北京地区夏大豆田间杂草的生态经济杀除阈期研究

本文提出了杂草生态经济杀除阈期的概念,并在北京地区田间试验的基础上,建立了苗后放任和免除夏大豆田间杂草生长的相对时间与大豆相对产量间的函数关系,并在此基础上确立了夏大豆田间杂草群落的生态经济杀除阈期的计算模型。结果表明,夏大豆田间杂草的相对生态经济杀除阈期约处在大豆出苗至成熟期总天数的１２．４％－３１．０％的天数之前。在此期间进行除草,即能确保大豆不会因杂草生长而显著减产,又可节约阈期之前和之后盲     

黄淮海地区夏玉米田一年生杂草的生态经济防治阈期研究

 本文通过北京和唐山多年多点田间试验,研究了黄淮海地区夏玉米田苗后放任和免除自生一年生杂草生长的相对时间与夏玉米相对产量的函数关系,并据此导出了该区夏玉米田一年生杂草的生态经济防治阈期计算模型。结果发现,该区夏玉米田一年生杂草的生态经济防治阈期约处在夏玉米苗后总生育期的(天)第11.2—50.9%之间。该区夏玉米生长季节中只要此期田间保持无草,便可望以最小的代价和费用,最大限度地使杂草弃害扬利,从而获得较高的生态经济除草效益。     

夏大豆田稗草的生态经济防治阈期研究

本文提出了杂草生态经济防治阈期的概念。并在北京地区１９８４和１９８５年田间试验的基础上,建立了苗后放任的免除夏大豆田稗草生长的相对天数与大豆相对产量的函数关系及其生态经济防治阈期的计算模型。利用此模型计算的结果表明,夏大豆田稗草的生态经济防治阈期处在大豆苗后生育期总天数的１６．８％－２６．０％之间,即按绝对天数计算,北京地区夏大豆田该杂草的生态经济防治阈期约处在大豆苗后１５－２３ｄ之间,此期保持无     

夏大豆田主要害虫及天敌生态位研究

研究了7—8月份夏大豆田主要食叶性害虫及其天敌的生态位宽度和生态位重叠度。分析了各昆虫种间的竞争动态,害虫与其天敌在时间上的同步性和空间上的同域性均较强,为保护利用自然天敌控制夏大豆害虫提供了科学依据。     

湖北夏大豆种质 SSR 标记的遗传多样性研究

利用SSR标记和系统聚类分析,对92个湖北夏大豆种质进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,28个SSR位点检测到134个等位变异,每个SSR位点的等位变异范围为2~9个,平均4.78个。鄂西南山区的遗传多样性指数和等位变异数最高,其次为江汉平原区。83.6%以上的遗传差异是由于地区差异引起,表现较高程度的地理分化。系统聚类将92个大豆品种分为3个类群,Ⅰ类和Ⅲ类分别以鄂西南山区品种和江汉平原区品种为主。鄂西南山区和江汉平原区的大豆地方品种表现遗传多样性水平较高。     

浙江金华地区小麦-杂草群落中杂草生态位的研究

  In the wheat fields in Jinhua,Zhejiang province,160 random     

三峡库区农业生态经济分区的研究

选取31个生态经济指标,以行政县（区）为单元,采用ISOTATA模糊聚类分析方法,把三峡库区分为4个农业生态经济区,即1主城区郊丘陵菜旅花牧加生态经济区,II江万丘陵低山粮经果牧加生态经济区,Ⅲ武秭中山低山果林粮牧特生态经济区,Ⅳ兴宜低中山丘陵林果牧粮生态经济区,通过对各区生态经济特征的分析,提出了其生态经济的发展方向和生香环境保护的策略,可为三峡库区农业可持续发展和生态环境保护提供理论依据。     

中国东北地区野大豆及其共生根瘤菌的生态分布与特性研究

中国东北地区野大豆及其共生根瘤菌共生体系资源的生态分布甚广。从5853份的资源中分离获得了快生型大豆根瘤菌331株。从野大豆及其共生根瘤菌共生体系的生物学特性和微生物生理生化特性来分,可以归并成五大类群,它们在质量性状基本是一致的,在数量性状则各不相同,而反映了遗传多样性和进化的规律,为今后共生固氮的深入研究奠定了重要的基础。     

中国区域生态经济水平与区域竞争力的关联性与实证研究

通过生态意义下区域竞争力的研究,提出了经济自由空间的概念.在进行模型静态和动态的分析后,得出科技的进步对区域潜在竞争力具有决定性作用的结论.在实证研究方面,运用因子分析的方法,根据生态水平、人均国内生产总值和生态科技进步等13个指标,对全国31个省（自治区、直辖市）的生态经济水平以及区域竞争力进行了排名.结果发现,由于经济发展水平和自然生态环境等原因,在生态意义下我国各个区域的区域竞争力也成空间上的东、中、西分布格局.在上述理论和实证探讨的基础上,还分别就生态条件下区域发展的公平和效率以及生态条件下有关不发达地区的区域政策进行了探讨.认为生态条件下,如果政策制定不得当,不发达地区会处于更加不平等的地位,所以政策制定者应该重新认识传统的区域理论和区域政策.     

乡村复合生态系统中村庄的社会经济生态位研究

为研究村庄社会经济子系统在乡村社会生态网络中的地位等级与未来发展潜力,提出社会经济生态位的概念,并以生态位的\"态\"\"势\"理论为基础,利用主成分分析法、引力模型结构与社会网络分析方法对厦门岛外260个行政村的社会经济生态位进行计算。研究发现:(1)村庄社会经济生态位的\"态\"值分布具有不均衡性,厦门岛外村庄\"态\"值得分较高的村庄多聚集于厦门岛外南部与同安工业区。(2)村庄社会经济生态位的\"势\"值高低受地理空间与资源禀赋共同作用,厦门岛外\"势\"值得分较高的村庄集中在自身发展条件优越且地理位置处于区域核心位置的同安工业区与靠近厦门岛的集美大学城区。(3)相比自然子系统,乡村社会经济子系统更强调村庄之间的互动性,社会经济生态位得分中4个行政区村庄平均得分由高到低依次为集美区>同安区=翔安区>海沧区。研究为乡村复合生态系统的生态位研究提供了新的研究视角与方法,与传统生态位的计算方法相比更加强调村庄在实际发展中的互动性与带动作用,可以为村庄发展规划与居民福祉研究提供科学基础与理论依据。     

仔鱼的开口摄食期及其饵料综述

鱼类的受精卵在完成胚胎发育的正常过程后经过脱膜孵化成为仔鱼。此时,初孵仔鱼(newly hatched larvae)一般消化道尚未与外界相通,均有较大的卵黄囊作为孵化后一段时间内继续发育的营养来源。但随着卵黄物质的逐渐消耗,消化管与口腔接通以后,仔鱼必需从外界环境中摄取必要的营养物质,以便进一步发育与生长,这就是仔鱼的开口摄食期。     

Critical periods for developmental acclimation to cold in the Queensland fruit fly, Dacus tryoni

Rapid acclimation to cold can occur in Dacus tryoni during two short stages of its life history: the stage immediately prior to the “hopping larva” phase and the “pharate adult” stage within the puparium. Transfer from 25 to 15°C at either of these stages can produce full acclimation to cold within a few days. Acclimation is not detectable at other times in puparial life: during adult life it takes over 100 days.     

大豆开花后光周期反应的研究

利用中国大豆主要生态区的生育期不同的代表品种研究了大豆（Ｇｌｙｃｉｎｅ ｍ ａｘ （Ｌ．）Ｍｅｒｒ．）开花后对光照长度的反应． 结果表明,不同成熟期的大豆品种开花后普遍存在着对光照长度的反应．这种反应属于典型的光周期现象,而不是由温度的替代作用、光合时间的改变或前期短日后效应引起的．开花后光周期反应不仅存在于大豆的花荚期,而且存在于鼓粒期．研究认为∶大豆开花结实对光周期的需求是一个连续过程;光周期对大豆生育期的调控作用存在于出苗至成熟的全过程;光周期诱导开花和促进成熟的作用有一定的共同性;光周期诱导效果具有持效性和可逆性     

Estradiol interacts with the cholinergic system to affect verbal memory in postmenopausal women: evidence for the critical period hypothesis

Estradiol has been shown to interact with the cholinergic system to affect cognition in postmenopausal women. This study further investigated the interaction of estradiol and cholinergic system functioning on verbal memory and attention in two groups of healthy younger (ages 50-62) and older (ages 70-81) postmenopausal women. Twenty-two postmenopausal women were randomly and blindly placed on 1 mg of 17-beta estradiol orally for 1 month then 2 mg for 2 months or matching placebo pills after which they participated in three anticholinergic challenge sessions when verbal memory and attention were assessed. Subjects were administered either the antimuscarinic drug scopolamine (SCOP), the antinicotinic drug mecamylamine (MECA), or placebo. After the first challenge phase, they were crossed over to the other hormone treatment for another 3 months and repeated the challenges. Results showed that estradiol pretreatment significantly attenuated the anticholinergic drug-induced impairments on a test of episodic memory (the Buschke Selective Reminding Task) for the younger group only, while estradiol treatment impaired performance of the older group. The results suggest that younger subjects may experience more cholinergic benefit from estradiol treatment than older subjects, supporting the concept of a critical period for postmenopausal estrogen use.     

Food limited survival of larval razorback sucker,Xyrauchen texanus,in the laboratory

Synopsis Razorback suckers in Lake Mohave, Arizona-Nevada, are suffering recruitment failure. Concomitantly, lake zooplankton levels are low and variable. We test, under laboratory conditions, the possibility that starvation is a cause of low recruitment. Razorback sucker larvae that were starved, received food too late, or were provided with insufficient food died between 20 and 30 d after hatching. Yolk absorption was at 8d after hatching, the critical period during which larvae must feed or most will die lies between 8 and 19d, and the point of irreversible starvation for individuals is between 19 and 23 d after hatching. Results support food-related mortality as a contributor to year-class failure of razorback sucker in Lake Mohave.     

Testicular masculinization of vocal behavior in juvenile female Xenopus laevis reveals sensitive periods for song duration,rate, and frequency spectra

Summary In Xenopus laevis, adult males but not females produce courtship songs comprised of rapid trills. Two experiments were conducted to determine whether male-typical singing could be induced in females. At 6 different juvenile stages, male and female frogs were gonadectomized and implanted with testes, grown to sexual maturity, and tested for vocal behavior. All frogs with functional testicular implants sang; females sang as much as males. The frequency spectra of the clicks within trills were fully masculinized in females implanted at PM0, PM1, and PM2. There were deficiencies in song quality in females implanted late in juvenile life. Females receiving testis implants at PM3, PM4, and PM5 did not produce clicks with masculine spectral qualities. In a concurrent experiment, adult males and females were gonadectomized and implanted with testes or silicone tubes containing testosterone proprionate. When tested for vocal behavior 10 to 15 months after implantation, 8/10 androgen-treated males, 3/12 androgen-treated females, 5/5 testes-implanted males, and 2/4 testes-implanted females sang. The females that did sing spent much less time singing than males. The click rates of females were uniformly slower than males and no female produced clicks with a masculine frequency spectrum. Thus, testicular secretions can induce male-typical singing in females until late in juvenile development. However, females exhibit a progressive decline in vocal potential with increasing age, culminating in an almost complete loss of singing ability by adulthood.Abbreviations FFT fast Fourier transform - ICI inter-click interval - PM post-metamorphic - TP testosterone proprionate     

The role of nurse functional types in seedling recruitment dynamics of alternative states in rangelands

In arid ecosystems, recruitment dynamics are limited by harsh environmental conditions and greatly depend on the net outcome of the balance between facilitation and competition. This outcome can change as a consequence of degradation caused by livestock overgrazing. Also, distinct plant species may show a differential response to a common neighbour under the same environmental conditions. Therefore, ecosystem degradation could affect the net balance of plant-plant interactions, which can also depend on the functional traits of potential nurse species. The aim of this study is to assess the influence of alternative degradation states on (i) the density of seedlings of perennial species emerging in four microsite types, and on (ii) the relative interaction intensity (RII) between seedlings and potential nurses belonging to three functional types (deep- and shallow-rooted shrubs, and tussock grasses). During three years, we recorded seedling density of perennial species in four alternative degradation states in grass-shrubby steppes from northwestern Patagonia. The density of emerged seedlings of perennial species decreased sharply as degradation increased, showing non-linear responses in most microsites. Seedling density underneath deep-rooted shrubs was higher than underneath shallow-rooted shrubs and tussock grasses. Also, deep-rooted shrubs were the only functional type that recorded seedling emergence in highly degraded states. Deep-rooted shrubs had facilitative effects on the seedlings emerging and surviving underneath them, independently of ecosystem degradation. In contrast, RII between shallow-rooted shrubs and recently emerged seedlings, switched from positive effects in the less degraded states, to negative effects in the most degraded state. Tussock grasses recorded the weakest intensity of facilitative interactions with recently emerged seedlings, switching to competitive interactions as degradation increased. Our results suggest that species with key functional traits should be considered in management and restoration plans for rangelands with different degradation levels, since they have a strong influence in the net outcome of plant-plant interactions and in the recruitment dynamics of arid ecosystems.