understanding distributional patterns and mechanisms used by species for habitat selection is crucial to adopt effective land management policies in terms of biodiversity conservation. A heterogeneous landscape may allow coexistence of species. That coexistence will be dependent on the availability of the resources in the habitat that has to be sufficient to fulfil their basic needs. The present study aimed to investigate habitat selection, niche breadth and niche overlap of three sympatric carnivore species (Vulpes vulpes, Genetta genetta and Martes foina) in a typically fragmented landscape from Central Portugal, using camera-trapping techniques. The results obtained revealed that the investigated species use the available habitats differently and in a non-random way. The red fox showed the most specialized behaviour, positively selecting coniferous forests. The common genet preferred eucalyptus, avoiding old-growth mixed woodland, in contrast with stone marten that exhibited a strong preference for this late habitat, avoiding eucalyptus. Concerning the niche breadth, the genet had the highest value while the red fox had the lowest one. The results obtained at the camera-trap level showed that the highest niche overlap occurred between the genet and the stone marten which suggests that these species can coexist and share the available resources. Regarding the habitat level, the greatest niche overlap was found for the stone marten and the red fox, indicating the exploration of the same general habitat conditions by both species. The results obtained in the present study support the concept that landscape complexity allows coexistence between species within the same trophic level.     

贵阳阿哈湖国家湿地公园优势鸟类共存机制

2016年9月-2017年2月、2018年4-8月对贵阳阿哈湖国家湿地公园进行实地调查,从生态位分析了园内黄臀鹎Pycnonotus xanthorrhous、麻雀Passer montanus和白颊噪鹛Garrulax sannio 3种优势鸟类的共存机制。结果表明:3种鸟类的时间生态位宽度整体相近,分别为0.862 1、0.793 7和0.866 7,从季节来看,黄臀鹎较平稳,麻雀夏季最宽、冬季最窄,白颊噪鹛夏季最窄、秋季最宽。空间生态位宽度为:黄臀鹎(0.604 9)>白颊噪鹛(0.387 6)>麻雀(0.215 8),它们在人工生境中的生态位宽度均最大;3种鸟类的时空生态位重叠值普遍较高,在时间上,白颊噪鹛和麻雀重叠度最高,达到了0.985 3,在空间上,黄臀鹎和麻雀重叠度最高(0.873 2),其次为黄臀鹎和白颊噪鹛(0.831 6),最低的为麻雀和白颊噪鹛(0.481 1)。3种鸟类均为城市适应种,在不同维度的生态位上通过行为空间、食性、巢址选择、生境垂直和水平分布分离等多种方式形成系统的生态位分离,增强群落的稳定性以达到共存目的。     

青海省海东地区小型兽空间生态位分析

采用Shannon-Wiener生态位宽度指数和Pianka生态位重叠指数对青海省海东地区不同生境的小型兽类群落进行研究.结果发现,捕获的18种小型兽中,柴达木根田鼠(Microtus limnophilus)的生态位宽度值最大(0.940),洮州绒孵(Caryomys eva)、黑线姬鼠(Apodemus agrar...     

Rarity in Australian desert lizards

Most species of Australian desert lizards are uncommon. Possible causes of rarity are examined, including body size as measured by snout–vent length (SVL), fecundity, number of sites occupied, habitat niche breadth, microhabitat niche breadth, dietary niche breadth, and average total niche overlap with other species. Rare species tend to be larger with lower fecundities than abundant species and they occur at fewer sites. Many, but not all, uncommon species are specialists, either in habitat, microhabitat, or diet. The niche breadth hypothesis, which states that abundant species should be generalists whereas specialized species should be rare, is tested, but rejected as a general explanation for rarity. Some uncommon species exhibit high overlap with other species suggesting that they may experience diffuse competition. However, no single cause of rarity can be identified, but rather each species has its own idiosyncratic reasons for being uncommon. Multivariate analyses show distinct ecological differences between abundant and uncommon species.     

Niche overlap of two sympatric-nesting hawks Accipiter spp. in the New Jersey-New York Highlands

The food and habitat niches of two nesting species of hawks Accipiter spp were studied in an extensively forested area of the Eastern Deciduous Forest Biome Nesting habitat was quantitated at 19 Cooper s hawk A cooperu nests and 16 northern goshawk A gentilis nests There was no significant trend for Cooper's hawks to nest in less mature forests than northern goshawks as reported previously for western North America Forest habitats did not differ markedly except that shrub cover was greater at Cooper's hawk nest sites, which were also on flatter terrain and closer to roads, forest openings, and human habitation However, these few differences resulted m reducing habitat-niche overlap considerably (0 538), as was calculated using principal components analysis Mean prey weight was significantly larger for the northern goshawk which follows its 2 2-fold body weight advantage over Cooper's hawk Although bird prey was of primary importance to both Accipiter, goshawks took twice the proportion of mammals compared to their smaller congener Food-niche overlap was lowest by prey species overlap (0 470), followed by prey size class overlap (0 529), and highest by vertical foraging zone overlap (0 816) The Cooper's hawk showed the greatest niche breadth for both food and habitat niches indicating it as more of a generalist Overall, niche complementarity of food and habitat dimensions resulted in niche overdispersion along food and habitat dimensions with a total niche overlap (0 504) that was below the competition threshold These results suggested that competition (past and current) was responsible for segregating niches     

不同生态位计测方法在绿洲荒漠过渡带上的应用比较

生态位分化被认为是物种共存的基础 ,亦是物种进化的动力[10 ] ,所以生态位理论已在种间关系、群落结构、物种多样性、种群进化、群落演替等方面广泛应用 ,在现代生态学中占有愈来愈重要的地位[2 ,8] 。对于生态位宽度和生态位重叠已有多种计测公式 ,这些公式的生态学合理性和应用上的可操作性 ,一直是生态学家关注的问题[1,7,9] 。由于各公式有不同的生态学意义 ,侧重点不同 ,加之各种类型植被的结构和功能不同 ,种群的生态学特性各异 ,因而不同的公式对不同的植被类型的使用范围应有所区别。目前 ,常用的生态位测度公式往往被通用于各种植…