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1.
采用盆栽方法研究了酰胺态氮、铵态氮和硝态氮对强筋小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)"豫麦34"、中筋小麦"豫麦49"和弱筋小麦"豫麦50"生育中后期根际微生物和土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明,专用小麦根际真菌、细菌、放线菌数量和土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、硝酸还原酶活性以及根际pH值对氮素形态的反应不同."豫麦34"施用硝态氮,对根际土壤真菌、细菌(除成熟期外)和放线菌数量均具有明显的促进作用;"豫麦49"施用铵态氮,根际土壤细菌和放线菌数量最大,根际真菌数量在孕穗期和开花期以酰胺态氮处理最大,而成熟期以硝态氮处理最大;"豫麦50"施用硝态氮,对根际土壤真菌、细菌和放线菌数量均具有明显的促进作用.不同专用小麦品种均表现为在酰胺态氮处理下,根际土壤脲酶活性最高;在铵态氮处理下,根际土壤蛋白酶活性最高;在硝态氮处理下,根际土壤硝酸还原酶活性和pH值最高.  相似文献   

2.
丛枝菌根化翅果油树幼苗根际土壤微环境   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7       下载免费PDF全文
以我国二级濒危保护植物翅果油(Elaeagnus mollis)为供试植物,通过温室盆栽试验,研究接种丛枝菌根真菌对翅果油树幼苗根际土壤微生态环境的影响。试验设计分4个组:摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)单独接种组(GM)、脆无梗囊霉(Acaulospora delicata)单独接种组(AD)、混合接种组(GM+AD)、不接种的对照组(CK)。测定了菌根侵染率、生物量、根际微生物数量、土壤pH值、土壤酶活性及其对N、P营养的影响等指标。结果显示:菌根真菌对3个接种组均有侵染,其中,GM+AD的侵染率最大(90.5%),生态学效应最好;与对照组相比,接种组的生物量均明显提高(p0.05),其中GM+AD组生物量显著增加,是CK组的2.2倍;AM菌根对根部微生物种群数量产生一定的影响,主要是使根面上的细菌、放线菌、固氮菌的数量显著增加(p0.05);AM菌根使根际pH值降低,与菌根侵染率呈显著负相关关系(p0.05);接种组根际土壤磷酸酶、脲酶、蛋白酶的活性增加,根际土壤的磷酸酶、蛋白酶的活性增加量与菌根侵染率呈极显著相关关系(p0.01);接种组的根际土壤中,可直接被植物吸收利用的N、P元素出现富集现象,与菌根侵染率呈显著相关关系(p0.05)。研究表明:丛枝菌根的形成改善了翅果油树幼苗的微生态环境,提高了根际土壤肥力。  相似文献   

3.
西藏高原天然长芒草地丛枝菌根真菌接种效应   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
蔡晓布  盖京苹  钱成  冯固 《应用生态学报》2006,17(11):2121-2126
采用草地均匀打孔方法,就草地土壤未消毒条件下接种丛枝菌根(AM)真菌对长芒草(Stipa bungeana)的侵染效应以及对植物生长、吸磷效率、土壤微生物区系等的影响进行研究.结果表明,1)接种处理、不接种处理的菌根效应存在着明显的差异,多数接种处理根围土壤AM真菌孢子密度、菌根侵染率和侵染强度显著提高,但对丛枝丰度的影响相对较低.2)接种后AM真菌孢子密度对菌根侵染率具有极显著影响(r=0.7679**);随菌根侵染率的增加,植株总干物重和吸磷总量均呈极显著提高,r值分别为0.7556**、0.8018**.3)与植株地上部相比,接种AM真菌对提高根系干物重、根系吸磷量和含磷量的促进作用相对较大.4)多数接种处理根际土壤酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶活性均呈一定程度的提高,根际土壤细菌数量显著增加,真菌、放线菌的数量变化则不甚明显.5)各接种处理对寄主植物的综合侵染效应在总体上呈Glomus mosseae+G. intraradices+Scutellospora calospora>G. mosseae+G. aggregatum>Glomus sp.>G. mosseae>G. mosseae+ G. etunicatum+G. intraradices+S. erythropa>G. geosporum的趋势.  相似文献   

4.
段凝  闫明 《广西植物》2019,39(5):650-660
该研究采用盆栽试验法,以紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)为材料,将煤矸石(CG)、粉煤灰(FA)和沙土(SS)按不同质量配比设置T1(CG∶FA∶SS=75%∶25%∶0%)、T2(CG∶FA∶SS=60%∶25%∶15%)、T3(CG∶FA∶SS=45%∶25%∶30%)、T4(CG∶FA∶SS=30%∶25%∶45%)四组混合基质以模拟,并以T5(CG∶FA∶SS=0%∶0%∶100%)为对照,AM真菌选用摩西斗管囊霉(F.m)和幼套近明球囊霉(C.e),通过单接菌和混合接菌,探索其对紫花苜蓿根系的侵染率、幼苗生长、抗氧化物酶活性和渗透调节物质变化的影响。结果表明:(1)在五组基质上,接种AM真菌显著提高了紫花苜蓿根系的菌根侵染率和菌根依赖性,且基质T4接种F.m+C.e[F.m∶C.e=1∶1(W/W)]的值最大(64.31%和86.24%)。(2)接种AM真菌不同程度提高了紫花苜蓿株高、基径、叶面积和生物量,且混合接菌的效果优于单接菌。(3)基质中填加过量煤矿废弃物抑制了植株根系的生长,接种AM真菌后显著提高了紫花苜蓿总根长、根表面积、根体积,降低了根平均直径。(4)不同接菌处理的紫花苜蓿叶片POD、SOD、CAT活性以及可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量总体表现为F.m+C.eC.eF.mnon-AMF,且接种F.m+C.e的增长幅度最大。研究表明煤矿废弃物复合逆境抑制紫花苜蓿的生长,接种AM真菌显著提高了幼苗生长、抗氧化物酶活性和渗透调节物质,提高了植物抗逆性能,且以基质T4接种F.m+C.e的效果最佳。  相似文献   

5.
根结线虫对黄瓜叶片氮磷含量、土壤pH和酶活性的影响   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
通过盆栽试验,采用人工接种的方法研究了接种根结线虫对黄瓜植株根际和非根际土壤pH值、土壤酶活性及叶片N、P含量的影响.结果表明:根际土壤pH值在接种量达到每株6000个时才显著降低;随着接种量的增加,叶片N、P含量、根际土壤过氧化物酶、根际和非根际土壤多酚氧化酶活性逐渐降低,根际土壤过氧化氢酶活性却逐渐升高,非根际土壤pH值先升高后降低,非根际土壤过氧化氢酶活性没有明显的变化规律.接种根结线虫后,根际土壤脲酶活性显著降低,根际和非根际土壤磷酸酶活性、非根际土壤过氧化物酶活性仅在较高接种量时才显著降低.根际土壤pH值、酶活性及叶片N、P含量之间多数呈极显著相关,而非根际土壤pH值、酶活性及叶片N、P含量之间只有部分呈极显著相关.  相似文献   

6.
徐广惠  王宏燕  刘佳 《生态学报》2009,29(8):4535-4541
为深入研究种植抗草甘膦转基因大豆的黑土生态区根际土壤中细菌数量及多样性的变化,试验采用DGGE-cloning测序技术与传统培养相结合的方法,研究了抗草甘膦转基因大豆(RRS)对根际土壤细菌数量以及细菌群落多样性的影响.传统培养试验结果为RRS显著降低了土壤细菌的数量;DGGE图谱分析表明,RRS根际土壤细菌16SrDNA条带数、多样性指数及均匀度指数均要低于其他处理,聚类分析显示RRS带谱与RRS-S和Y-S差异较大,相似性分别为64%和64.4%;DGGE-cloning测序结果表明,在RRS处理中缺失条带1和条带12分别属于Uncultured bacterium和Nitrospira门Nitrospira属,其中条带1与其他切取条带最小遗传距离达0.4,与其他处理相比表现出弱势差异的条带2、4、5和条带11均属于Uncultured bacterium.研究表明,RRS不同程度上降低了根际土壤细菌的数量和细菌群落的多样性,并对根际土壤中Nitrospira属细菌有一定的抑制作用.  相似文献   

7.
盆栽试验以黄瓜为主栽作物,分蘖洋葱为套作作物,研究了套作不同化感潜力分蘖洋葱对黄瓜生长及土壤微环境的影响.结果表明:与化感潜力强的分蘖洋葱套作,黄瓜根际土壤电导率降低、pH值提高;根际土壤过氧化氢酶和转化酶活性提高,过氧化物酶活性降低;根际土壤细菌丰富度增加.DGGE条带测序显示,黄瓜根际土壤细菌大多与不可培养的细菌种属具有较高的同源性,共有条带的测序比对推测为放线菌纲和变形菌纲,差异条带的测序比对推测为变形菌纲和酸杆菌纲,红螺旋菌目、酸杆菌属只出现在与化感潜力弱的分蘖洋葱套作的黄瓜根际土壤中.相关分析表明,土壤脲酶与黄瓜幼苗株高、全株干质量、叶面积、DGGE条带数呈显著正相关.综上,与化感潜力强的分蘖洋葱套作,可为黄瓜生长创造良好的根际微环境,显著促进黄瓜幼苗生长.  相似文献   

8.
不同地下滴灌制度下黄瓜根际微生物活性及功能多样性   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
采用微生物培养、BIOLOG碳素利用法和土壤酶活性测定等方法,分析了日光温室不同地下灌溉制度下黄瓜根际土壤中微生物活性及功能多样性.结果表明:根际土壤微生物生物量C、N含量、基础呼吸、代谢熵、AWCD值、Shannon指数和McIntosh指数随灌水量的增加呈先升高后下降的趋势;在0.8Ep(Ep为20 cm标准蒸发皿蒸发量)灌溉水平下,I2处理(灌水周期8 d)根际土壤微生物生物量C、N含量、基础呼吸、代谢熵、AWCD值、Shannon指数和McIntosh指数显著高于I1处理(灌水周期4 d).0.8Ep处理下,细菌、放线菌、自生固氮菌数量及脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性显著高于其他2个灌水量处理(0.6Ep和1.0Ep);I2处理的细菌和自生固氮菌数量、脲酶、磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性显著高于I1处理,放线菌数量、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性与I1处理差异不显著,而真菌数量显著低于I1处理.I20.8Ep处理使黄瓜根际土壤中微生物代谢活性和微生物群落功能多样性升高,微生物区系得以改善,土壤酶活性提高,促进黄瓜生长.  相似文献   

9.
Feng W  Guan T  Wang XY  Zhu YJ  Guo TC 《应用生态学报》2011,22(4):1007-1012
研究了等氮量条件下沼液与化肥配施对冬小麦根际土壤微生物(细菌、真菌和放线菌)数量及土壤酶(脲酶、蛋白酶和过氧化氢酶)活性的影响.结果表明:随着生育期的推进,不同施肥处理小麦根际土壤微生物数量和土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性均呈先降后升的变化趋势,而蛋白酶活性则呈"S"形曲线变化.沼液与化肥合理配施能显著增加根际土壤微生物数量,提高土壤脲酶和蛋白酶活性,以基施50%沼液氮基础上追施50%化学氮处理和基施25%沼液氮基础上追施75%化学氮处理较好,传统尿素处理和单一沼液处理效果均较差.土壤过氧化氢酶活性以基施25%沼液氮基础上追施75%化学氮处理及单施沼液处理在所有测定时期均表现最高,其他处理在各生育时期间差异很大.沼液与尿素配合施用可以提高小麦根际土壤微生物数量和酶活性.  相似文献   

10.
AM真菌对青枯菌和根际细菌群落结构的影响   总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12  
利用传统的平板培养与DGGE相结合的技术手段,研究了接种AM真菌对番茄根际土壤中的青枯菌和细菌群落结构的影响。结果表明,菌根根际土壤中的细菌总量和总DNA量都高于非菌根根际土壤,其中前者的青枯菌种群数量比后者低60倍;DGGE图谱也证实了AM真菌对青枯菌的抑制效应,还揭示出接种AM真菌对根际土壤中细菌群落结构所产生的复杂的影响。文章对AM真菌抑制青枯菌的机制进行了探讨。  相似文献   

11.
This study investigates the effects of bacteria occurring in thecytoplasm of some arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on their symbioticefficiency. Gigaspora margarita, Gigasporarosea and Glomus versiforme, containing orwithout intracellular bacteria, were compared for their efficiency instimulating growth of Lactuca sativa L. Biomass productionand nutrient contents were evaluated in plants grown on two substrates. Theefficiency of G. margarita harbouring a homogenouspopulation of Burkholderia was greater than that of theother two AMF, mainly G. rosea, which does not containintracellular bacteria. When plants were grown in poor soil, inoculation withG. margarita resulted in the best growth rates as well asthe highest N, P and K values. The significantly higher N content is ofparticular importance, since the genome of Burkholderiapossesses nif genes.  相似文献   

12.
Antunes PM  Deaville D  Goss MJ 《Mycorrhiza》2006,16(3):167-173
This study is the first in assessing the effect of soil disturbance on the contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) with different life-history strategies to the tripartite symbiosis with soybeans and Bradyrhizobium japonicum (Kirchner) Jordan. We hypothesized that Gigaspora margarita Becker and Hall would be more affected by soil disturbance than Glomus clarum Nicol. and Schenck, and consequently, the tripartite symbiosis would develop more rapidly and lead to greater N2 fixation in the presence of the latter. Soil pasteurization allowed the establishment of treatments with individual AMF species and soil disturbance enabled the development of contrasting root colonization potentials. In contrast, the colonization potential of B. japonicum was kept the same in all treatments. Soil disturbance significantly reduced root colonization by both AMF, with Gi. margarita being considerably more affected than G. clarum. Furthermore, the tripartite symbiosis progressed faster with G. clarum, and at 10 days after plant emergence, there was 30% more nodules when G. clarum was present compared to that when the bacterial symbiont alone was present. At flowering, the absence of soil disturbance stimulated N2 fixation by 17% in mycorrhizal plants. However, this response was similar for both AMF.  相似文献   

13.
The spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form a unique microhabitat that is suitable for the colonization by many species of bacteria. The aim of the current study was to analyze the bacterial communities associated with the surface of spores of the AMF species Gigaspora margarita MAFF 520054 and Gigaspora rosea JP1. The two AMF species were propagated with tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) grown in a mixture of sand and soil. In another experiment, G. margarita was propagated with tobacco or alfalfa (Medicago sativa) grown in vermiculite or a mixture of sand and soil. The bacterial community composition of the new-formed spores and sand/soil substrate was analyzed using PCR of 16S rDNA fragments and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Clustering analysis revealed that the bacterial communities on the surface of G. margarita spores was different form that in the substrate or on the surface of the G. rosea spores, and both the host plant and the substrate could influence the composition of spore-associated bacterial populations of the G. margarita. Sequence analysis of the major DGGE bands of G. margarita spore samples revealed that most of the bacterial sequences were affiliated with the phyla Proteobacteria (Azospirillum, Azovibrio, Polyangium, Ramlibacter, Rubrivivax, Sphingomonas, and Rhizobium) and Actinobacteria (Streptomyces, Amycolatopsis, and Pseudonocardia).  相似文献   

14.
【目的】外来植物黄顶菊对生态环境和农业经济造成了严重危害,了解黄顶菊与3种不同本地植物种植生长对丛生菌根(AM)真菌群落结构和多样性造成的影响,可以从土壤微生物角度进一步解释黄顶菊的入侵机制。【方法】通过同质园小区试验模拟黄顶菊入侵的生态进程,以黄顶菊和3种本地植物狗尾草、藜、黄香草木樨为研究对象,采用AM真菌的形态学鉴定方法,研究黄顶菊与3种本地植物不同种植方式对AM真菌群落结构和多样性的影响。【结果】(1)黄顶菊根际土壤聚集的AM真菌种类与其伴生本地植物种类有关:黄顶菊与狗尾草混种处理中优势种为网状球囊霉和根内球囊霉,而黄顶菊分别与藜、草木樨混种处理中优势种均为网状球囊霉、根内球囊霉和缩球囊霉;(2)黄顶菊分别与狗尾草和黄香草木樨混种处理中AM真菌种类既高于本地单种处理,也高于黄顶菊单种处理,说明随着黄顶菊的入侵和地上植物多样性的改变,AM真菌种类也发生改变;(3)与3种本地植物单种相比,黄顶菊各混种处理和黄顶菊单种处理中黄顶菊根际土壤根内球囊霉的重要值均增加,表明黄顶菊入侵有利于根内球囊霉的生长和发育。【结论】黄顶菊入侵改变了根际土壤AM真菌的群落结构和多样性,AM真菌的改变既与本地植物种类有关,也与入侵程度有关。  相似文献   

15.
Most terrestrial plant species form associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) that transfer soil P to the plant via their external hyphae. The distribution of nutrients in soils is typically patchy (heterogeneous) but little is known about the ability of AMF to exploit P patches in soil. This was studied by growing symbioses of Linum usitatissimum and three AMF (Glomus intraradices, G. mosseae and Gigaspora margarita) in pots with two side-arms, which were accessible to hyphae, but not to roots. Soil in one side-arm was either unamended (P0) or enriched with P; simultaneous labelling of this soil with 32P revealed that G. intraradices responded to P enrichment both in terms of hyphal proliferation and P uptake, whereas the other AMF did not. Labelling with 33P of P0 soil in the other side arm revealed that the increased P uptake by G. intraradices from the P-enriched patch was paralleled by decreased P uptake by other parts of the mycelium. This is the first demonstration of variation in growth and nutrient uptake by an AMF as influenced by a localized P enrichment of the soil. The results are discussed in the context of functional diversity of AMF.  相似文献   

16.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are important members of the plant microbiome. They are obligate biotrophs that colonize the roots of most land plants and enhance host nutrient acquisition. Many AMF themselves harbor endobacteria in their hyphae and spores. Two types of endobacteria are known in Glomeromycota: rod-shaped Gram-negative Candidatus Glomeribacter gigasporarum, CaGg, limited in distribution to members of the Gigasporaceae family, and coccoid Mollicutes-related endobacteria, Mre, widely distributed across different lineages of AMF. The goal of the present study is to investigate the patterns of distribution and coexistence of the two endosymbionts, CaGg and Mre, in spore samples of several strains of Gigaspora margarita. Based on previous observations, we hypothesized that some AMF could host populations of both endobacteria. To test this hypothesis, we performed an extensive investigation of both endosymbionts in G. margarita spores sampled from Cameroonian soils as well as in the Japanese G. margarita MAFF520054 isolate using different approaches (molecular phylotyping, electron microscopy, fluorescence in situ hybridization and quantitative real-time PCR). We found that a single AMF host can harbour both types of endobacteria, with Mre population being more abundant, variable and prone to recombination than the CaGg one. Both endosymbionts seem to retain their genetic and lifestyle peculiarities regardless of whether they colonize the host alone or together. These findings show for the first time that fungi support an intracellular bacterial microbiome, in which distinct types of endobacteria coexist in a single cell.  相似文献   

17.
Vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides) is a fast-growing, high biomass producing plant employed for environmental rehabilitation. The study evaluated the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the growth and trace element phytoextracting capabilities of vetiver in a substrate containing coalmine wastes in Southern Brazil. AMF included Acaulospora colombiana, Acaulospora morrowiae, Acaulospora scrobiculata, Dentiscutata heterogama, Gigaspora margarita, and Rhizophagus clarus. Among those, A. colombiana, G. margarita, and R. clarus promoted higher growth. AMF stimulated average increments in the accumulated P of 82% (roots), 194% (shoots first harvest—90 days) and 300% (shoots second harvest—165 days) and affected the phytoextraction of trace elements by vetiver, with larger concentrations in the roots. Plants inoculated with A. colombiana, A. morrowiae, and A. scrobiculata, in addition to the control, presented the highest levels of Cu and Zn in the roots. Overall, G. margarita stimulated the highest production of biomass, and, therefore, showed the most significant levels of trace elements in the plants. This work shows the benefits of certain AMF (especially A. morrowiae, G. margarita, and R. clarus) for the production of biomass and P uptake by vetiver, demonstrating the potential of those species for the rehabilitation of coal-mine-degraded soils.  相似文献   

18.
喀斯特植被演替过程土壤丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)多样性   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
喀斯特生态系统维持了丰富的微生物多样性,丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)结构和组成会随喀斯特植被演替而改变。以贵州贵阳花溪、毕节织金和关岭花江典型喀斯特区域按时空替代法采集了乔木林、灌木林和草本群落样地土壤,采用Illumina HiSeq分子测序技术,通过OTU聚类分析、物种注释及数据库比对,探索了喀斯特不同演替阶段土壤AMF物种多样性。结果表明:(1)喀斯特生境土壤获得球囊菌门Glomeromycota OTU为275个,分属于4目8科13属19种,属水平上AMF丰度表明根内根孢囊霉属Rhizophagus为优势属,花江拥有最高AMF丰富度,缩隔球囊霉Septoglomus constrictum、根内根孢囊霉Rhizophagus intraradices、Claroideoglomus sp. MIB8381和稀有内养囊霉Entrophospora infrequens均分布于各样地的不同植被演替阶段,为常见种。(2)AM真菌多样性Shannon指数与Simpson指数在不同演替阶段表现为花溪:乔木≈灌木草本(P0.05)、花江:灌木≈草本乔木(P0.05)、织金:乔木灌木草本,但差异不显著,Chao1和Abundance-based coverag estimator(ACE)指数表现为花江灌木≈草地乔木(P0.05)。(3)Spearman相关性分析表明土壤全磷与AMF ACE指数显著负相关,且与Chao1指数极显著负相关;速效磷与Shannon和Simpson指数显著负相关。(4)典范对应分析(Canonical Correlation Analysis,CCA)表明土壤全氮、速效氮、有机质、全磷和速效钾与AMF群落分布有显著相关性。结果表明喀斯特植被演替过程中土壤丛枝菌根真菌多样性随着演替进行或升高或降低,无一致变化规律,并与土壤理化性质关系密切,其中以磷的影响最大。  相似文献   

19.
Soil organic carbon (C) is the largest active C pool of Earth's surface and is thus vital in sustaining terrestrial productivity and climate stability. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form symbioses with most terrestrial plants and critically modulate soil C dynamics. Yet, it remains unclear whether and how AMF–root associations (i.e., mycorrhizae) interact with soil minerals to affect soil C cycling. Here we showed that the presence of both roots and AMF increased soil dissolved organic C and reactive Fe minerals, as well as litter decomposition and soil CO2 emissions. However, it reduced mineral-associated C. Also, high-resolution nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry images showed the existence of a thin coating (0.5–1.0 μm thick) of 56Fe16O (Fe minerals) on the surface of 12C14N (fungal biomass), illustrating the close physical association between fungal hyphae and soil Fe minerals. In addition, AMF genera were divergently related to reactive Fe minerals, with Glomus being positively but Paraglomus and Acaulospora negatively correlated with reactive Fe minerals. Moreover, the presence of roots and AMF, particularly when combined with litter addition, enhanced the abundances of several critical soil bacterial genera that are associated with the formation of reactive minerals in soils. A conceptual framework was further proposed to illustrate how AMF–root associations impact soil C cycling in the rhizosphere. Briefly, root exudates and the inoculated AMF not only stimulated the decomposition of litter and SOC and promoted the production of CO2 emission, but also drove soil C persistence by unlocking mineral elements and promoting the formation of reactive minerals. Together, these findings provide new insights into the mechanisms that underlie the formation of reactive minerals and have significant implications for understanding and managing soil C persistence.  相似文献   

20.
As members of the plant microbiota, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF, Glomeromycotina) symbiotically colonize plant roots. AMF also possess their own microbiota, hosting some uncultivable endobacteria. Ongoing research has revealed the genetics underlying plant responses to colonization by AMF, but the fungal side of the relationship remains in the dark. Here, we sequenced the genome of Gigaspora margarita, a member of the Gigasporaceae in an early diverging group of the Glomeromycotina. In contrast to other AMF, G. margarita may host distinct endobacterial populations and possesses the largest fungal genome so far annotated (773.104 Mbp), with more than 64% transposable elements. Other unique traits of the G. margarita genome include the expansion of genes for inorganic phosphate metabolism, the presence of genes for production of secondary metabolites and a considerable number of potential horizontal gene transfer events. The sequencing of G. margarita genome reveals the importance of its immune system, shedding light on the evolutionary pathways that allowed early diverging fungi to interact with both plants and bacteria.  相似文献   

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