莫索湾垦区啮齿动物群落结构与物种多样性分析

2004年6～8月对莫索湾垦区啮齿动物调查,按不同生境共抽取18个样地,采用铗日法进行鼠类密度调查,共置10400个铗日,捕获啮齿动物446只,分属3科9属11种。经聚类分析,该垦区鼠类群落可划分为6种群落类型：（1）以大沙鼠（Rhombomys opimus）＋子午沙鼠（Meriones meridianus）为主的荒漠型;（2）以红尾沙鼠（Meriones erythrourus）＋小五趾跳鼠（Allactaga elater）为主的半荒漠灌丛型;（3）以柽柳沙鼠（Meriones tamariscinus）＋小林姬鼠（Apodemus sylvaticus）为主的林地型;（4）以小家鼠（Mus musculus）＋小林姬鼠为主的农田型;（5）以灰仓鼠（Cricetulus migratorius）＋子午沙鼠为主的弃耕地型;（6）以褐家鼠（Rattus norvegicus）为主的城镇型。从原始荒漠到城镇居民区的环境梯度变化中,鼠类群落多样性指数呈上升趋势（1．1053～1．2744）,到农田达到最大,农田到居民区则略有下降;均匀性随各群落生境类型不同,变化无规律性（0．6423≤J≤0．9207）;优势度则呈下降趋势（0．4176～0．3368）。生境差异、植被盖度和人为干扰强度对鼠类群落多样性均有一定影响。     

乌鲁木齐市小型兽类群落特征与分布格局初步研究

根据2002年7月的调查资料对乌鲁木齐市养禽场鼠类群落进行了研究。结果表明：该地区分布的鼠类可划分为2种群落,(1)褐家鼠 小家鼠群落;(2)小家鼠 灰仓鼠群落。同时对鼠类群落的多样性,均匀度等进行了初步研究。     

长爪沙鼠鼠疫自然疫源地夜行鼠调查

宁夏盐池县长爪沙鼠疫源地地处鄂尔多斯台地向黄土高原过渡地带,1982—1989年我们对该地小型鼠类进行了初步调查,现将结果报告如下:八年共放出28760夹次,捕鼠1902只,捕获率6.6%。共捕鼠8种:小毛足鼠Rhodopus roborovskii数量最多(占49%),其次是子午沙鼠Meriones meridianus、三趾跳鼠Cardiocra-nius paradoxus和黑线仓鼠Cricetulus barabenisis,分别占18、12和11%,五趾跳鼠Allactaga sibirica和小家鼠Mus musculus,各占4和1%,灰仓鼠Cricetulus migratorius少见,仅占0.1%,还有该疫源地主要宿主长爪沙鼠Meriones unguiculatus占4%。捕获率…     

新疆莫索湾垦区啮齿动物群落分布与生境类型关系的研究

为探索沙漠开垦为绿洲后,啮齿动物群落的生态分布格局及变迁规律,2004年6～8月对莫索湾垦区150团场啮齿动物进行了调查.结果表明：荒漠开垦为林地,红尾沙鼠占据主导地位;开垦为农田,鼠类群落表现出较大差异：棉田中柽柳沙鼠占主导地位,麦田中小家鼠为优势鼠种,苜蓿地则以小林姬鼠为主,白菜地中灰仓鼠占据优势地位;城镇居民区“伴人”鼠种褐家鼠居于绝对优势.结论：在荒漠开垦为林地、农田和变为居民区的过程中,鼠类群落也相应地由荒漠鼠类向人工景观鼠类演变.然而对于从沙漠腹地开垦出来的绿洲,虽然人类已开垦经营了半个世纪,但啮齿动物群落的原始荒漠特征仍较完善地保存着,这与当地极端的地理特征相一致.     

内蒙古半荒漠区啮齿动物群落分类及其多样性研究

自1988～1993年在内蒙古半荒漠区约11万km2的调查区域内共设置259个样方,布放有效夹日131109个,捕获啮齿动物19种。在此基础上,用其捕获率作为分类量纲,以样方-种的捕获率组成259×19的原始数据矩阵,应用快速聚类法进行鼠类群落划分,根据分类结果,并结合调查区域内各种地带性植被的特点将该地区啮齿动物划分为9个不同的鼠类群落。即群落:戈壁五趾跳鼠 五趾跳鼠 长爪沙鼠群落,群落生境为半荒漠区内典型的高平原、丘陵荒漠草原;群落:三趾跳鼠 子午沙鼠 小毛足鼠群落,群落生境为沙地,主要分布于阴山北麓的覆沙地带;群落;草原黄鼠 五趾跳鼠 长爪鼠群落,群落生境为半荒漠区内平原丘陵典型草原和山地典型草原;群落:赤颊黄鼠 黑线毛足鼠 五趾跳鼠群落,群落生境为戈壁针茅-隐子草草原;群落:戈壁五趾跳鼠 三趾跳鼠 蒙古羽尾跳鼠群落,群落生境为草原化荒漠,主要以强旱生灌木和半灌木组成;群落:黑线仓鼠 长爪沙鼠 小毛足鼠群落,群落生境为人工草地及阴山北麓山顶种植荞麦和莜麦的农田;群落:小毛足鼠 三趾跳鼠 长爪沙鼠群落,群落生境为典型荒漠草原重度退化的短花针茅冷蒿草场;群落:长尾仓鼠 大林姬鼠 棕背群落,群落生境为阴山山脉中段的次生林地如五当召、大桦背及蛮汉山;群落:五趾跳鼠 草原黄鼠 黑线毛足鼠群落     

新疆甘家湖自然保护区啮齿动物群落结构与空间格局的研究

2002、2003年春、夏、秋季对精河甘家湖荒漠梭梭林国家级自然保护区的啮齿动物进行了实地调查,采用样方面积铗子法,设置30块样地,共计30hm^2,捕获啮齿动物579只,分属3科5属6种。根据地形特征、植被类型及覆盖度的差异,将样地划分为4种生境类型,用种类(S)、密度(只／hm^2)、多样性指数(H‘)、均匀性指数(E)、优势度(D)、生态位宽度(Bi)、生态位重叠指数(C1)、竞争系数(a)8个指标对不同生境的鼠类群落结构进行了统计对比分析。结果表明,该区域为单一的荒漠梭梭子午沙鼠(M.meridianus)-大沙鼠(Rhomlomys opimtus)-三趾跳鼠(Dipus sagitta)群落。其中子午沙鼠为主优势种,大沙鼠为次优势种,三趾跳鼠为常见种,小五趾跳鼠(Allactage elater)、柽柳沙鼠(M.tamariscinus)、小家鼠(Mus muschlus)为罕见种;该群落为高密度斑块状镶嵌空间格局;各生境的群落多样性与优势度、优势种的百分比呈负相关,与物种数、均匀度呈正相关。     

新疆甘家湖自然保护区啮齿动物群落结构与时间动态分析

2002年4月—2003年10月对精河甘家湖荒漠梭梭林国家级自然保护区的啮齿动物进行了调查。采用铗捕法,设置30个样地,共布铗30hm^2,捕获啮齿动物579只,分属3科5属6种。用种类(S)、相对密度、多样性指数(H′)、均匀性指数(E)、优势度(D)5个指标对年间、季节间的鼠类群落结构进行了对比分析。结果表明,2002—2003年鼠总密度上升,子午沙鼠的优势更加突出;群落由传统的以大沙鼠为优势种变为以子午沙鼠为优势种,群落结构也由大沙鼠—子午沙鼠—三趾跳鼠向子午沙鼠—大沙鼠—三趾跳鼠演替;2002—2003年群落多样性、均匀性降低,优势度增加;从春至秋鼠总密度呈上升趋势,多样性增加;均匀性以夏季最高,优势度则春季最高。     

新疆乌鲁木齐县达坂城—柴窝堡啮齿动物调查

1982年6月20—30日,作者在新疆乌鲁木齐县境内达板城—柴窝堡一带调查了啮齿动物的种类和数量,现简报如下。 此次调查共捕获啮齿动物7种:五趾跳鼠(Allactaga sibirica),小地兔(Alactagulus pygmaeus),小林姬鼠(Apodemus sylvaticus),红尾沙鼠(Meriones libycus),郑氏沙鼠(Merio-nes chengi),灰仓鼠(Cricetulus migratorius),鼹形田鼠(Ellobius talpinus)。     

内蒙古半干旱区鼠类群落结构及鼠害危害类型的研究

自1988-1993年在内蒙古半干旱区约110000km² 的面积上设置样地251个,用夹日法对鼠类群落进行调查,用每个样地主要鼠种捕获率和样地构成分类量刚,应用SAS系统的快速聚类法进行分类;分类结果结合该地区地带性植被分布的特征和地貌、地形特征,将该地区的鼠类群落划分为9个地带性鼠类群落并研究其结构特征,同时根据地带性鼠类群落分布与结构特征及当地实际鼠害状况将内蒙古半干旱区鼠害划分为5大害区的7种危害类型：Ⅰ.荒漠草原鼠害危害区:①小毛足鼠、三趾跳鼠危害类型;②戈壁五趾跳鼠、赤颊黄鼠危害类型;Ⅱ.草原化荒漠鼠害鼠害危害区：③戈壁五趾跳鼠、三趾跳鼠危害类型;Ⅲ.沙地草场鼠害区：④小毛足鼠、三趾跳鼠、子午沙鼠危害类型;Ⅳ.阴山北麓旱作农田危害区：⑤长爪沙鼠、小毛足鼠危害类型;⑥长爪沙鼠、草原黄鼠危害类型;Ⅴ.阴山山脉中段次生林地和人工林地危害区：⑦棕背繙、大林姬鼠危害类型。     

褐家鼠在内陆干旱区的群落效应

新疆内陆干旱区原无褐家鼠(Rattusnorvegicus)栖息,新疆褐家鼠是随铁路运输经火车从中国内地自然移入的.褐家鼠移入新疆后,又随当地公路及铁路运输进行了第二次扩散.目前已遍及铁路沿线主要城镇及附近农村,并有向边远市镇再扩散的趋势.由于该鼠具有个体大、食性杂、繁殖快和生存适应能力极强的特性,所到之处很快占领生态位,以指数增长的形式生存和发展,形成稳定种群,排挤它鼠而成为当地新优势种,并造成危害.褐家鼠在新疆各地同小家鼠(Musmusculus),灰仓鼠(Cricetulusmigratorius)等家栖鼠类一起共同组成当地新的鼠类群落.     

House mouse mites infesting laboratory rodents

Liponyssoides sanguineus, principal vector of Rickettsia akari, infested mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) mice (Mus musculus) and laboratory-reared egyptian gerbils (Meriones libycus). Only a few mites were present on each animal and no manifestations of disease were observed. Numerous mites were present in the bedding.     

滇西4市县居民区小哺乳动物的群落结构

1983～1996 年对云南瑞丽、陇川、盈江和保山4 市县居民区小哺乳动物的长期调查,经聚类分析,该地区的小哺乳动物可划分为3 种群落: (1) 以黄胸鼠+ 大臭鼠句为主的瑞丽、陇川室内外小哺乳动物群落; (2) 以黄胸鼠+ 大臭鼠句+ 小家鼠为主的盈江、保山室内和盈江室外小哺乳动物群落; (3) 以黄胸鼠+ 大臭鼠句+ 灰麝鼠句为主的保山室外小哺乳动物群落。其群落多样性指数以群落(3) 为最高(1.5897) ,群落(1) 、(2) 较低,分别为1.099 0 ,1.042 5。4 市县在同一坝区小哺乳动物室内、外唯一不能聚为同一群落的保山室外黄胸鼠数量骤减是第3 群落多样性增加的主要原因,亦是鼠疫在该坝区不能长期保存的原因。因此小哺乳动物群落结构与鼠疫的保存和传播机制之间的关系非常密切。     

荒漠啮齿动物群落与植物群落的对应分析

动物与其生存环境变量之间的关系一直是生态学家们广泛关注的问题.啮齿动物作为荒漠生态系统中重要的功能群,其数量大小和生态功能对生态系统的平衡和稳定具有重要意义.生境中的植被为啮齿动物提供赖以生存的食物资源和栖息地,了解啮齿动物群落与植被特征之间的关系对于理解动物群落变动规律具有重要意义.不同植被条件下啮齿动物群落的结构不同,Hernández等(2005)研究发现北美Chihuahuan荒漠的灌木生境中啮齿动物密度高于草地生境.     

Modification of testicular and thyroid function by chronic exposure to short photoperiod: a comparison in four rodent species

Exposure of male Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) for 10 weeks to short photoperiod (SP) providing 10 hr light: 14 hr darkness (10:14 LD) produced a significant reduction in the weights of the reproductive organs, plasma thyroxine (T4) levels and free T4 index (FT4I) compared to the values of animals exposed to long photoperiod (LP, 14:10 LD). C57bl male house mice (Mus musculus) kept in SP (10:14 LD) had reproductive organ weights equivalent to those of mice kept in long days (14:10 LD) and lower T3 uptake (T3U) values. Male gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) exposed to 13 weeks of SP (10:14 LD) had lower body weights, testes and seminal vesicle weights and higher T3U values compared to LP (14:10 LD) controls. However, no effect was seen on plasma T4 and triiodothyronine (T3) values nor the FT4I and free T3 index (FT3I). White-footed male mice (Peromyscus leucopus) exposed to SP (8:16 LD) had significantly lower testes and seminal vesicle weights while plasma T4 and T3 levels were unaffected. Snell strain house mice (Mus musculus) exposed to SP (8:16 LD) had normal reproductive organ weights compared to the values of LP-exposed (16:8 LD) control animals. However, there was a significant depression in T3 and in the FT3I in the SP animals.     

Cryptosporidium tyzzeri and Cryptosporidium muris originated from wild West-European house mice (Mus musculus domesticus) and East-European house mice (Mus musculus musculus) are non-infectious for pigs

Three and 8 week old pigs were inoculated with Cryptosporidium muris HZ206 (Mus musculus musculus isolate), Cryptosporidium tyzerri CR2090 (M. m. musculus isolate) or C. tyzzeri CR4293 (isolate from a hybrid between Mus musculus domesticus and M. m. musculus) at a dose of 1 × 10(7) oocysts per animal. Inoculated pigs showed no detectable infection and no clinical symptoms of cryptosporidiosis during 30 days post infection (DPI), and no macroscopic changes were detected in the digestive tract following necropsy. Developmental stages were not detected in gastrointestinal tract tissue by histology or PCR throughout the duration of the experiment. The infectivity of isolates was verified on SCID mice, in which oocysts shedding started from 4 to 8 DPI. Based on our findings, it can be concluded that pigs are not susceptible to C. muris or C. tyzzeri infection.     

Diet of the Long-eared Owl,Asio otus,in Central Anatolia (Aves: Strigidae)

In a one-year study on the diet of the Long-eared Owl, Asio otus, in the area of Karap?nar in Central Anatolia, 5324 prey items were recovered from 3314 pellets collected at monthly intervals. At least 7 species of mammals belonging to Insectivora (Crocidura suaveolens) and Rodentia (Allactaga williamsi, Cricetulus migratorius, Meriones tristrami, Mescocricetus brandti, Microtus guentheri, M. sp., Mus macedonicus) were identified. Rodentia were dominant and contributed 93.8% of the number of prey items of the Long-eared Owl. Microtus guentheri accounted for 83.9% of the rodent remains. The diet pattern was more diverse in summer, when some 24% of the diet consisted of non-mammal prey items (birds, insects).     

Polymorphism of C lambda genes and units of duplication in the genus Mus

The number of Ig C lambda genes in nine geographically widespread species from the four subgenera in the genus Mus was estimated from the number of Bam HI and Eco RI restriction fragments that hybridize under high stringency conditions to cDNA probes of BALB/c inbred mouse origin (Mus musculus domesticus). Three closely related species in the subgenus Mus, M. musculus, M. spretus, and M. spicelegus, show considerable variation in the number of C lambda genes. Estimates of gene numbers in these animals range from two C lambda genes in M. spretus from Puerto Real, Spain to 12 C lambda genes in M. musculus musculus from Studenec, Czechoslovakia. Strains of mice carrying either six or 10 C lambda genes were derived from a single population of M. musculus domesticus from Centreville, MD. The hybridization patterns of mice exhibiting C lambda gene amplification indicate that duplications are of relatively recent origin and probably occurred by reiteration of a DNA segment closely related to the 6.5 kb [C lambda 3 - C lambda 1] unit found in BALB/c inbred mice. Three more distantly related species in the subgenus Mus, and a species representing the Nannomys subgenus all appear to carry only four C lambda genes. DNA of species representing the Coelomys and Pyromys subgenera hybridized weakly to the C lambda cDNA probes, but these animals also have no more than four C lambda genes. Thus, there may be a base number of four C lambda genes in most species in the genus Mus. All inbred strains of mice so far examined also have only four C lambda genes, but no feral M. musculus examined have fewer than six C lambda genes. One explanation of the discrepancy in the number of genes between inbred and feral M. musculus is that C lambda genes were deleted during the process of inbreeding.     

Altered Turnover of Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase in Erythroid Cells of Mice Expressing Hprt a and Hprt b Alleles

We have previously shown that mice expressing Hprt a allele(s) have erythrocyte hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) levels that are approximately 25-fold (Mus musculus castaneus) and 70-fold (Mus spretus) higher than in mice that express the Hprt b allele (Mus musculus domesticus; C57BI/6J; C3H/HeHa), and that these differences in erythrocyte HPRT levels are due to differences in the turnover rates of the HPRT A and B proteins as reticulocytes mature to erythrocytes. We show here that: the taxonomic subgroups of the genus Mus are essentially monomorphic for the occurrence of either the Hprt a or the Hprt b allele, with Hprt a being common in the aboriginal species (M. spretus, Mus hortulanus and Mus abbotti) and in several commensal species (Mus musculus musculus, M. m. castaneus, Mus musculus molossinus), while Hprt b is common in feral M. m. domesticus populations as well as in all inbred strains of mice tested; in all these diverse Mus subgroups there is a strict association of Hprt a with high and Hprt b with low levels of erythrocyte HPRT; and, the association between the occurrence of the Hprt a allele and elevated erythrocyte HPRT levels is retained following repeated backcrosses of wild-derived Hprt a allele(s) into the genetic background of inbred strains of mice with the Hprt b allele. Collectively, these observations indicate that the elevated and low levels of erythrocyte HPRT are specified by differences in the Hprt a and b structural genes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)