鸡源抑菌性乳酸菌的特性研究与鉴定及饲喂肉仔鸡的效果研究

目的对笼养蛋鸡盲肠中的优良乳酸菌进行筛选、鉴定,并饲喂肉雏鸡,研究同源乳酸菌作为微生态制剂的生物学特性。方法通过生长、产酸曲线,耐酸耐胆盐测定及16SrDNA分子鉴定,对实验乳酸菌进行生物学特性研究和鉴定。采用单因素试验设计,选1日龄健康肉公雏鸡180只,随机分成3组。试验组Ⅰ:饲喂基础饲粮;试验组Ⅱ:基础饲粮+0.01%黄霉素;试验组Ⅲ:基础饲粮+0.2%CCL30菌制剂。饲喂28d,研究乳酸菌制剂对肉仔鸡的促生长特性。结果从鸡盲肠中分离的乳酸菌CCL30生长迅速、产酸能力强、耐酸耐胆盐消化,鉴定为Lactobacillus plantarum(植物乳杆菌)。雏鸡饲养实验结果显示,饲粮中添加乳酸菌制剂可提高肉雏鸡日增重,显著降低饲料转化率,与抗生素组比较差异无统计学意义,且乳酸菌制剂能显著增加盲肠内乳酸菌的数量,有效抑制盲肠内大肠埃希菌的繁殖(P0.05)。结论同源乳酸菌制剂对肉雏鸡的生长具有促进作用,有同于抗生素的抑菌作用,且乳酸菌制剂具有安全优势,可替代抗生素作为鸡用微生态制剂应用。     

氨氮降解菌的筛选、鉴定与复合菌水质调控效果研究

为寻找高效降解水体中氨氮的菌株并对其进行应用评价,研究从多种水产养殖池塘水体和底泥的混合物中筛选出2株氨氮降解菌,降解率分别达97.8%和98.5%,经鉴定均为凝结芽孢杆菌(Bacillus coagulans)。对筛选出的2菌株培养条件进行优化,2菌株pH、C/N适应范围广,并且耐高温、高盐。通过灌服试验表明所筛选菌株对养殖动物是安全的。在此基础上,将筛选菌株与本实验室前期诱变菌株B38复配后制成复合菌,通过养殖试验评价了复合菌对氨氮、亚硝酸盐及藻类数量的调控效果。与4种商品微生态制剂(光合细菌、酵母菌、强效EM和芽孢杆菌)相比,泼洒复合菌的池塘氨氮含量逐渐降低。在氨氮含量下降的同时,亚硝酸盐含量有上升的趋势,但在试验的第18天,复合菌组与酵母菌组亚硝酸盐含量有所降低。对藻类数量的影响结果显示,从第9天开始添加复合菌与芽孢杆菌组藻类数量高于其他各组,在第14天,这2组藻类数量大约为其他组的2倍。由此可见,复合菌具有明显的降氨氮特性,并能有效增加藻类数量,但对亚硝酸盐降解效果不显著。研究为复合型微生态制剂的开发提供了技术支撑。     

拟杆菌微生态制剂对仔猪免疫能力的影响

目的 探究拟杆菌微生态制剂对仔猪免疫力的影响.方法 选取断奶仔猪30头,随机分为3组.对照组直接饲喂基础日粮,第1组饲喂拟杆菌微生态制剂,第2组饲喂复合拟杆菌微生态制剂.在实验前对所有实验猪与对照仔猪全部进行猪瘟及蓝耳病免疫,随后进行4周实验,测定各个个体抗体水平.结果 饲喂拟杆菌 微生态制剂实验组的抗体水平比空白对照组提高了15％,而复合拟杆菌微生态制剂的抗体水平比空白对照组提高了91％,且明显提高了猪瘟抗体效价.结论 给仔猪饲喂拟杆菌微生态制剂可以提高仔猪产生免疫抗体的能力,从而增强仔猪抗猪瘟与蓝耳病的能力.     

复合活菌制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能及血清溶菌酶含量的影响

目的观察复合活菌制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能及血清溶菌酶含量的影响。方法选择长白二元杂交断奶仔猪90头进行实验,断奶日龄为35 d。共分为5个组,每组设3个重复,每个重复随机选取健康仔猪6头。实验组一:饲喂基础日粮+0.1%复合制剂(纳豆杆菌,双歧杆菌,罗伊乳杆菌),实验组二:饲喂基础日粮+0.1%复合制剂(纳豆杆菌,双歧杆菌,干酪乳杆菌),实验组三:饲喂基础日粮+0.1%复合制剂(纳豆杆菌,双歧杆菌,嗜酸乳杆菌),实验组四:饲喂基础日粮+0.1%复合制剂(纳豆杆菌,双歧杆菌,罗伊乳杆菌,干酪乳杆菌,嗜酸乳杆菌),对照组:饲喂基础日粮。其中复合制剂中益生菌活菌数为109CFU/g。饲养30 d后观察复合活菌制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能及血清溶菌酶含量的影响。结果在日增重、饲料效率及血清溶菌酶方面,实验组一和二显著高于对照组(P0.05);在腹泻率方面,实验组均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论在仔猪日粮中添加复合活菌制剂可提高每头断奶仔猪平均日增重及饲料效率,降低腹泻的发病率,且增高仔猪血清溶菌酶含量,提高仔猪的免疫机能,从而提高经济效益。     

大黄蒽醌提取物对饲养建鲤生长的影响

将750尾建鲤(Cyprinus carpio var.jian)随机分成5组。一组为对照组,投喂基础日粮。另外4组为实验组,投喂的基础日粮中分别添加0.5%、1.0%、2.0%、4.0%大黄蒽醌提取物。连续投喂70d后,测定鱼的生长、免疫相关因子、肠道菌数量及肉质等。结果表明,与对照组相比,添加大黄蒽醌提取物提高了鱼体增重率、饲料转化效率、溶菌酶活性、一氧化氮浓度、超氧化物歧化酶活性,促进了肠道有益菌增加,抑制有害菌生长,降低了丙二醛含量及鱼体死亡率,但是与大黄蒽醌提取物的添加水平不成线性关系;其中1.0%实验组肝胰脏溶菌酶与超氧化物歧化酶活性最高,血清丙二醛含量最低;2.0%实验组增重率、血清一氧化氮浓度与超氧化物歧化酶活性、肝胰脏一氧化氮浓度、肠道乳酸杆菌数量最高;添加1.0%~2.0%大黄蒽醌提取物显著提高了肌肉粗脂肪含量。因此,添加1.0%~2.0%大黄蒽醌提取物能改善肠道的微生态平衡,提高机体免疫机能,改善肉质,促进鱼体生长。     

林麝复合微生物制剂的研制

本研究采用林麝肠道分离的3株乳酸菌研制一种复合微生态制剂,对复合微生态制剂进行了不同配比的选择、昆明小鼠安全性试验、活菌数的监测和林麝的应用。结果显示:作为最优配比的复合微生态制剂C(S2∶S3∶MRS2-2=1∶1∶2),安全性试验结果显示其未引起小白鼠机体的不良反应;在14 d时,储存温度为-20℃下复合微生态制剂的活菌数降至1.43E+08 CFU/m L;用复合微生态制剂C治疗林麝肠道致病性大肠杆菌感染的昆明小鼠,结果显示微生态制剂组肠道乳酸菌显著大于空白组和感染组(P0.05),复合微生态制剂治疗腹泻林麝,治愈率为50%。本试验首次研制了一种林麝复合微生态制剂,对于提高林麝人工养殖的存活率有指导意义。     

枯草芽孢杆菌微生态制剂制备及在仿刺参养殖中的应用

采用2%海藻酸钠为壁材,4%氯化钙作为固定化剂,将发酵后收集的枯草芽孢杆菌菌体制备成微生态制剂。将该枯草芽孢杆菌微生态制剂添加到仿刺参基础饲料中,对仿刺参进行喂养,观察其对仿刺参消化酶活性以及生长和仿刺参养殖水质的影响。试验组在基础饲料上添加5 mL的枯草芽孢杆菌微生态制剂,其投喂量为仿刺参体重的5%,并且换水周期为3 d。试验结果表明,添加枯草芽孢杆菌微生态制剂的试验组水质中亚硝酸盐、氨氮、化学需氧量均低于对照组。通过2个生长阶段的比较,试验组内仿刺参肠道内淀粉酶、蛋白酶和纤维素酶活性均高于对照组,尤其淀粉酶活力提高明显。通过对试验组和对照组中仿刺参的质量增加率和质量日增重量进行比较,在生长第1个阶段里两组数值差距不明显,但在生长第2个阶段里,两组数值差距逐渐增大,这说明微生态制荆对仿刺参生长的影响,随着时间逐渐增大。     

SPF鸡盲肠复合微生态制剂代替抗生素预防肉仔鸡沙门茵感染

目的在雏鸡盲肠尽快建立完整健康菌群,通过“竞争排除（Competitiveexclusion,CE）”抑制病原菌定植感染。方法提取SPF鸡盲肠菌群,排除沙门菌感染的可能,制成复合微生态制剂,在鸡胚孵化19d啄壳时和21d雏鸡全出壳时进行两次喷雾接种,监测鸡群沙门菌抗体和粪便中沙门菌,测定成活率、生产性能。结果进行喷雾接种后的小鸡至12日龄可以完全不使用抗生素,成活率、采食量与体重略高于使用抗生素的对照组,能提高饲料报酬,饲养12、24、35d均未检出粪便沙门菌和血液沙门菌抗体,全程无沙门菌感染。结论SPF鸡盲肠复合微生态制剂能代替抗生素预防肉仔鸡沙门菌感染。     

复合微生态制剂对断奶仔猪生产性能、粪便菌群及血液指标的影响

目的 探讨复合微生态制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能、粪便乳酸菌和大肠埃希菌数、血液红胞数以及血红蛋白含量及其对免疫水平的影响.方法 选择25日龄的断奶仔猪共108头,平均分为两组:Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组,每组3个重复,每个重复18只,Ⅰ组饲喂全价料+2.0‰复合微生态制剂;Ⅱ组为对照组,饲喂全价料,实验期为42 d.结果 至实验结束时,复合微生态制剂组的料重比显著低于对照组(P ＜0.05);14、28和42 d时复合微生态制剂组粪便中的大肠埃希菌数比对照组低7.94％,2.90％和4.89％,与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);14d时,复合微生态制剂组粪便乳酸菌数与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),28和42 d时,两组粪便乳酸菌数差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).14、28和42 d时复合微生态制剂组血液中红细胞数和血红蛋白浓度均显著高于对照组.两组血清尿素氮水平差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),复合微生态制剂组血清总蛋白和IgG的含量与对照组相比有升高的趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),复合微生态制剂组血清IgA和IgM的浓度显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 复合微生态制剂可以显著降低断奶仔猪的料重比,降低粪便中大肠埃希菌数量,促进血液红细胞和血红蛋白的含量,提高断奶仔猪的免疫水平.     

“919”生态制剂防治雏鸡白痢的研究

实验表明：“９１９”生态制剂与抗菌药物组比较雏鸡白痢发病率Ｐ＞０．０５。空白对照组发病率与“９１９”生态制剂组比较Ｐ＜０．０１。２周龄雏鸡平均体重：“９１９”生态制剂组１０９．１７ｇ,抗菌药物组１０６．６７ｇ,空白对照组９９．５８ｇ。全期成活率“９１９”生态制剂组为９０．６０％、抗菌药物组为９０．３０％、空白对照组为８２．２０％。结果显示“９１９”生态制剂防治雏鸡白痢效果明显,并对雏鸡有较明显的增重作用。     

Assessment of the effect of alpha-galactosides injected during embryogenesis on selected chicken traits

The effect of different doses of alpha-galactoside (RFOs) preparations from Pisum sativum L. cv. Opal, injected into eggs during embryogenesis, on maintaining a high number of bifidobacteria, selected chicken broiler traits and the lipoprotein level of blood were studied. Two independent experiments were conducted. In the first, Ringer water solution containing 1.763 mg/egg of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) (I group), 2.1158 mg of pea RFO preparation containing 20% sucrose (II group) and 0.4232 mg of sucrose (III group) were injected into Hubbard broiler breeder eggs containing 12-day old embryos. Only Ringer water solution was applied to the eggs of the control group (IV group). The number of bifidobacteria determined in faeces of two-day old chicken of groups I and II was significantly higher in comparison with the sucrose and control groups. The high level ofbifidobacteria of groups I and II was maintained during 6 weeks. The dose of both preparations had no influence on the body weight, carcass, breast muscle, leg and abdominal fat ratio, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL serum concentrations. Broiler mortality and breast muscle cholesterol concentration was highest (P < 0.05) for the control group. On the other hand, the European Production Index, as well as serum triglycerides, were the lowest for this group. The second experiment was performed on Hybro G chicken breeder eggs. 0.69, 3.43 and 6.87 mg/egg of pea RFO preparation doses containing 20% sucrose were injected into the experimental groups. The number of bifidobacteria in the caecum and selected meat traits of broilers were determined. The results of this experiment confirmed that RFO injection in ovo causes the long-time maintenance of a high level ofbifidobacteria. The dose of the preparations does not have any effect on the selected broiler meat traits, except that the highest dose increases the percent of carcase in body weight. However, this dose reduced the hatchability of the treated embryos.     

Thermal Inactivation of Desiccation-Adapted Salmonella spp. in Aged Chicken Litter

Thermal inactivation of desiccation-adapted Salmonella spp. in aged chicken litter was investigated in comparison with that in a nonadapted control to examine potential cross-tolerance of desiccation-adapted cells to heat treatment. A mixture of four Salmonella serovars was inoculated into the finished compost with 20, 30, 40, and 50% moisture contents for a 24-h desiccation adaptation. Afterwards, the compost with desiccation-adapted cells was inoculated into the aged chicken litter with the same moisture content for heat treatments at 70, 75, 80, 85, and 150°C. Recovery media were used to allow heat-injured cells to resuscitate. A 5-log reduction in the number of the desiccation-adapted cells in aged chicken litter with a 20% moisture content required >6, >6, ∼4 to 5, and ∼3 to 4 h of exposure at 70, 75, 80, and 85°C, respectively. As a comparison, a 5-log reduction in the number of nonadapted control cells in the same chicken litter was achieved within ∼1.5 to 2, ∼1 to 1.5, ∼0.5 to 1, and <0.5 h at 70, 75, 80, and 85°C, respectively. The exposure time required to obtain a 5-log reduction in the number of desiccation-adapted cells gradually became shorter as temperature and moisture content were increased. At 150°C, desiccation-adapted Salmonella cells survived for 50 min in chicken litter with a 20% moisture content, whereas control cells were detectable by enrichment for only 10 min. Our results demonstrated that the thermal resistance of Salmonella in aged chicken litter was increased significantly when the cells were adapted to desiccation. This study also validated the effectiveness of thermal processing being used for producing chicken litter free of Salmonella contamination.     

戊糖乳杆菌制剂防治仔猪腹泻效果初探

目的进行戊糖乳杆菌活菌制剂防治仔猪腹泻的活体实验。方法以8头健康长白母猪所产的90头仔猪为实验材料，随机分组进行腹泻预防实验，设空白为对照。结果戊糖乳杆菌活菌制剂预防组的腹泻率为8．51％，对照组为78．57％，差异有非常显著性（P〈0．01）。对空白组出现腹泻的仔猪进行治疗比较实验，庆大霉素为对照。结果戊糖乳杆菌制剂治疗组的总有效率为100％，治愈率为76．47％，平均疗程5d；庆大霉素治疗组的有效率为93．75％，治愈率仅为31．25％，平均疗程6d，差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。此外，与对照比较，戊糖乳杆菌制剂预防组仔猪的精神状态好，毛色光亮，粪便成型；即使个别出现腹泻情况，连续灌服戊糖乳杆菌制剂2d（1次／d），即可痊愈。结论戊糖乳杆菌制剂可有效预防和治疗仔猪腹泻。     

A novel real-time PCR assay for the detection of Helicobacter pullorum-like organisms in chicken products

A novel real-time PCR assay was developed for the direct detection in food of Helicobacter pullorum-like bacteria, which are occasionally associated with human enteric disease. Experiments using control strains showed that the realtime PCR assay was specific and reproducible, with a detection level of 1 colony-forming unit (CFU)/g. The assay was then applied to determine contamination rates in 30 samples of three types of chicken-meat products obtained from five retail outlets in Spain (Valencia); all of the samples were initially considered to be culture-negative for Helicobacter even after an enrichment period. H.pullorum-like DNA was detected in seven out of ten chicken carcasses and in one chicken-burger sample (without enrichment), as well as in one liver sample (after enrichment). Sequencing of three randomly selected PCR products confirmed concordance (99% homology) with the H. pullorum 16S rDNA gene. The advantages of real-time PCR over conventional PCR assays are the improved detection level, speed of testing, and validation of specificity by melting-point analysis. The fact that bacteria are frequently present in chicken carcasses sold in retail stores highlights the importance of more widely monitoring contamination rates. The novel assay described herein allows better assessment of potential human health risks posed by H. pullorum.     

Identification of unusual Campylobacter-like isolates from poultry products as Helicobacter pullorum

Twenty-six unclassified Campylobacter -like strains previously isolated from 15 chicken carcasses and caecal contents, together with two more strains isolated from chicken faeces on a different occasion, were identified as Helicobacter pullorum using various phenotypic identification methods. API Campy identification kits and a 16-test identification scheme developed for campylobacters failed to identify these bacteria, or identified them as Campylobacter spp. Eighteen strains (including the two isolated on a different occasion) were chosen for examination using a more comprehensive probabilistic identification scheme. Using this method, 14 of the 18 strains were identified as H. pullorum with ID scores >95% ; two strains were also identified as H. pullorum with lower ID scores. Of the remaining two strains, one was not identified with this scheme and the other was misidentified to the H. acinonyx pylori complex. Whole cell protein profiling by SDS-PAGE confirmed the identity of these isolates as H. pullorum , affirming the value of a polyphasic approach for accurately identifying campylobacteria. The comparatively high prevalence of H. pullorum in poultry determined in this study (60%) suggests that routine isolation and identification methods should be amended to enable a thorough evaluation of its role in human gastroenteritis and avian hepatitis. Some phenotypic characters useful in identifying poultry campylobacteria are presented which could be utilized, along with other technique(s), for improved differentiation of the campylobacteria that are found in poultry.     

鬼臼毒素涂膜剂治疗子宫颈HPV 感染的疗效观察

目的:了解鬼臼毒素涂膜剂治疗子宫颈HPV感染的疗效。方法:126例临床诊断证明为子宫颈HPV感染的患者,随机分为两组,试验组63例采用0.5%鬼臼毒素涂膜剂治疗,对照组63例单独采用0.5%鬼臼毒素酊治疗。结果:①痊愈率:试验组与对照组的痊愈率分别为90.5%、73.00%,两组比较具有统计学学差异(P<0.05);②复发率:试验组与对照组第12、24周的复发率分别为9.52%、28.57%和9.52%、36.51%,两个时段的两组比较均具有统计学差异(P<0.05);③不良反应:经随访观察,两组发生了红斑、水肿、灼热、疼痛、瘙痒、溃疡、渗出等不良反应,其中两组比较试验组红斑、水肿、溃疡、渗出的发生率低于对照组,具有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论:鬼臼毒素涂膜剂能有效治疗子宫颈HPV感染,并控制复发,副作用小,比采用鬼臼毒素酊治疗的效果好。     

Genetic diversity in Helicobacter pullorum from human and poultry sources identified by an amplified fragment length polymorphism technique and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis

Helicobacter pullorum was first isolated from the faeces and carcasses of poultry and has been associated with human gastroenteritis. The aim of this study was to examine interstrain genetic diversity within H. pullorum. Two fingerprinting techniques were used: amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and pulsed field gel electrophoretic (PFGE) analysis. The 20 strains examined were from four countries and comprised 13 human isolates and seven poultry isolates. Their identity was confirmed by a species-specific PCR assay. The human and poultry isolates had distinct genotypes and most strains showed a high degree of genetic diversity. Genotyping also indicated a clonal origin for two strains from the same poultry flock, and established a close relatedness between three chicken carcass isolates from a processing plant. It is concluded that these two genotyping techniques will provide a useful basis for future epidemiological investigations of H. pullorum in poultry, and may provide a link with its possible causal role in human gastrointestinal infections.     

大豆和豆粕水提物致草鱼原代肝细胞损伤作用的研究

为了探讨大豆和豆粕对肝细胞是否具有损伤作用及其作用机制, 以大豆水提物(Soybean aqueous extract, SAE)和豆粕水提物(Soybean meal aqueous extract, SMAE)为实验材料, 以草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)离体培养的原代肝细胞为试验对象, SAE和SMAE分别以终浓度为0、0.5、5.0和10.0 mg/mL加入到细胞培养液中。采用CCK-8法检测细胞活力, 电子显微镜观察细胞超微结构, Hoechst 33285染色观察细胞核形态, 检测细胞培养液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和丙二醛(MDA)的含量, 检测细胞内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和还原性谷胱甘肽(GSH)的活性, 流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率、线粒体膜电位(MMP)及活性氧(ROS)。利用转录组技术分析对照组、SAE组(5.0 mg/mL)和SMAE组(5.0 mg/mL)肝细胞差异表达基因(Differentially expressed genes, DEGs)及其富集的相关通路。结果表明, 随着水提物浓度的升高, 肝细胞活力逐渐下降, 有明显的剂量效应关系(P<0.05)。在相同浓度下, SAE组细胞相对活力小于SMAE组。肝细胞超微结构可见染色质沿核膜的环状凝结、稀疏的光密度、线粒体肿胀和数量的减少、脂滴堆积等。与对照组相比, 细胞培养液中LDH和MDA含量显著升高, 细胞内抗氧化酶活性具有极显著差异(P<0.01)。SAE和SMAE能够降低MMP, 增加细胞内ROS, 并诱导肝细胞凋亡。转录组结果显示, 肝细胞DEGs主要有氧化应激、免疫应答、甘油三酯代谢、氨基酸代谢、信号转导通路及转录因子调控等。SAE和SMAE通过线粒体依赖途径诱导草鱼原代肝细胞损伤和凋亡, 且SAE与SMAE表现出相同的损伤作用结果。     

Effects of dietary apple polyphenol on adipose tissues weights in Wistar rats.

In this study, we investigated whether dietary apple polyphenol (APP) had an effect on adipose weights.Twenty-four Wistar male rats (10 weeks of age) were assigned to three groups: (1) the 5%APP group (diet containing 5% APP, N=8); (2) the 0.5%APP group (diet containing 0.5% APP, N=8); and (3) the control group (N=8) so that average weights of the groups were the same. After a three-week experimental period, adipose tissue weights were measured. Pathological and plasma characteristics were also examined. Retroperitoneal and epididymal adipose tissue weights in the 5%APP group were significantly lower than those of the control (P<0.05). Pathological examination showed that form-like cells were observed only in the control group, suggesting the existence of proliferating pre-adipocytes only in the control group. Lipid-related plasma profiles showed no statistical differences. Dietary polyphenol did not induce any anorectic effects as reported in studies concerning tea polyphenol. We conclude that dietary APP has an anti-adipogenic effect in Wistar rats without any anorectic phenomenon.     

Effects of 50 Hz electromagnetic fields on the histology,apoptosis, and expression of c-Fos and β-Catenin on the livers of preincubated white leghorn chicken embryos

Reports have demonstrated occurrences of abnormalities in the early stages of chicken embryonic development due to the exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs). This article was designed to investigate the effects of sinusoidal EMF on the histopathology, apoptosis, and expressions of c-Fos and β-Catenin genes of the livers of preincubated White Leghorn chicken embryos, based on our published experiments. 300 healthy, fresh fertilized eggs were divided into control (n = 70), sham (n = 70), and four experimental (1–4,days 13, 14, 5, and 19, n = 40) groups. Experimental eggs were exposed to the most effective intensity in a coil with 7.32 mT density, and sham groups were also located in the same coil with no exposure, both for 24 h before incubation. Control, sham, and experimental groups were then incubated in an incubator (37°C, humidity 60%) for 13,14,15, and 19 days. Livers of 13–15 and 19 day-old chicken embryos were removed by C-section and fixed in formalin (10%), stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin and TUNEL for histopathological and apoptosis studies. Others were used for investigating c-Fos and β-Catenin expressions, using RT-PCR. Results showed extensive hemorrhages all over the chicken embryos' bodies and livers, more lymphoid tissues, disturbed parenchymal tissues, sinusoid denaturation, vesiculizad cytoplasm, an increase in the number of apoptotic cells, and a decrease on the levels of expressions of c-Fos and β-Catenin genes in experimental groups of 1–4, comparing control and sham groups.