苦皮藤素Ⅴ对东方粘虫肌细胞的影响

苦皮藤素Ⅴ是从杀虫植物苦皮藤Celustrus angulatus Max.根皮中分离的一种对昆虫具毒杀活性的新化合物。采用电子显微镜技术研究了苦皮藤素Ⅴ对东方粘虫Mythimna separata（Walker）肌肉系统的作用。电镜观察发现,苦皮藤素Ⅴ对东方粘虫成虫飞行肌和幼虫体壁肌均具致毒作用,中毒试虫肌细胞特别是肌细胞的质膜及内膜系统发生明显病变：肌膜破坏,脱落;线粒体肿胀,空泡化,崩解;肌原纤维与线粒体间间隙增大;肌质网扩张,产生髓鞘样结构;细胞核肿胀,核质浓缩,核膜破坏;微气管与肌细胞之间间隙增大;肌小节弥散、排列紊乱。这些结果表明,肌细胞质膜及内膜系统可能是苦皮藤素Ⅴ的一个作用部位。     

取食转Bt基因抗虫玉米后亚洲玉米螟幼虫中肠的组织病理变化

利用透射显微镜（TEM）观察亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée)幼虫取食了表达Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的转Bt基因玉米心叶组织后中肠的组织病理变化, 以探讨转Bt基因玉米对亚洲玉米螟的致病机理, 为其合理、安全和持续利用提供理论依据。结果表明：亚洲玉米螟取食Bt玉米后中肠细胞及其细胞器发生了明显的病变。取食Bt玉米12 h后中肠细胞开始病变, 首先微绒毛脱落、内质网开始肿胀, 24 h后内质网肿胀、增多, 杯状细胞杯腔增大, 48 h后微绒毛大量脱落, 细胞开始空泡化, 随着取食时间的增加, 细胞空泡化程度加剧, 在感染前期细胞间的病变程度差异较大。微绒毛脱落、内质网肿胀断裂是在多数取食Bt玉米的亚洲玉米螟中肠细胞发生的普遍病变。由此表明, 人工修饰的Cry1Ab基因导入到玉米染色体组中所表达的杀虫蛋白可使玉米螟幼虫中肠细胞发生病变, 最终导致其死亡。     

斑蝥素对粘虫和小菜蛾幼虫中肠组织的影响

粘虫 Mythimna separata (Walker) 和小菜蛾Plutella xylostella L.的幼虫经斑蝥素处理后,中肠组织发生明显的病变。粘虫幼虫中肠柱状细胞微绒毛脱落,杯状细胞变大,质膜消失;线粒体不规则肿胀,内嵴排列紊乱、溶解、断裂;粗面内质网扩张明显,核糖体脱落;细胞核肿胀,染色质浓缩,偏移。小菜蛾幼虫中肠组织病变更为明显。表明斑蝥素主要作用于中肠的膜系统,为进一步探讨其毒理机制提供了理论依据。     

苦皮藤素Ⅴ对东方粘虫肌细胞的影响

苦皮藤素Ⅴ是从杀虫植物苦皮藤 Celustrus angulatus Max.根皮中分离的一种对昆虫具毒杀活性的新化合物.采用电子显微镜技术研究了苦皮藤素Ⅴ对东方粘虫 Mythimna separata (Walker)肌肉系统的作用.电镜观察发现,苦皮藤素Ⅴ对东方粘虫成虫飞行肌和幼虫体壁肌均具致毒作用,中毒试虫肌细胞特别是肌细胞的质膜及内膜系统发生明显病变:肌膜破坏,脱落;线粒体肿胀,空泡化,崩解;肌原纤维与线粒体间间隙增大;肌质网扩张,产生髓鞘样结构;细胞核肿胀,核质浓缩,核膜破坏;微气管与肌细胞之间间隙增大;肌小节弥散、排列紊乱.这些结果表明,肌细胞质膜及内膜系统可能是苦皮藤素Ⅴ的一个作用部位.     

中华硬蜱叮咬不同免疫力新西兰兔后中肠上皮组织的形态动态变化

通过光镜和电镜观察了中华硬蜱Ixodes sinensis叮咬初次和再次感染宿主新西兰兔后不同时间（叮咬后24 h、48 h、72 h以及第 5天、第8天）中肠上皮组织的形态学动态变化。结果显示： 中华硬蜱叮咬前中肠上皮主要由替代细胞和少量体积较大的消化细胞构成;替代细胞数量多、体积小、呈圆形、胞质染色浅 。中华硬蜱叮咬初次感染宿主后,消化细胞随叮咬时间延长而增多增大,微绒毛较密集,排列整齐,胞质内细胞器丰富,各单位膜结构清晰,并出现顶端小管、小泡、大量脂滴和高铁血红素颗粒;近基膜的细胞膜内褶形成发达的基底迷路系统。中华硬蜱叮咬再次感染宿主后,中肠可发生一系列明显的病理变化,中肠基膜出现变薄、松散和断裂现象,消化细胞破裂、空泡化,消化细胞数量减少;消化细胞微绒毛减少、变短、排列不整,线粒体肿大,体嵴减少、变短甚至髓样变,粗面内质网扩张,脂粒及高铁血红素颗粒减少,细胞膜吞饮、吞噬现象减弱,消化细胞内结构紊乱和破坏。该研究结果提示初次叮咬导致了宿主的免疫抗性,再次叮咬后蜱中肠是宿主免疫力的主要作用部位。     

取食Cry2Ab蛋白后棉铃虫幼虫中肠组织的病理变化

为了明确Cry2Ab杀虫蛋白的作用机制, 利用透射电镜观察了棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)3龄末幼虫取食含Cry2Ab蛋白（8 μg/g）饲料后中肠的组织病理变化, 并与分别取食含Cry1Ac蛋白（0.97 μg/g）饲料和正常饲料的棉铃虫进行了比较。结果表明： 棉铃 虫取食Cry2Ab蛋白后中肠细胞及其细胞器均发生了明显的病变, 主要表现为： 中肠杯状细胞的杯腔肿胀或拉长, 部分柱状细胞被杯状细 胞挤压出来, 微绒毛脱落, 细胞核皱缩, 质膜和核膜不清晰, 染色质凝聚, 线粒体拉伸变形, 内质网肿胀断裂; 并且随着取食时间 的延长病变越来越明显。与取食Cry1Ac蛋白的棉铃虫相比, Cry2Ab引起棉铃虫中肠组织发生病变的速度较慢。本研究可为Cry2Ab作为转基 因棉花的重要杀虫蛋白在将来更好地发挥作用提供理论依据。     

苦皮藤素Ⅳ和Ⅴ混合物对棉铃虫幼虫神经细胞钠通道的影响

杀虫植物苦皮藤Celastrus angulatus的主要活性成分苦皮藤素Ⅳ和Ⅴ处理后昆虫的中毒症状分别表现为麻醉和兴奋,但苦皮藤素Ⅳ对苦皮藤素Ⅴ的毒杀效果具有增效作用,苦皮藤素Ⅴ对苦皮藤素Ⅳ的麻醉作用基本没有影响。应用全细胞膜片钳技术,就苦皮藤素Ⅳ和Ⅴ不同比例（3∶1,1∶1,1∶3）混合物对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera幼虫离体培养神经细胞钠离子通道的影响进行了比较。结果表明：苦皮藤素Ⅳ和苦皮藤素Ⅴ的不同比例混合物对钠通道（TTX-S）电流作用与二者所占比例有关,苦皮藤素Ⅳ比例大,表现出苦皮藤素Ⅳ对通道的阻滞效应,钠电流被抑制; 苦皮藤素Ⅴ比例大,则表现出对通道的激活,钠电流增大。另外,两者不同比例混合物对钠通道（TTX-S）电流的激活电压无明显影响,但对峰值电压影响显著,可使其向正电位方向移动10～20 mV。这些结果说明苦皮藤素Ⅳ和Ⅴ可能作用于一个相同的钠通道结合位点或别构偶联位点,二者对钠通道的作用是一种拮抗作用。     

三种植物源杀虫活性成分对东方粘虫中肠细胞的毒力测定

采用MTT([3-(4,5-二甲基噻唑-2)-2,5-二苯基]四氮唑溴盐)比色法、中性红摄取法和台盼蓝拒染法,分别测定植物源杀虫活性成分苦皮藤素Ⅴ、白鲜碱和梣皮酮对中肠细胞的毒力。结果表明:急性分离的东方粘虫中肠细胞能在Grace’s昆虫细胞培养基中维持生长;3种供试药剂对中肠细胞均有明显的细胞毒性。MTT比色法、中性红摄取法和台盼蓝拒染法测得苦皮藤素Ⅴ对中肠细胞的LC50依次为9.0,7.79和10.94μg/mL;白鲜碱为27.85,31.77和36.42μg/mL;梣皮酮为186.66,164.00和192.34μg/mL。     

苦皮藤主要杀虫有效成分的杀虫作用机理及其应用

卫矛科植物苦皮藤Celastrus angulatus Max.是我国著名的杀虫植物,自1980年代以来,已从化学和生物学的角度对这一杀虫植物进行了多学科的交叉研究。该文综述了苦皮藤中化合物的主要生物活性,包括对昆虫的拒食作用、毒杀作用、麻醉作用,对植物病菌的杀菌作用以及抗癌活性。就主要杀虫成分的杀虫作用机理,特别是对苦皮藤素Ⅳ可能作用于昆虫神经肌肉突触、苦皮藤素Ⅴ作用于昆虫消化系统以及在中肠肠壁细胞膜上可能存在有苦皮藤素Ⅴ受体的研究进行了总结。此外,还综述了苦皮藤素制剂的应用技术和环境毒理学的有关研究。最后,分析和讨论了这些研究中存在的问题及其发展前景。     

从天然产物到新农药创制——杀虫植物苦皮藤研究进展

天然产物是新农药创制的重要资源。苦皮藤(Celastrus angulatus)是一种传统杀虫植物,广泛分布于我国长江和黄河流域的丘陵浅山地区。1980年以来作者对苦皮藤进行系统的研究,获得下列重要成果:(1)从苦皮藤根皮和叶子的提取物中分离、鉴定出54个化合物,其中37个为新化合物,这些化合物都属于倍半萜多元醇酯,具有二氢沉香呋喃的骨架结构。(2)以苦皮藤素V和双呋喃二氢沉香呋喃为起始化合物,修饰合成一系列衍生物,其中一些化合物的杀虫活性高于天然产物苦皮藤素V。(3)作用机理研究结果表明:阻断昆虫神经-肌肉兴奋性接点电位的传导及对钙通道的抑制可能是麻醉成分苦皮藤素IV的主要作用机理;而和昆虫中肠肠细胞的特异性受体结合,从而改变细胞膜的结构,破坏细胞膜的正常功能可能是毒杀成分苦皮藤素V的主要作用机理。(4)研制出0.2%苦皮藤素乳油、0.15%苦皮藤素微乳剂及0.15%苦皮藤素微粉剂,其中0.2%苦皮藤素乳油于2001年投入批量生产,取得明显的经济效益和环境生态效益。     

胡氏边白蚁消化系统的微细构造

胡氏边白蚁Marginitermes hubbardi(Banks)消化系统可分为前肠、中肠及后肠三大段.前肠包括葡萄状唾腺、口、咽喉、食道、前胃及贲门瓣;从贲门瓣开始到马氏管着生处为止这一段为中肠;后肠则分为葫芦形胃、结肠、直肠和肛门.其消化系统的特点:在前、后肠有几丁内膜、细胞层上还有一层微绒毛;上皮细胞底膜内陷很深,折叠中夹着许多线粒体;中肠围食膜表面有几丁层一直延伸到后肠;后肠前端膨大的葫芦胃中共生了很多种细菌及原生动物,共生的细菌、动物分泌纤维素酶帮助它消化木质纤维.     

The larval midgut of the cassava hornworm (Erinnyis ello)

Summary Columnar cells of the larval midgut of the cassava hornworm, Erinnyis ello, display microvilli with vesicles pinching off from their tips (anterior and middle midgut) or with a large number of double membrane spheres budding along their length (posterior midgut). Basal infoldings in columnar cells occur in a parallel array with many openings to the underlying space (posterior midgut) or are less organized with few openings (anterior and middle midgut). Goblet cells have a cavity, which is formed by invagination of the apical membrane and which occupies most of the cell (anterior and middle midgut) or only its upper part (posterior midgut). The infolded apical membrane shows modified microvilli, which sometimes (posterior midgut) or always (anterior and middle midgut) contain mitochondria. The cytoplasmic side of the membrane of the microvilli that contain mitochondria are studded with small particles. The results suggest that the anterior and middle region of the midgut absorbs water, whereas the posterior region secretes it. This results in a countercurrent flux of fluid, which is responsible for the enzyme recovery from undigested food before it is expelled. Intermediary and final digestion of food probably occur in the columnar cells under the action of plasma membrane-bound and glycocalix-associated enzymes.     

Fine structure of the larval midgut of the fly Rhynchosciara and its physiological implications

The midgut of Rhynchosciara americana larvae consists of a cylindrical ventriculus from which protrudes two gastric caeca formed by polyhedral cells with microvilli covering their apical faces. The basal plasma membrane of these cells is infolded and displays associated mitochondria which are, nevertheless, more conspicuous in the apical cytoplasm. The anterior ventricular cells possess elaborate mitochondria-associated basal plasma membrane infoldings extending almost to the tips of the cells, and small microvilli disposed in the cell apexes. Distal posterior ventricular cells with long apical microvilli are grouped into major epithelial foldings forming multicellular crypts. In these cells the majority of the mitochondria are dispersed in the apical cytoplasm, minor amounts being associated with moderately-developed basal plasma membrane infoldings. The proximal posterior ventriculus represents a transition region between the anterior ventriculus and the distal posterior ventriculus. The resemblance between the gastric caeca and distal posterior ventricular cells is stressed by the finding that their microvilli preparations display similar alkaline phosphatase-specific activities. The results lend support to the proposal, based mainly on previous data on enzyme excretion rates, that the endo-ectoperitrophic circulation of digestive enzymes is a consequence of fluid fluxes caused by the transport of water into the first two thirds of midgut lumen, and its transference back to the haemolymph in the gastric caeca and in the distal posterior ventriculus.     

Ultrastructural changes in the midguts of Hessian fly larvae feeding on resistant wheat

The focus of the present study was to compare ultrastructure in the midguts of larvae of the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), under different feeding regimens. Larvae were either fed on Hessian fly-resistant or -susceptible wheat, and each group was compared to starved larvae. Within 3 h of larval Hessian fly feeding on resistant wheat, midgut microvilli were disrupted, and after 6 h, microvilli were absent. The disruption in microvilli in larvae feeding on resistant wheat were similar to those reported for midgut microvilli of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilasis (Hubner), larvae fed a diet containing wheat germ agglutinin. Results from the present ultrastructural study, coupled with previous studies documenting expression of genes encoding lectin and lectin-like proteins is rapidly up-regulated in resistant wheat to larval Hessian fly, are indications that the midgut is a target of plant resistance compounds. In addition, the midgut of the larval Hessian fly is apparently unique among other dipterans in that no peritrophic membrane was observed. Ultrastructural changes in the midgut are discussed from the prospective of their potential affects on the gut physiology of Hessian fly larvae and the mechanism of antibiosis in the resistance of wheat to Hessian fly attack.     

Toxic impact of ingested Jatropherol-I on selected enzymatic activities and the ultrastructure of midgut cells in silkworm, Bombyx mori L.

Abstract:  Jatropherol-I, a phorbol-type diterpene from Jatropha curcas seeds was found highly toxic to third instars silkworm larvae after ingestion with LC₅₀ values 0.5793, 0.2197 and 0.1578 mg/ml at 48, 72 and 120 h respectively. The acute toxicity was associated with changes in activities of several midgut enzymes and pathological changes in midgut epithelial cells. Jatropherol-I caused various fluctuations in activities of different midgut enzymes in third instars larvae of silkworm. Compared with controls, both esterase and carboxyliesterase showed significantly depressed activities at 3 h ( t -test, P < 0.05) and increased activities at 24 h and rapidly decreased activities at 48 h after ingestion of 0.125 and 0.25 mg/ml of Jatropherol-I. Jatropherol-I induced two (E4 and E5) and depressed one (E2) of midgut esterase isozymes analysed 3 h after ingestion. There was no significantly different glutathione S-transferase activity between most of treated silkworm and control ( t -test, P > 0.05). Activities of acetylcholinesterase fluctuated weakly in treated silkworm in 48 h. Jatropherol-I induced a gradual decline in midgut protease activities in silkworm with an obvious dose- and time-dependent effect. Jatropherol-I also caused pathological changes in midgut cells, especially in their endoplasmic reticulum. They were noted slight dilatation on 12 h exposure, while extreme dilatation, vesiculations and shedding of ribosome from membrane were observed in endoplasmic reticulum after a longer time exposure. Other pathological changes in microvilli, lysosome, mitochondria and chromatin were also observed in midgut cell of treated silkworm.     

Allometric growth and functional development of the gut in developing cod Gadus morhua L. larvae

The development of the gut epithelium in cod Gadus morhua was studied during the larval period in intensive rearing systems. Cod larvae were fed enriched rotifers from mouth opening. On 17 days post‐hatch (dph) one group of larvae were fed Artemia sp. nauplii while another group were fed both rotifers and a formulated diet (co‐fed). At the end of the experiment (30 dph) larvae receiving live feed were almost three times larger than the co‐fed larvae, although no clear signs of pathological effects due to feeding regime were found in any larvae sampled for morphological studies. The midgut volume in larvae fed live feed increased by a factor of 38 during the experiment, and in particular volume increased rapidly between 24 and 30 dph. The enterocyte size increased between 12 and 24 dph from 652 ± 64 to 1479 ± 144 μm³ (mean ±s .e .). When enterocytes reached their maximum size, several morphological changes in the gut epithelium were initiated, such as increased number of mitochondria per enterocyte, increased size of the nuclei and a considerable increase in microvilli surface area. The mitochondrial membrane structures changed during the experiment, suggesting a maturation process of the mitochondria. The midgut development was strongly related to larval size rather than age. On 30 dph co‐fed larvae were equal in size to Artemia sp. fed larvae on 24 dph. This was reflected by equal values of estimated midgut volume, midgut length and total number of enterocytes and the number of mitochondria per enterocyte. The microvilli surface area, however, was significantly larger in co‐fed larvae on 24 dph compared to live‐feed larvae on 30 dph. This increase in absorptive surface was probably a response to suboptimal feeding conditions. The strong correlation between gut development and larval size and the lack of clear pathological effects, suggested that the gut tissue is flexible and can withstand periods of suboptimal nutrition at this stage.     

Binding properties of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1C delta-endotoxin to the midgut epithelial membranes of Culex pipiens

The Cry1C delta-endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis is toxic to both lepidopteran and dipteran insect larvae. To analyze the dipteran-specific insecticidal mechanisms, we investigated the properties of Cry1C binding to the epithelial cell membrane of the larval midgut from the mosquito Culex pipiens in comparison with dipteran-specific Cry4A. Immunohistochemical staining of the larval midgut sections from Culex pipiens showed that Cry1C and Cry4A bound to the microvilli of the epithelial cells. The Cry1C binding to brush border membrane vesicles from the mosquito larvae was specific and irreversible, and did not compete with Cry4A. By ligand blotting analyses, we detected several Cry1C-binding proteins, the Cry1C binding to which did compete with excess unlabeled Cry4A. These results suggested that Cry1C and Cry4A recognized the same binding site(s) on the epithelial cell surface but that their interaction with the target membrane differed.