不同水分胁迫条件下高粱种子萌发及吸水规律的研究

通过对抗旱性不同的高粱品种在不同水分胁迫条件下种子萌动、萌发及吸水过程的研究表明：高粱种子在萌动、萌发两个生理过程中对环境水分条件的敏感性不同,种子在萌动时比萌发时更适应低水环境。不同的高粱品种在萌动、萌发时所忍耐的临界环境水势也存在明显差异。种子胚和胚乳两部分的吸水过程具有不同的特点。胚部的干重含水量在吸水后一直急剧增加,直到萌动时达到最大,而胚乳的含水量除在前期快速增加外,随后缓慢增加,保持在相对稳定的水平。在种子吸水萌动过程中,种子胚与胚乳间,以及它们与环境间始终存在着水势梯度。     

水分胁迫下紫花苜蓿和高粱种子萌发特性及幼苗耐旱性

利用PEG溶液(水势梯度:-0.1～-0.5MPa)模拟水分胁迫,研究了紫花苜蓿(品种:阿尔冈金和陇东)和高粱(品种:抗四)种子的萌发能力的变化及对萌发环境的最低水分需求,并进行种间差异比较.结果显示:PEG水分胁迫通过限制种子有效水分的吸收而抑制了其萌发,且随着胁迫强度的增加,萌发能力减弱,主要表现在:萌发率、吸水速率、萌发活力、萌发胁迫指数等随胁迫强度的增加而下降,根芽比则随之增加.另一方面,种子群体萌动、萌发和出苗达50%概率时间随胁迫强度的增加而越发延迟,且各阶段对环境临界水势的需求不同,出苗阶段最为严格,说明种子出苗过程对环境水分胁迫最为敏感,耐旱能力最弱.相比之下,在同等胁迫条件下,高粱种子的萌发能力较苜蓿种子受到影响较小,各个阶段对环境水势的需求也相对较为宽松.因此,苜蓿苗期对干旱胁迫的忍耐能力不及高粱,且出苗过程中对环境水分条件的需求存在品种间差异.     

春小麦种子萌发和成苗过程中水分需求的量化研究（简报）

用聚乙二醇(PEG)模拟外界环境水势,对春小麦种子萌发和成苗过程中几个阶段水分需求的定量研究表明,种子萌动、发芽和胚芽伸长至一定长度的时间(t)与外界水势(Ψ)之间有1/t=a bΨ的关系。据此式可以推算出种子萌发和成苗过程中各阶段的水势阈值。     

电场处理油葵种子后对其萌发期抗旱性的影响

用不同电场条件处理油葵种子,以PEG(聚乙二醇)模拟水分胁迫,通过高渗溶液萌发法、种子吸水率和膜脂过氧化检测法测定电场处理对油葵种子萌发期抗旱性的影响。结果表明,不同处理条件对油葵种子在萌发期对水分胁迫的适应性影响不同。通过电场处理能够提高油葵种子吸水速率及在水分胁迫条件下的发芽势、发芽率;降低水分胁迫对种子细胞膜的伤害,提高种子萌发期体内超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物醇的活性,减少了膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛的积累。所有这些变化都有利于缓解水分胁迫对油葵种子的伤害,提高其对水分胁迫的适应性。     

研究水稻种子萌发特性和抗旱性关系的高渗溶液法

鉴定农作物抗旱的方法大致可分为田间鉴定法、干旱棚或人工模拟气候箱法以及实验室法。在实验室法中根据高渗溶液中种子萌发百分率评价品种苗期的抗旱性是常用的一种方法,例如Ashraf等的模拟不同水分张力的方法以及陈培元等对采用甘露醇溶液模拟水分胁迫条件测定小麦种子萌发特性等。但由于标准掌握不一,因而对实验室法尚有不同的看法。有人认为,高渗溶液下的发芽率不能代表出苗期的抗旱性,二者之间的相     

种子的休眠

种子成熟后,有些种子只要外界条件(水分、温度和氧气)适合就可以立即萌发,而另外有些种子即使外界条件适合也不能立即萌发。在自然条件下必须在几天、几周、几月甚至几年后才能萌发。这种种子在适合的外界条件下不能立即萌发的特性叫做休眠。     

环境因子对陕西羽叶报春种子萌发及成苗的影响

陕西羽叶报春（Primulafilchnerae）是百年绝迹、曾被植物界视为可能绝灭的二年生草本植物,其种子萌发和成苗是其种群续存的前提,也是其园林开发时繁育工作的理论依据。本研究发现,陕西羽叶报春种子细小,25℃、低光（2700Ix）和当年采集种子是其萌发的最适条件。然而,该条件的成苗率仅25％左右,成苗／萌发比也比其它处理低。29℃高温下陕西羽叶报春种子存在一定程度的休眠,赤霉素（GA。）处理后萌发率虽显著增加,始萌发时间缩短,但高浓度（200mg／L）GA。处理使种子成苗率和成苗／萌发比显著降低。经过2个多月的高温高湿（29℃下萌发）处理后,将未萌发的种子重新在最适温度25℃下萌发,发现它们的萌发率不受影响,但始萌发时间显著缩短。以上结果说明陕西羽叶报春种子成熟后,及时采收并适当让其高温休眠一段时间,萌发时先用低浓度（20mg／L）GA。处理,不但可以显著提高萌发率,而且可提高成苗率和成苗／萌发比。     

PEG模拟干旱胁迫对栓皮栎种子萌发及生长生理的影响

为了阐明栓皮栎种子萌发期对水分胁迫的耐受性,以当年采集的栓皮栎种子为材料,采用培养皿滤纸萌发的方法研究了不同浓度（0%、5%、10%、20%、30%）PEG-6000溶液对其种子萌发、生长、保护酶活性和有机渗透调节物质的影响,并对种子萌发率、胚根生长速率等与PEG浓度进行了回归分析。结果表明:（1）随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,栓皮栎种子的发芽率、发芽指数、胚根长度、胚根生长速率和活力指数均呈先升高后下降趋势,说明低浓度（5%、10%）PEG胁迫可以促进栓皮栎种子萌发及生长,而高浓度（20%、30%）则具有抑制作用。（2）建立水分胁迫条件下种子萌发率、胚根生长速率等与PEG浓度的回归方程发现,栓皮栎种子在PEG胁迫下的萌发临界值和极限值分别为32.01%和36.99%,胚根生长速率的临界值和极限值分别为30.1%和33.35%。（3）随着PEG浓度的升高,栓皮栎种子中3种保护酶（SOD、POD、CAT）活性和3种有机渗透调节物质（可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸、可溶性糖）含量呈现不同的变化,但均有不同程度升高趋势。由此可见,栓皮栎种子可通过增加保护酶活性和体内渗透调节物质来适应水分胁迫环境,使自身萌发和生长受抑制程度降到最低。     

不同水分张力和亚适温条件下冬小麦种子萌发特性和抗旱性的关系

在不同水分张力(用甘露醇水溶液进行模拟)和亚适温条件下,对旱地小麦不同类型品种进行了种子萌发特性的比较。结果表明,15大气压以下的水分张力对总的发芽率无明显的影响。在0～18大气压水分张力范围内,随着水分胁迫的增强,种子吸水率和发芽速度降低,根的生长速度减慢,呼吸强度减弱。品种间的差异趋于显著。和育成品种相比,农家品种具有呼吸率高,种子萌动发芽快的特点,并且在高的水分张力下(18个大气压),仍能保持较高的发芽率和根的生长量,这是这类品种对土壤干旱的一种适应方式。上述指标,在小麦抗旱育种中有一定的应用价值。     

盐胁迫对花生种子际细菌菌群结构的调控

盐胁迫影响种子萌发和植株形态建成,提高盐胁迫下花生种子萌发速率和成苗健苗率是盐碱地花生高产高效栽培的重要环节之一,花生种子际土壤细菌菌群结构与种子萌发关系密切。为揭示盐胁迫对花生种子际微生物菌群结构的影响,以耐盐花生品种（花育25号,HY25）和盐敏感花生品种（花育20号,HY20）为试验材料,采用盆栽实验和高通量测序技术,研究不同耐盐性品种种子萌发吸胀吸水阶段种子际细菌菌群结构的变化。结果表明,种子际土壤细菌群落以变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）及芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）等为优势菌门,盐胁迫处理可以不同程度的提高厚壁菌门和放线菌门的相对丰度。在属水平上,盐胁迫可以增加有益菌芽胞杆菌属（Bacillus）的相对丰度,增强盐胁迫下种子存活能力,提高萌发率。细菌功能预测结果显示,信号转导机制、免疫系统和防御机制等相关功能在盐胁迫处理后明显增强,可能是促进花生萌发并增强花生胁迫应答的重要原因之一。种子际优势菌群的鉴定及机理分析可为通过改良种子际土壤微生物环境,提高花生耐盐性和出苗健苗率提供重要的借鉴意义,同时为开发利用盐碱地提供参考。     

Sequential temperature control of multi-phasic dormancy release and germination of Paeonia corsica seeds

Aims The physiological responses during dormancy removal and multi-phasic germination were investigated in seeds of Paeonia corsica (Paeoniaceae).Methods Seeds of P. corsica were incubated in the light at a range of temperatures (10–25 and 25/10°C), without any pre-treatment, after W (3 months at 25°C), C (3 months at 5°C) and W + C (3 months at 25°C followed by 3 months at 5°C) stratification, and a GA 3 treatment (250 mg·l^-1 in the germination substrate). Embryo growth, time from testa to endosperm rupture and radicle emergence were assessed as separate phases. Epicotyl–plumule emergence was evaluated incubating the germinated seeds at 15°C for 2 weeks, at 5 and 25°C for 2 months on agar water before transplanting to the soil substrate at 10, 15 and 20°C and at 15°C for 2 months on the surface agar water with GA 3 .Important findings Embryo growth, testa rupture, endosperm rupture (radicle emergence) and growth of the epicotyl were identified as four sequential steps in seeds of P. corsica. Gibberellic acid alone and warm stratification followed by 15°C promoted embryo growth and subsequent seed germination. Cold stratification induced secondary dormancy, even when applied after warm stratification. After radicle emergence, epicotyl–plumule emergence was delayed for ca. 3 months. Mean time of epicotyl–plumule emergence was positively affected by cold stratification (2 months at 5°C) and GA 3. P. corsica seeds exhibited differential temperature sensitivity for the four sequential steps in the removal of dormancy and germination processes that resulted in the precise and optimal timing of seedling emergence.     

Seed vigour and water relations in wheat

The laboratory germination (criterion radicle emergence) of seven seed lots of winter wheat cv. Slejpner was similar. However, they differed in vigour as demonstrated by differences in germination after controlled deterioration carried out at a range of seed moisture contents, at two temperatures and for different times. A vigour assessment for each lot was quantified by calculating a value for the seed lot constant K_i, of the viability equation. Germination in lower water potentials reduced the uptake of water, radicle and coleoptile emergence and radicle and coleoptile extension. There was no difference in the water uptake of seed lots differing in vigour. However, seed lots of lower vigour showed less radicle emergence, less coleoptile emergence and shorter radicles than higher vigour seed lots in low water potentials. Similarly, controlled deterioration resulted in reduced radicle and coleoptile emergence and growth compared to unaged seed, and also to a greater sensitivity to low water potentials. The implications for field establishment are discussed.     

Diversity of epicotyl dormancy among tropical montane forest species in Sri Lanka

• Fruiting season of many Sri Lankan tropical montane species is not synchronised and may not occur when conditions are favourable for seedling establishment. We hypothesised that species with different fruiting seasons have different seed dormancy mechanisms to synchronise timing of germination with a favourable season for establishment. Using six species with different fruiting seasons, we tested this hypothesis.
• Germination and imbibition of intact and manually scarified seeds were studied. Effect of GA₃ on germination was examined. Embryo length:seed length (E:S) ratio of freshly matured seeds and of those with a split seed coat was determined. Time taken for radicle and plumule emergence and morphological changes of the embryos were recorded.
• The radicle emerged from Ardisia missionis, Bheza nitidissima and Gaetnera walkeri seeds within 30 days, whereas it took >30 days in other species. Embryos grew in seeds of B. nitidissima and G. walkeri prior to radicle emergence but not in Microtropis wallichiana, Nothapodytes nimmoniana and Symplocos cochinchinensis. A considerable delay was observed between radicle and plumule emergence in all six species. Warm stratification and/or GA₃ promoted germination of all species.
• All the tested species have epicotyl dormancy. Seeds of B. nitidissima and G. walkeri have non‐deep simple morphophysiological epicotyl dormancy, and the other four species have non‐deep physiological epicotyl dormancy. Differences in radicle and epicotyl dormancy promote synchronisation of germination to a favourable time for seedling development. Therefore, information on dormancy‐breaking and germination requirements of both radicle and epicotyl are needed to determine the kind of dormancy of a particular species.

     

Germination, seedling morphology and establishment of Cotnbretum bauchiense Hutch. & Dalz. (Combretaceae)

ONYEKWELU, S. S. C, 1990. Germination, seedling morphology and establishment of Cotnbretum bauchiense Hutch. & Dalz. (Combretaceae). Cotnbretum bauchiense is a suffrutex with short, erect, usually herbaceous stems arising from a woody root stock. It appears in savanna soon after fire and (lowers within a few weeks. The fruits germinate in 5–6 days. The germination is cryptogeal. On germination the true radicle and the apparent radicle formed by fused cotyledon stalks push down into the soil, carrying the plumule with them. The cotyledon lamina and part of the fused cotyledon stalks remain above the soil. Both the apparent radicle and the true radicle produce roots. Below the soil at the joint of the apparent radicle and the true radicle the plumule produces 1–3 shoots which grow out to the surface of the soil. The underground portion of the shoot bears scale leaves, from which the plant regenerates when the aerial shoot is damaged by fire. This type of germination is an adaptation that ensures successful establishment in an environment that is subjected to fire.     

Deep simple epicotyl morphophysiological dormancy in seeds of two Viburnum species, with special reference to shoot growth and development inside the seed

Background and Aims

In seeds with deep simple epicotyl morphophysiological dormancy, warm and cold stratification are required to break dormancy of the radicle and shoot, respectively. Although the shoot remains inside the seed all winter, little is known about its growth and morphological development prior to emergence in spring. The aims of the present study were to determine the temperature requirements for radicle and shoot emergence in seeds of Viburnum betulifolium and V. parvifolium and to monitor growth of the epicotyl, plumule and cotyledons in root-emerged seeds.

Methods

Fresh and pre-treated seeds of V. betulifolium and V. parvifolium were incubated under various temperature regimes and monitored for radicle and shoot emergence. Growth of the epicotyl and cotyledons at different stages was observed with dissecting and scanning electron microscopes.

Key Results

The optimum temperature for radicle emergence of seeds of both species, either kept continuously at a single regime or exposed to a sequence of regimes, was 20/10 °C. GA₃ had no effect on radicle emergence. Cold stratification (5 °C) was required for shoot emergence. The shoot apical meristem in fresh seeds did not form a bulge until the embryo had grown to the critical length for radicle emergence. After radicle emergence, the epicotyl–plumule and cotyledons grew slowly at 5 and 20/10 °C, and the first pair of true leaves was initiated. However, the shoot emerged only from seeds that received cold stratification.

Conclusions

Seeds of V. betulifolium and V. parvifolium have deep simple epicotyl morphophysiological dormancy, C_1bB (root)–C₃ (epicotyl). Warm stratification was required to break the first part of physiological dormancy (PD), thereby allowing embryo growth and subsequently radicle emergence. Although cold stratification was not required for differentiation of the epicotyl–plumule, it was required to break the second part of PD, thereby allowing the shoot to emerge in spring.     

Recalcitrancy and a new kind of epicotyl dormancy in seeds of the understory tropical rainforest tree Humboldtia laurifolia (Fabaceae, Ceasalpinioideae)

We report a new kind of seed dormancy and identify the storage behavior category for an important understory rainforest tree that also is used as an ornamental. While studying seed dormancy of Fabaceae species in Sri Lanka, we observed a considerable delay in emergence of the plumule following radicle emergence in Humboldtia laurifolia. Because epicotyl dormancy has not been reported in Fabaceae, we undertook a detailed morphological study of seed germination in this species. Our aims were to document desiccation tolerance/intolerance and epicotyl dormancy in seeds of H. laurifolia. Drying and low temperature storage were used to evaluate storage behavior of the seeds and imbibition, germination, and seed coat anatomy to categorize seed dormancy in two seed collections. Plumule development before its emergence and effects of light and temperature on plumule emergence were monitored. All seeds that were dried to 15% moisture content or stored at -1°C lost viability. Plumules began to grow 20 ± 5 d from radicle emergence and emerged after 40 ± 3 d. Dark and high illuminance further delayed plumule emergence. Seeds are recalcitrant and have a hitherto unreported kind of epicotyl dormancy, for which we propose the formula .     

Changes in protein profile of pigeonpea genotypes in response to NaCl and boron stress

Two pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] genotypes, a salt tolerant Manak and a salt sensitive ICPL 88039 were subjected to stress treatment of 3 mM boron, 60 mM NaCl and boron + NaCl at the seedling stage. Radicle and plumule proteins were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Boron treatment increased 28.3 kDa proteins in plumule and 38.3 and 51.9 kDa proteins in radicle of Manak, however, there was no specific protein in ICPL 88039 either in plumule or in radicle. In NaCl treatment 95.6 kDa proteins appeared in plumule and 67.5 kDa proteins in radicle of Manak. Conversely content of some proteins decreased by boron treatment alone or in combination with NaCl although they were present in the controls. Thus, 54.3 kDa protein disappeared in ICPL 88039 plumule, 68.4 kDa in Manak radicle and 28.1 kDa in ICPL 88039 radicle.     

羽枝青藓和瘤柄匐灯藓对入侵植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

入侵植物会通过化感作用等手段抑制本地种的生存繁衍,但本土植物尤其是地被层的藓类植物对入侵植物有何影响尚不清楚。本文以本土羽枝青藓和瘤柄匐灯藓为供体材料,以恶性入侵杂草稗草和野胡萝卜为受试材料,从藓丛结构特征和化感作用角度探究藓类植物对入侵植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明: 2种入侵植物种子落入藓丛后其发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数均受到显著抑制,抑制效果为藓丛上部>藓丛下部>无藓丛。稗草种子落入藓丛下部会显著影响其根长和根芽比。施加藓类浸提液均显著降低2种入侵植物的发芽率、发芽势及发芽指数,但呈现不同的浓度效应。施加浸提液在一定程度上增加了稗草幼苗芽长、根长和根芽比,但对野胡萝卜无明显的规律性影响。藓类植物对2种入侵植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感综合效应均表现为抑制作用,其中,野胡萝卜的敏感性大于稗草,且高浓度下更加明显。可见,藓类植物对入侵植物种子萌发和幼苗生长具有一定抑制作用。     

鄂尔多斯高原4种主要沙生植物种子萌发与出苗对水分和沙埋的响应

 羊柴 (Hedysarum leave)、柠条 (Caragana korshinskii)、籽蒿 (Artemisia sphaerocephala)与油蒿 (Artemisia ordosica)为鄂尔多斯高原广泛分布的植物种,也是该地区飞播选用的主要植物种。由于飞播为鄂尔多斯高原植被恢复的重要手段,而飞播后植物种子的出苗率与土壤水分及沙埋密切相关。因此,上述植物种子萌发与出苗对水分和沙埋反应的研究对当地退化生态系统的恢复具有重要意义。通过温室控制实验,对4种植物萌发特性及出苗与水分和沙埋深度的关系进行研究,阐明了种子萌发最适合的水分条件和沙埋深度。结果表明,4种植物种子萌发与出苗最适宜的供水量都接近于当地种子萌发时期的平均降水量, 最适宜的沙埋深度为0.5～1 cm, 过多的水分和过深的沙埋会降低种子萌发与出苗,反映了4种植物对沙区环境的生态适应。4种植物最适宜的供水量均为123 ml,羊柴、柠条、籽蒿和油蒿的最适沙埋深度分别为：0.5、1.0、0.5和0.5 cm。根据实验结果及当地气候特点,鄂尔多斯地区的飞播时间应由6月初提前至5月中下旬,以提高飞播植物的出苗率。     

冠果草种子萌发过程的组织化学动态

冠果草的种子中没有胚乳,营养物质贮藏在胚中,其成分主要是淀粉和蛋白质。胚各部分的物质积累情况差异较大,子叶和下胚轴细胞中的淀粉粒、蛋白体数目多、体积大,胚芽和胚根分生细胞中则只贮藏少量的淀粉粒、蛋白体。在种子萌发过程中,胚各部分的淀粉粒逐渐解体,至二叶幼苗期全部消失。蛋白体的降解有严格顺序,远离胚芽的细胞中蛋白体降解较早,胚芽附近细胞中的降解较晚,而且胚芽细胞中还有新的蛋白体形成。单个蛋白体的降解