模拟酸雨对不同类型玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

以普通玉米、糯玉米、爆裂玉米和甜玉米为材料,研究了不同模拟酸雨(pH 6.0、5.0、4.0、3.0、2.0、1.0)对玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:pH 2.0 ～5.0模拟酸雨对玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长没有显著影响;pH l.0处理的普通玉米、糯玉米、爆裂玉米和甜玉米的种子发芽率分别为91.3％、68.7％、27.5％和11.7％.与pH 6.0处理(CK)相比,pH l.0模拟酸雨显著降低了玉米种子的发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、发芽速度、苗高、根长、苗和根干物质、贮藏物质运转效率,延长了平均发芽时间.pH l.0模拟酸雨对玉米幼苗生长阶段的影响大于发芽阶段,对幼苗地下部分的影响大于地上部分;受基因型的影响,普通玉米和糯玉米的抗酸雨能力最强,其次为爆裂玉米,甜玉米最差.玉米属于抗酸雨作物,酸雨抑制阈值介于pH1.0～2.0之间.酸雨地区可优先选择种植普通玉米和糯玉米.     

S3307对玉米种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

玉米 (Ｚｅａｍａｙｓ)品种苏玉 1号种子 ,分别用不同浓度Ｓ330 7(浙江省农科院生化实验厂生产的 5 %乳剂 )溶液浸种 (以清水作对照 ) 5ｈ ,经清水冲洗后在室温条件下催芽。盆栽试验 :从各处理中挑选发芽均一的种子于 5月 2 1日播种 ;田间试验 :于 5月 30日将各处理生长均匀的秧苗移入大田。种子萌发3ｄ测定发芽势 ,6ｄ测定发芽率 ,移栽当日各处理随机取样 2 0株进行秧苗素质考测。栽入大田 1 3ｄ时 ,各处理取样 1 0株测定株高、茎粗、叶挺长、干鲜重及根冠比等植株形态指标。获得如下结果 :1 .2 0～ 5 0ｍｇ·Ｌ-1Ｓ330 7浸种后 ,玉米的发…     

不同S22基因型玉米种子萌发过程中的生理生化特性变化

玉米自交系Ｓ２２（深色）、Ｓ２２（中色）、Ｓ２２（浅色）及４７８种子中过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）、过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）、淀粉酶及脱氢酶活性明显低于杂交种Ｓ２２×４７８。丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量增加以及蛋白质含量和呼吸速率降低,导致自交系玉米种子发芽速度迟缓,影响出苗率。     

Hg浸种对玉米种子萌发过程中几种酶活性的影响

1　引　　言Hg是环境污染的重要因素,有关Hg对植物生长发育的影响及危害机制已有报导[1,3],但Hg对玉米种子萌发作用尚未见报道.种子萌发依靠自身储存的淀粉、脂肪和蛋白质的分解来提供物质和能量,合成新的生命物质.因此环境对种子萌发的影响首先表现在对这些大物质分解代谢的影     

骆驼蓬提取物对玉米种子萌发和壮苗的影响

用不同浓度骆驼蓬提取物浸种处理玉米,研究对玉米种子萌发和壮苗的影响。结果表明,浸种处理后玉米种子的萌发及胚根和胚芽生长明显受抑,且随处理浓度提高抑制增强;但随培养时间的延长,对萌发的抑制减弱,根长和株高增加。0．1g／mL、0．2g／mL、0．3g／mL浓度的骆驼蓬提取液浸种可显著提高玉米幼苗根系活力,促进植株生长,根体积和植株生物量增加,根苗比增大。     

玉米种子萌发能力和耐脱水能力的形成

以玉米品种“粤单9117”为材料,研究了种子发育过程中萌发能力和耐脱水能力的获得。玉米种子的生理成熟期约为43DAP（授粉后天数）。胚萌发能力的获得是在14－21DAP、耐脱水能力的获得出现在25－28DAP。胚的耐脱水能力在28DAP后仍不断得到加强。耐脱水能力的获得与细胞膜的发育及受保护的程度密切相关。脱水有利于不同发育时期的胚和种子的萌发。     

不同活力玉米种子胚萌发期间热激蛋白的合成

玉米（Ｚｅａ ｍａｙｓ Ｌ．）种子在萌发期间热激处理（４２℃）时蛋白质合成率低于对照（２５℃）;高活力种子胚热激蛋白的合成率最高。在４２℃热激处理时玉米种胚子合成的热激蛋白的分子量分别为７３、６５、６２、５４、１８ｋＤ等５种。高活力种胚合成的热激蛋白在最上高于低活力种子,高活力种胚合成的特异性热激蛋白５６ｋＤ可以作为衡量种子活力的指标。双向电泳表明高低活力种子间热激蛋白的合成有更多质上的差异。     

钙离子参与一氧化氮促进盐胁迫下的玉米种子萌发

0.001～1.0 mmol·L~(-1)一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)均能提高玉米种子的发芽率,缓解盐胁迫下种子萌发的抑制作用,其中0.1 mmol·L~(-1)SNP的效果最佳。用胞外游离Ca~(2 )螯合剂EGTA、质膜Ca~(2 )通道阻断剂LaCl_3和液泡Ca~(2 )释放抑制剂钌红与0.1 mmol·L~(-1) SNP共处理,均能减弱或抵消SNP促进种子萌发的作用。据此推测,钙离子参与SNP促进盐胁迫下玉米种子萌发的信号转导过程。     

不同活力玉米种子胚萌发过程中蛋白质的变化

从不同人工老化处理中筛选出３组分别代表不同活力的玉米种子。萌发期间,中、低活力种子胚蛋白的降解比高活力对照种子慢,萌发前期胚蛋白合成能力也较低。吸胀２４ｈ,不同活力胚的蛋白合成能力差异显著,可以作为衡量种子活力的指标。     

不同培养基上白芨的种子萌发与幼苗形态发生

对无菌条件下白芨种子在不同培养基上的萌发及其幼苗形态发生进行了研究.结果表明:在白芨种子萌发过程中,种胚先转绿,然后在种胚远离残余胚柄的一端突破种皮,形成原球茎.在原球茎顶端分化出叶原基,并逐渐发育成叶片.在原球茎下部表面存在透明的毛状物,推测这些毛状物与幼根根毛是同功的.白芨种子萌发最适培养基为1/2 g·L-1 +1.0 mMS NAA.添加低浓度的外源细胞分裂素(6-BA或KT)与NAA组合均严重抑制种子的萌发,种子萌发率较低,形成的圆球茎较小,原球茎分化出的小苗也较细弱.白芨生根壮苗最适培养基为1/2 g·L-1 NAA+2.0 g·L-1活性炭+1.0 mg·L-1 +1.0 mMS GA3.生根壮苗培养基中加入活性炭和GA3有利于根的生长和壮苗,且植株长势健壮.炼苗基质为腐殖土和蛭石(1∶1),成活率可达90%以上.     

不同水分胁迫条件下高粱种子萌发及吸水规律的研究

通过对抗旱性不同的高粱品种在不同水分胁迫条件下种子萌动、萌发及吸水过程的研究表明：高粱种子在萌动、萌发两个生理过程中对环境水分条件的敏感性不同,种子在萌动时比萌发时更适应低水环境。不同的高粱品种在萌动、萌发时所忍耐的临界环境水势也存在明显差异。种子胚和胚乳两部分的吸水过程具有不同的特点。胚部的干重含水量在吸水后一直急剧增加,直到萌动时达到最大,而胚乳的含水量除在前期快速增加外,随后缓慢增加,保持在相对稳定的水平。在种子吸水萌动过程中,种子胚与胚乳间,以及它们与环境间始终存在着水势梯度。     

Relationship between initiation of cell elongation and cell division in radicles of germinating seeds

The initiation of axial organ growth in germinating broad bean (Vicia faba var. minor) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) seeds was studied in terms of cell elongation and cell division. Seed imbibition occurred in polyethylene glycol (M.W.6000) solutions at various concentrations that retarded the radicle protrusion and maintained the tissue hydration at various levels. The triggering of cell elongation in broad bean hypocotyl or cotton radicle depended on tissue hydration up to the threshold level. The initiation of cell elongation was independent of the processes preparing for the initiation of cell division in the meristems. The appearance of mitotic activity in roots was examined relative to water content in the meristem, time of radicle emergence, and root length. The initiation of cell division did not directly depend on hydration level reached and time of radicle protrusion; however, the commencement of mitoses was determined by the presence of a threshold number of elongating cells. The possibility of a mitotic factor formed by elongating cells is discussed.Abbreviations PEG polyethylene glycol     

ABA-Mediated Inhibition of Germination Is Related to the Inhibition of Genes Encoding Cell-Wall Biosynthetic and Architecture： Modifying Enzymes and Structural Proteins in Medicago truncatula Embryo Axis

Radicle emergence and reserves mobilization are two distinct programmes that are thought to control germination. Both programs are influenced by abscissic acid （ABA） but how this hormone controls seed germination is still poorly known. Phenotypic and microscopic observations of the embryo axis of Medicago truncatula during germination in mitotic inhibition condition triggered by 10 μM oryzalin showed that cell division was not required to allow radicle emergence. A suppressive subtractive hybridization showed that more than 10% of up-regulated genes in the embryo axis encoded proteins related to cell-wall biosynthesis. The expression of α-expansins, pectin-esterase, xylogucan-endotransglycosidase, cellulose synthase, and extensins was monitored in the embryo axis of seeds germinated on water, constant and transitory ABA. These genes were overexpressed before completion of germination in the control and strongly inhibited by ABA. The expression was re-established in the ABA transitory-treatment after the seeds were transferred back on water and proceeded to germination. This proves these genes as contributors to the completion of germination and strengthen the idea that cell-wall loosening and remodeling in relation to cell expansion in the embryo axis is a determinant feature in germination. Our results also showed that ABA controls germination through the control of radicle emergence, namely by inhibiting cell-wall loosening and expansion.     

水分和温度对春玉米出苗速度和出苗率的影响

在东北地区中部开展春玉米春季水分胁迫和分期播种试验。试验在人工防雨棚内进行,设4个水分处理和3个播种期处理。结果表明,春玉米(Zea mays )播种出苗期间土壤含水量与出苗期和出苗率的关系均呈显著的二次函数关系。在田间持水量以下,耕层土壤湿度越大,玉米出苗越快,出苗率越高;干旱推迟出苗期,降低出苗率。气温低出苗慢,但温度对出苗率无明显影响。播种出苗期间0～20cm深平均土壤湿度（S）、土壤有效水量（H）和平均气温(T)对出苗速度的组合影响指标是：25 %>S>21%（或70mm >H>45mm）、T>18℃玉米出苗快;21% >S>18%(或45mm >H>35mm)、18℃>T>16.5℃ 玉米出苗比较快;18%>S>16%（或35mm >H>25mm）、16.5℃>T>15.5℃玉米出苗较慢;S<16%（或H< 25）、T<15.5℃出苗很慢,出苗期明显推迟。玉米出苗率主要取决于水分,0～20cm深土壤相对湿度在85%以上（或H>50mm）出苗率最高（95%以上）;相对湿度80%左右（或50>H>40mm）出苗率较高（90% 左右）;相对湿度70%以下(或H<40mm)出苗率明显降低, 60%以下(或H<30mm)为严重干旱,出苗率低至65%以下。     

Ecophysiology of embryo development and seed germination of the European woodland herbaceous perennial Corydalis cava (L.) Schweigg. & Körte subsp. cava (Fumariaceae)

In this study we examined the germination ecology with special reference to the temperature requirements for embryo development and germination of Corydalis cava subsp. cava, under both outdoor and laboratory conditions. Corydalis cava is a spring flowering woodland tuberous geophyte widely distributed across Europe. Germination phenology, including embryo development and radicle and cotyledon emergence, was investigated in a population growing in northern Italy. Immediately after harvest, seeds of C. cava were sown both in the laboratory under simulated seasonal temperatures and naturally. Embryos, undifferentiated at the time of seed dispersal, grew during summer and autumn conditions, culminating in radicle emergence in winter, when temperatures fell to ca 5°C. Cotyledon emergence also occurred at ca 5°C, but first emergence was delayed until late winter and early spring. Laboratory experiments showed that high (summer) followed by medium (autumn) and low temperatures (winter) are needed for physiological dormancy loss, embryo development and germination respectively. Unlike seeds of C. cava that germinated in winter, in other Corydalis species radicle emergence occurred in autumn (C. flavula) or did not depend on a period of high summer temperature to break dormancy (C. solida). Our results suggest that subtle differences in dormancy and germination behavior between Corydalis species could be related to differences in their geographical distribution.     

Temperature controls seed germination and dormancy in the European woodland herbaceous perennial Erythronium dens-canis (Liliaceae)

We examined the germination ecology and the temperature requirements for germination of Erythronium dens-canis, under both outdoor and laboratory conditions. E. dens-canis is a spring flowering woodland geophyte widely distributed across Europe. Germination phenology, including embryo development and radicle and cotyledon emergence, were investigated in a natural population growing in Northern Italy. Immediately after harvest, seeds of E. dens-canis were either sown on agar in the laboratory under simulated seasonal temperatures or placed in nylon mesh sachets and buried in the wild. Embryos, undifferentiated at the time of seed dispersal, grew during summer and autumn conditions in the laboratory and in the wild, culminating in radicle emergence in winter when temperatures fell to ≈ 5 °C. Emergence of cotyledons did not occur immediately after radicle emergence, but was delayed until the end of winter. Laboratory experiments showed that temperature is the main factor controlling dormancy and germination, with seeds becoming non-dormant only when given warmth, followed by cold stratification. Unlike seeds of E. dens-canis that germinate in winter, in other Erythronium species radicle emergence occurs in autumn, while in some it is delayed until seeds are transferred from winter to spring conditions. Our results suggest that there is genetic and environmental control of the expression of seed dormancy amongst Erythronium species, which is related to local climate.     

Effects of water stress on growth, osmotic potential and abscisic acid content of maize roots

Under water stress conditions, induced by mannitol solutions (0 to 0.66 M ) applied to the apical 12 mm of intact roots of Zea mays L. (cv. LG 11), a growth inhibition, a decrease in the osmotic potential of the cell sap and a significant accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) were observed. When the roots were placed in a humid atmosphere after the stress, the growth rate increased again, even if elongation had been totally inhibited. Under a stress corresponding to an osmotic potential of -1.09 MPa in the solution, growth was totally inhibited, which means that the root cell turgor pressure was reduced to the yield threshold. These conditions led to the largest accumulation of ABA. The effect of water stress on the level of ABA was studied for three parts of the root. The greatest increase in ABA (about 10 fold) was obtained in the growth zone and this increase was apparently independent of the hydrolysis of the conjugated form. With a mannitol treatment of 1 h equivalent to a stress level of -1.39 MPa, a 4-fold increase in ABA efflux into the medium was obtained. These results suggest that there are interactions between water stress, root growth, osmotic potential and the ABA level. The growth under conditions of stress and the role of endogenous ABA in the control of plant metabolism, specially in the growth zone, are discussed.     

Effect of water potential on the development of an haploid strain of Sporisorium reilianum f.sp. zeae

Sporisorium reilianum f.sp. zeae, the causal agent of head smut, infects the roots of the maize plantlets. Little information is available concerning the development of the fungus in soil, although this saprophytic phase is an important part of the life cycle. This paper reports that water potential also affects hyphal induction, and this effect on the fungus may influence disease transmission. In response to a decrease in water potential from 0 to –1.52 MPa in presence of variable molecular weight polyethylene glycols, haploid hyphae develop from the haploid yeast. Hyphal extension is fastest at low water potentials (–1.2 MPa) controlled with high molecular weight polyethylene glycols, PEG-3350 and PEG-8000. Formation of parasitic dikaryotic hyphae following fusion between haploid hyphae was possible at low water potential (–1.2 MPa) and was not inhibited by water stress. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the effects of low soil water potential on yeast–hyphal transition and hyphal growth facilitate the convergence of compatible haploid strains, and that this may increase disease severity.     

洛阳旱地夏玉米生产潜力长周期定量模拟与评价

以洛阳孟津地区气象数据库、土壤数据库、作物数据库和多年田间试验数据库为基础,应用DSSAT作物生长模型估算了当地夏玉米光温生产潜力和光温水生产潜力,并对节水潜力开发现状及途径进行了分析.结果表明,洛阳孟津地区47a夏玉米光温生产潜力为6900.00～15805.00 kg · hm-2,均值为12039.96 kg · hm-2,可作为补灌区平均最高产量的上限参考值;光温水生产潜力为1529.31～13742.00 kg · hm-2,均值为8894.42 kg · hm-2,仅占光温生产潜力82%左右,可作为雨养夏玉米平均最高产量的上限参考值.夏玉米生育期内平均降水量为356.22mm,年际间波动幅度较大,平均水分满足率为71.9%,不同土壤类型及不同降雨年型夏玉米潜在水分利用效率变幅较大,波动范围为8.04～37.46 kg · hm-2 · mm-1,47a均值为26.424 kg · hm-2 · mm-1.近8a旱作夏玉米现实水分利用效率仅占潜在水分利用效率的45.87%,平均光温水生产潜力开发度为47.55%.夏玉米节水潜力非常大,采用合理的节水农业措施,加强农田建设,改善地力状况,增强土壤储水蓄水稳定能力,高效利用降水资源,提高水分利用效率是今后提高夏玉米产量的重要途径.     

玉米叶片生长部位渗透调节和生长的生物物理参数变化

玉米叶片生长部位随着水分胁迫加剧ψ_w降低、LER减慢。LER从最大到零,快速干旱处理的ψw从-0.55降至-0.85 MPa;缓慢干旱处理ψ_w从-0.88降至-1.13 MPa。在任何一种LER下,缓慢干旱处理的ψ_s比快速干旱处理更低,生长停止时,前者为-1.57 MPa,而后者为-1.30MPa。缓慢干旱叶片尽管在更低ψ_w下,仍能维持一定膨压,保持一定的生长速率。经历长时间水分胁迫会改变细胞延伸生长的生物物理参数,增大临界膨压(0.08～0.09 MPa)。这是水分胁迫植株,在一定ψ_p下生长速率减慢的原因。