北京地区夏大豆田间杂草的生态经济杀除阈期研究

本文提出了杂草生态经济杀除阈期的概念，并在北京地区田间试验的基础上，建立了苗后放任和免除夏大豆田间杂草生长的相对时间与大豆相对产量间的函数关系，并在此基础上确立了夏大豆田间杂草群落的生态经济杀除阈期的计算模型。结果表明，夏大豆田间杂草的相对生态经济杀除阈期约处在大豆出苗至成熟期总天数的１２．４％－３１．０％的天数之前。在此期间进行除草，即能确保大豆不会因杂草生长而显著减产，又可节约阈期之前和之后盲     

夏大豆田稗草的生态经济防治阈期研究

本文提出了杂草生态经济防治阈期的概念。并在北京地区１９８４和１９８５年田间试验的基础上,建立了苗后放任的免除夏大豆田稗草生长的相对天数与大豆相对产量的函数关系及其生态经济防治阈期的计算模型。利用此模型计算的结果表明,夏大豆田稗草的生态经济防治阈期处在大豆苗后生育期总天数的１６．８％－２６．０％之间,即按绝对天数计算,北京地区夏大豆田该杂草的生态经济防治阈期约处在大豆苗后１５－２３ｄ之间,此期保持无     

黄淮海地区夏玉米田一年生杂草的生态经济防治阈期研究

 本文通过北京和唐山多年多点田间试验,研究了黄淮海地区夏玉米田苗后放任和免除自生一年生杂草生长的相对时间与夏玉米相对产量的函数关系,并据此导出了该区夏玉米田一年生杂草的生态经济防治阈期计算模型。结果发现,该区夏玉米田一年生杂草的生态经济防治阈期约处在夏玉米苗后总生育期的(天)第11.2—50.9%之间。该区夏玉米生长季节中只要此期田间保持无草,便可望以最小的代价和费用,最大限度地使杂草弃害扬利,从而获得较高的生态经济除草效益。     

稻鸭共作及其它控草措施对稻田杂草群落的影响

运用群落生态学方法研究了稻鸭共作、人工除草、化学除草3种控草措施对稻田杂草群落特征的影响及其对田间杂草的控制作用.结果表明,稻鸭共作显著降低了田间杂草的发生密度,对稻田主要杂草鸭舌草(Monochoriavaginalis)、异型莎草(Cyperusdifformis)、矮慈姑(Sagittariapygmaea)的防效均达到95%以上,总体控草效果显著优于化学除草和人工除草.稻鸭共作使稻田杂草群落的物种丰富度及Shannon-Wiener多样性指数略有降低,但Pielou均匀度指数显著提高,表明群落物种组成有了很大的改变,降低了原来优势杂草的发生危害.在不同控草措施作用下,稻田杂草群落的结构组成也发生了一定的变化,稻鸭共作区群落组成为陌上菜(Linderniaprocumbens)+异型莎草+水虱草(Fimbristylismiliacea),Whittaker群落指数显著高于化学除草、人工除草及对照区,表明稻鸭共作对田间杂草群落结构影响较大.从Sorensen群落相似性指数及以其为距离测度指标的聚类分析结果中也可得到同样的结论.     

稻田水面漂浮的杂草种子种类及动态

为了揭示杂草种子的漂浮动态,并为探寻生态控草方法提供理论依据,我们于2005年6-11月,在南京沧波门稻作区调查了水稻种植前及生长后期田问杂草群落以及稻田灌水期间水面漂浮的杂草种子的种类及漂浮时间.结果表明,在水稻种植前及生长后期田间出现有15科24种杂草;可漂浮于水面的杂草种子有17科26种,与田间发生的杂草种类相同的共有18种,占所有32种杂草的56.25%.这些杂草主要隶属于禾本科、蓼科、毛茛科、报春花科、莎草科、菊科和雨久花科.田埂附近漂浮的杂草种类及种子数量均高于田中间;各类杂草种子的漂浮能力不一,其中菵草(Beckmannia syzigachne)、泽珍珠菜(Lysimachia candida)、茴茴蒜(Ranunculus chinensis)、齿果酸模(Rumex dentatus)、蛇床(Cnidium monnieri)、鳢肠(Eclipta prostrata)和看麦娘(Alopecurus aequalis)等在田间水面漂浮能力较强.漂浮期间杂草种子除多集中于田埂附近,也附着于稻稞周围,并有互相结联的趋势.从整体上看,杂草种子漂浮2天后骤降,8天后基本全部沉降.显然,稻田生境的杂草种子大多可以漂浮于水面传播扩散.因此在灌水早期采取过滤或清除水上漂浮杂草种子可以减少杂草种子的输入和加速杂草种子从田间输出,减少杂草发生基数.     

西藏林芝地区油菜田杂草群落动态及生态位

采用田间调查方法,对林芝地区油菜田杂草群落相对丰度和生态位进行了研究。初步明确了林芝地区油菜田间杂草种类共有7科11种,其中主要科为:豆科、禾本科和藜科;优势种群为:藏蓟、车前、野燕麦、天蓝苜蓿、早熟禾和窄叶野碗豆。同时明确了优势杂草的消长变化规律,即4月中旬为杂草始发期,5月初和6月底为2个出草高峰期。天蓝苜蓿的综合生态位宽度值最大,对油菜的危害最大,其次为车前和藏蓟;早熟禾与车前的时间生态位重叠值最大,与野燕麦的水平生态位重叠值和垂直生态位重叠值都最大,它们相互之间利用资源的相似性较高。利用相对丰度和生态位宽度均能确定优势杂草的种类,反映杂草对作物危害程度的大小。     

冬小麦播种密度和施肥方式对麦田杂草群落组成及生长的影响

在半湿润地区的土垫旱耕人为土上,以冬小麦品种小偃22为指示作物,通过田间小区试验研究了不同施肥条件下冬小麦田间杂草种群的组成以及在4个生育期(越冬期、返青期、拔节期、成熟期)田间杂草密度和生物量的变化.结果表明:(1)在冬小麦全生育期内共发现以猪殃殃、麦家公、婆婆纳、播娘蒿、泽漆、荠菜等为主的17种杂草,不同生育期杂草的优势种群不同,而且杂草总密度表现为越冬期>返青期>拔节期,生物量表现为拔节期>返青期>越冬期;(2)与不施肥处理(P0N0)比较,单施氮肥增加了杂草密度和生物量,在氮磷配施条件下,氮肥对生物量有极显著影响且随施氮量增加表现为减小趋势,其中PN45处理的杂草生物量最大并比P0N0增加51.8%;施磷对杂草生物量有极显著影响,其中单施磷比P0N0处理增加44.0%,PN135处理比P0N135处理增加24.0%.(3)低密度播种比正常密度播种能显著增加杂草生物量,平均增加幅度达82.9%.结果表明,通过增施氮肥和适当增加种植密度,可在一定程度上控制杂草发生,促进作物良好生长.     

林区鼢鼠鼠害的主要特征及其生态控制对策

本文对东北鼢鼠危害特征及树木被害原因进行了分析,研究了杂草对鼢鼠分布的影响,明确了杂草是鼢鼠数量分布的限定性因素。利用各种方法除去林间杂草,切断鼢鼠食物来源可做为治理鼢鼠的生态措施。在此基础上,进行了翻耕抚林、人工锄草、化学除草、林农复合生态控制措施试验,取得较好的防治效果。     

高温干旱季节红壤丘陵果园杂草保持的生态作用

研究了红壤丘陵果园杂草保持在高温干旱期的生态作用。结果表明。高温伏早期幼龄果园没有杂草覆盖或覆盖度很低的处理(人工除草和除草剂除草),土壤温度明显高于保留杂草的处理(不除草、刈割、保留低矮草带),而土壤湿度、土壤微生物生物量碳、解磷微生物解磷活性、土壤VA菌根真菌的数量则低于保留杂草的处理。在杂草保留的3个处理中,虽然土壤温度、土壤微生物生物量碳、解磷微生物解磷活性差异不显著,但不除草的处理,高大的杂草与幼龄果树对光产生竞争,从而影响了果树的生长,因而建议在幼龄果园以刈割或保留草带的方式保持杂草。     

不同除草方式对浙西南柑橘园杂草群落及其多样性的影响

于2005年6月—2008年5月在浙江衢州市柑橘主产区,运用群落生态学方法研究了化学除草、人工除草和化学除草+人工除草3种方式对果园杂草群落及其多样性的影响.结果表明:化学除草试验区杂草为17科46种,人工除草试验区杂草为20科59种,化学除草+人工除草试验区杂草为18科51种,对照区杂草为25科75种.化学除草处理的杂草物种丰富度指数、Shannon多样性指数和Shannon均匀度指数最低,人工除草处理最高,表明化学除草对果园杂草多样性的影响最大.在浙西南柑橘园既要防除杂草,又要维持果园杂草的多样性,建议采取化学除草+人工除草的方式.     

The critical weed-free period in organically-grown winter wheat

Two experiments were conducted in central southern England between September 1994 and August 1996 to identify the critical weed-free period in organically grown winter wheat (Triticum aestivum, cv. Mercia). In competition with a mixed weed infestation of predominately Alopecurus myosuroides and Tripleurospermum inodorum it was found that wheat yield decreased as the duration of the weed-infested period increased and that the crop needed to be kept free of weeds from sowing in order to completely avoid any yield loss. Also, weeds emerging in the wheat crop (predominately T. inodorum) during the growing season had a significant and detrimental effect on yield. The existence of the critical period, therefore, depends on the imposition of an acceptable yield loss. If a 5% yield loss gives a marginal benefit compared with the cost of weed control, the critical period will begin at 506°C days after sowing (November) and end at 1023°C days after sowing (February). This information could be used by farmers to target mechanical weeding operations to control weeds at a time that will have maximum benefit to the crop.     

黄淮海平原林网保护区夏玉米生长过程的数值模拟

利用改进了产量生态学模型ＳＵＣＲＯＳ,对黄淮海平原林网保护区夏玉米的生长过程进行了数值模拟,并与田间监测资料做了比较,分析了影响夏玉米生长的各种生理、生态学因子,结果表明,改进后的模型能成功模拟夏玉米的生长过程,考虑病虫害、杂草影响后,模型输出的叶面积指数、器官生物量与生长监测资料十分一致。与单作农田比较,由于林网地区小气候条件的改善,夏玉米单产提高６．８％左右。播种密度、播种日期与籽粒产量关系的     

升马唐种群生态及其田间密度调控指标的研究

 研究表明,马唐的生育期为62—111天,需>0℃积温1380—2716。其生殖生长阶段对季节的温度要求严,营养生长阶段宽,生育期长短主要靠营养生长期的长短来调节。马唐种子休眠期一般为150天,休眠期长短和解除休眠速率与种子贮藏条件关系密切,以恒温贮藏最快。种子发芽起点温度为15℃,60%种子发芽的有效积温平均为555.13℃。马唐种子发芽对光照要求不敏感。在农田7cm土层内的种子均能出苗,但以1—4cm层最佳。马唐的再生能力强,试验表明,凡是带有须根和幼芽的任何断节都能发生新的植株。通径分析结果表明,马唐是我国北方夏播粮田的主要杂草。马唐群体水平(x,株／m2)与夏玉米籽粒减产率(y,%)间呈以下关系模式：(1)y=0.1532x1-5574(x≤20株／m2) (2)y=-18.400+11.315lnx(x>20株／m2)与夏玉米共同生长日数对作物籽粒减产率呈以下关系模式：y=54.5956／1+89.7962e-0.1184x根据推算,在石家庄地区夏播玉米田,马唐的允许存在密度即生态经济阈值为5.8株／m2。     

Resource use,energetic profitability,and behavioral decisions in migrant rufous hummingbirds

Summary Migrant Rufous Hummingbirds (Selasphorus rufus) defend nectar resources at stopover sites while replenishing fat reserves needed for migratory flights. During late summer in the Sandia Mountains, central New Mexico, they defend the wasp- and bee-pollinated Scrophularia montana from other hummingbirds. Both hummingbirds and hymenopterans exploit Scrophularia nectar during the early part of its flowering period. As summer colony growth increases the densities of the eusocial hymenopterans by 100–150%, their exploitation of Scrophularia nectar lowers its mean standing crop in flowers by 200–300%. Sometime during the summer, Rufous Hummingbirds abandon and do not further use this resource for the remaining 3–4 weeks of its flowering period. The abandonment always occurs when the mean standing crop of nectar is approximately 0.2–0.3 L/ flower. This paper describes a model of Rufous Hummingbird energetics, that shows abandonment occurred 1–3 days after they passed the threshold at which the resource could have provided their minimum daily energy requirements. I suggest that constraints imposed by a highly competitive social environment severely reduced the options available to the hummingbirds, and caused them to continue to defend a resource that could no longer meet their energetic requirements.     

Relationship of Heliothis zea predators, parasitoids and entomopathogens to canopy development in soybean as affected by Heterodera glycines and weeds

The influence of canopy development in soybean on the survival of corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), egg and larval stages and population dynamics of arthropod fauna were evaluated in field trials during 1986–88 in eastern North Carolina. Soybean canopy size decreased as soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines Ichinohe (Nematoda: Heteroderidae), initial population densities increased. Plant species composition of the soybean canopy was affected by weed population densities. Mortality of H. zea larvae due to parasitism and infection with entomopathogens was greater in closed canopy and (or) weedy soybeans than in very open and (or) weed free soybeans. Predation and parasitism of corn earworm eggs were similar across nematode and weed density treatments. Natural enemy populations increased to highest levels during July in closed canopy and (or) weedy soybeans, coinciding with availability of largest prey population reservoirs. A delay in colonization of very open and (or) weed free soybeans by beneficial arthropods until mid to late August allowed greater H. zea larval survival than in closed canopy and (or) weedy soybeans. Arthropod species richness was generally greatest in closed canopy and (or) weedy soybeans during mid to late July, with differences becoming nonsignificant in August and early September. Mean and maximum ambient temperatures were higher and relative humidities lower in open canopy than in closed canopy plots. These conditions were less favorable for development of pathogens and natural enemies.     

Biology,agricultural impact,and management of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cyperus rotundus</Emphasis> L.: the world’s most tenacious weed

Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.), a troublesome weed, is economically damaging weed, which is widely naturalized in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. This weed has been reported to cause 20–90% yield losses in various agronomic and horticultural crops across the world. Perennial nature, genetic diversity, ability to tolerate adverse climatic conditions, high rate of reproduction, ease-of-dispersion, strong competitive abilities, and allelopathic potential assist this weed to thrive in a range of agro-climatic regions. Routine cultural approaches, including crop rotation, crop choice, and mechanical cultivation, are ineffective in achieving season-long management of C. rotundus. Pre-emergent and post-emergent herbicides, as well as myco-herbicides, can control its growth but fail to limit the regenerative capacity and tuber viability of C. rotundus in the long term. Integration of herbicides with tillage operations during summer fallows would be a reliable option to desiccate the tubers and rhizomes of C. rotundus. Furthermore, preventive measures as well as complete destruction of nascent foci would be helpful in preventing future spread of this weed. This review will help researchers and scientists in understanding the reproductive biology and future threats of C. rotundus, leading towards the development of improved control methodologies. The information presented in this article will also enable researchers and growers to address the prevailing gaps in the eco-biology of this weed for the long-term control of C. rotundus in economically important field crops.     

Observations on the effect of the weevils Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and Neochetina bruchi Hustache on the growth of water hyacinth

Water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms. is an aquatic weed that infests most of the White Nile system in the Sudan. Serious economical and ecological problems are caused by this weed. The two weevils Neochetina eichhorniae and Neochetina bruchi were imported and released in an attempted biological control against the weed. The adults of these weevils attack the plant and feed by removing tissues from the leaf pseudolamina and petioles. The larvae tunnel inside the petioles and the crown. The optimum temperature for feeding and development of both species is 25° C. Results obtained from stocking hyacinth plants with adults and larvae of both species separately revealed that N. bruchi is more efficient in checking the growth of the plant. The progeny of a pair of N. bruchi and N. eichhorniae reared separately on 41 hyacinth plants for a period of 61 days (one generation period) reduced their population growth by 25.4% and 12.7% respectively. The progeny of both species in a mixed culture reduced the growth of the plants by 22.5% in the same period, while in the control the population of the plants increased 136.6%.     

北京地区夏播小麦的生态条件及生育表现

本文探讨了小麦在异常种植条件下的生长发育表现,从面揭示其温光反应规律。 1982—1985年连续三年在北京地区进行的小麦夏播生态试验证明:强春性小麦品种在北京晚夏播种,能很快地顺利出苗,并能抽穗成熟。在高温和长日条件下,它们的生育进程快,植株低矮,千粒重低。在生育早期未出现低温效应,可不发生田间春化反应。此外夏播小麦在科研与生产上都具有一定意义,浮小麦和麦苗都有利用价值。