先天性白内障的遗传咨询

对检测分析分离精液中X、Y精子纯度的方法进行了综述, 并将各种方法的原理、技术操作过程和方法的优缺点进行了比较分析。认为如能在技术上有所突破, 提高方法的灵敏度、精确性, 降低检测时间, 单精子巢式PCR方法将可能成为一种低成本、常规化的检测手段, 在精子分离方法优化研究中发挥更大的作用, 并推动其他单精子遗传检测技术取得新进展。     

二维电泳分离牛精子蛋白的技术研究

二维电泳是蛋白质分离技术并可由于对精子蛋白的分离。本研究旨在通过对双向电泳条件的研究摸索出一种适用于分离牛精子蛋白的二维电泳技术,并利用其对牛精子蛋白进行分离鉴定。在实验中,优化了等电聚焦程序,研究了精子蛋白的不同制备方法、不同上样量、不同胶条长度对电泳结果的影响。结果表明,采用尿素－盐酸胍两步裂解法裂解精子细胞制备蛋白,使用13cm非线性胶条进行蛋白二维电泳,能获得较好的电泳图谱。图谱经二维电泳软件分析,可检测出约800多个蛋白质点,分子量基本分布在10~100KD、等电点约为4~9的区域内。对精子蛋白二维电泳条件的摸索,为后续牛精子X、Y差异蛋白的检测和分析奠定了理论基础。     

用三色荧光原位杂交(Three-Color FISH)检测小鼠精子中染色体数目异常的研究

用小鼠X、Y和8号染色体特异的DNA探针,与经DTT（dithiotreitol）和LIS（lithium-3,5-diiodosalicylicacid）解聚的小鼠附单精子进行三色荧光原位杂交（fluoresceoceinsituhybridization,FISH）,以检测精子中的染色体数目异常,并与MMⅡ染色体分析比较．结果表明精子三色FISH具有以下优点和特点：（1）方法敏感稳定,且简便快速;（2）在每一个体至少分析10000尾精子的基础上计算非整倍体单,因此结果更为准确;（3）能检测多倍体即减数分裂停止的发生率及停止的时期;（4）不仅能测定发生于试数分裂Ⅰ（MI）的染色体分离异常,还能检测发生于减数分裂Ⅱ（MII）的不分离和丢失．并对探针的选用、分析标准的建立以及三色FISH用于精于染色体分析的必要性等进行了讨论．     

哺乳动物精子质量评定方法研究进展

哺乳动物精子质量的评估,对于人工授精技术和体外受精技术的应用具有重要意义。目前,可用于反映精子质量的指标和评估方法有：精子活力、精子活率、顶体膜完整性检测、顶体状态与获能的检测、精子线粒体活性、受精能力检测以及其他一些相关的精子质量检测方法。在生产上,进行多指标联合检测,是目前评定精子质量有效的方法。随着技术的进步,更加快速、准确、安全和高效的精子质量检测的新方法将被应用到人类生殖临床和畜牧生产中。     

流式细胞仪分离精子法的研究进展

以X精子和Y精子的DNA含量差别为基础的流式细胞仪分离精子技术是有效的哺乳动物性别控制方法。目前,流式细胞仪分离精子的速度与上世纪90年代初期相比已提高了30多倍,以3000个/秒的常规速度分离X精子或Y精子的准确率可达到85%～90%。迄今,用分离精子人工授精已产下了数万头的动物后代,而分离人的精子也开始应用到了避免X染色体连锁遗传疾病的生殖医学工程中。     

精子介导转基因动物的制备

近年来 ,通过显微注射DNA至孵育的卵母细胞原核或外源基因转染后的胚胎干细胞进行转基因动物的生产已取得了令人瞩目的成就。在过去的 1 0年中 ,以精子作载体制备转基因哺乳动物或脊椎动物也取得了一些不同程度的进展。这些技术主要包括 :直接将外源DNA与精子共孵育至成熟 ;提取分离的精子DNA或进行预处理至精子发育成熟 ;以及在辅助受精前分离精子细胞等。此外 ,一些显微注射技术 ,如在输精管内进行体内直接转染雄性生殖细胞 ;将体内转染的雄性生殖细胞植入已分离的雄性生殖细胞 ,再显微注射至受体的睾丸 ,这些技术也逐渐成熟起来。研究表明 ,通过体内、体外转染外源DNA的显微操作技术只需将雄性受体与野生型雌性交配就可产生出转基因的后代个体 ,同时也避免了辅助受精和胚胎操作带来的机械损伤 ,因此具有一定的优势。本文综述了精子介导转基因 (SMGT)技术的发展历程、研究现状及前沿进展。     

精子的运动特性

精子的运动特性与生育力有密切关系。本文从超微结构水平和分子生物学基础出发,阐述精子运动机制的微管滑动学说;介绍了精子在液体介质中的运动形式、检测精子活动力的主要技术、影响精子活动力的因素、从异常精液中选择正常精子的技术,以及精子活动力在雄性和雌性生殖道中的演变过程。     

哺乳动物精子性别特异膜蛋白的研究进展

在精子形成过程中,存在性染色体特异基因的表达,这是X、Y精子膜蛋白差异形成的基础。尽管精子形成过程中形成的细胞间桥可能使精子细胞间共享基因表达产物,但雄性传递偏移现象和性别偏移现象的发生又证明两类精子间存在非共享蛋白,同时H-Y抗原表位的成功鉴定、精子分离实验结果以及性别特异蛋白的检测结果都肯定了精子膜蛋白差异的存在,只是这种膜蛋白的差异很小。蛋白分离技术的进步及技术间的优化集成,为精子间细微差异膜蛋白的分离提供了可能。     

中华蜜蜂精子介导egfp基因转移

中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana是一种真社会性昆虫,也是我国重要的经济昆虫。本实验目的是为了检测精子是否可以作为载体将外源egfp基因介导转入中华蜜蜂。首先将雄蜂精子与线性化的质粒DNA共浴,然后通过人工授精技术将精子导入处女王,再对实验蜂群后代进行分析。结果显示EGFP蛋白在一群实验组蜂的1～2日龄小幼虫中表达较强,能检测到0.01%～0.02%荧光阳性小幼虫个体;通过PCR和RT-PCR技术分析,证实转入的外源egfp基因获得表达。实验结果表明精子载体法能够用于中华蜜蜂外源基因的转移和表达。     

精子DNA损伤检测技术的研究进展

精子DNA完整性与男性生育力之间的关系是近些年来生殖医学研究领域的热点之一,精子DNA损伤已成为反映男性生育力的一个新指标。精子DNA的损伤原因有很多,有时可能是多种因素共同作用的结果。生殖系统疾病、环境污染、吸烟、微量元素及各种理化因素等原因都可能导致精子DNA完整性受损。常见的精子DNA完整性检测技术有原位末端标记法、精子染色体扩散实验、精子染色质结构分析试验、单细胞凝胶电泳、荧光原位杂交技术和8-羟基脱氧鸟苷测定法等。随着检验技术的不断发展,关于精子DNA损伤的检测技术也在不断更新改进。本文主要就近十年来精子DNA损伤机制、检测技术的相关研究进展作一综述,提示现有的精子DNA完整性检测技术尚不能满足临床和科研需要,急需找到一种理想的检测方法为男性不育的诊断和治疗提供重要依据。     

Detection of spinal muscular atrophy carriers by nested polymerase chain reaction of single sperm cells

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive disorder with a carrier frequency of approximately 1 in 40. Approximately 95% of patients have homozygous deletions of exon 7 and/or 8 of the SMN1 gene. Carrier testing for SMA is relatively complex and requires quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of genomic DNA to determine SMN1 copy number. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of carrier testing for SMA in males, by nested PCR analysis of SMN1 deletions in single sperm cells. A nested PCR method was developed to amplify SMN1 exon 7 in single cells. Restriction enzyme digestion with DraI was used to differentiate between the highly homologous SMN1 and SMN2 genes. Single sperm cells from five known SMA carriers and six noncarriers were analyzed. Among the five carriers, a total of 132 single sperm cells were analyzed and SMN1 exon 7 deletion was detected in 68 cells (51.5%). In contrast, among the six noncarriers, a total of 136 single sperm cells were analyzed. Of these, an apparent SMN1 exon 7 deletion was detected in four sperm cells. This was interpreted as an allele dropout (ADO) rate of 2.9%. We conclude that nested PCR of SMN1 exon 7 is an accurate and reproducible method for detection of SMA male carriers with a SMN1 deletion.     

猪单个精子单倍型分析方法研究

应用引物延伸预扩增,内嵌引物设计策略进行了ＰＣＲ扩增并结合聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳及银染技术,对猪单个精子１２号染色体上４个微卫星位点进行了ＰＣＲ扩增。结果表明,上述技术的应用可以清晰地鉴定出每个精子的单倍型,单精子分型技术的应用为猪高精度遗传作图及需要样本量足够的大遗传现象研究提供了独特的工具。     

Use of SYBR14, 7-amino-actinomycin D, and JC-1 in assessing sperm damage from rats with spinal cord injury.

BACKGROUND: Although fluorescent dyes combined with flow cytometry have been used to confirm the viability of sperm in the past, methods to detect damage to spermatozoa following injury have been limited to use of dyes, which are often difficult to adequately compensate for in a single laser system. METHODS: In this article, we present what we believe is a better method to assess damage to sperm secondary to spinal cord injury in an in vivo model, for use with a standard Ar laser and flow cell. In this rat model of spinal cord injury leading to sperm damage, the spinal cords of the rats were injured, but the reproductive organs were not. To understand the origins of sperm injury, and to develop ways to overcome the loss of fertility, we used the viability dye SYBR-14 along with 7-amino actinomycin D to detect apoptosis. Additionally, we used the dye JC-1 to measure the changes in mitochondrial transmembrane potential that accompany the damage. RESULTS: We found that SYBR-14 plus 7-amino actinomycin D was a useful method for quantifying apoptosis, particularly when another dye, such as JC-1, was used simultaneously. By using these dyes in concert with motility studies, we were able to quantify the extent of damage to sperm and correlate it to the decrease in motility of sperm (r(2) = 0.99 for SYBR14 versus motility and r(2) = 0.98 for JC-1 versus motility by regression analysis). CONCLUSIONS: With a method established to measure injury to sperm, we hope to determine which treatment regimens of ones we will test are effective in restoring sperm to a more fertile state, in the future.     

Taking advantage of the use of supervised learning methods for characterization of sperm population structure related with freezability in the Iberian red deer

Using Iberian red deer as a model, this study presents a supervised learning method, the Support Vector Machines (SVM), to characterize sperm population structure related with freezability. Male freezability was assessed by evaluating motility, membrane status and mitochondrial membrane potential of sperm after a freezing-thawing procedure. The SVM model was generated using sperm motility information captured by computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) from thawed semen, belonging to six stags with marked differences on their freezability. A total of 1369 sperm tracks were recorded for seven kinematic parameters and assigned to four motility patterns based on them: weak motile, progressive, transitional and hyperactivated-like. Then, these data were split in two sets: the training set, used to train the SVM model, and the testing set, used to examine how the SVM method and three other unsupervised methods, a non-hierarchical, a hierarchical and a multistep clustering procedures, performed the sperm classification into subpopulations. The SVM was revealed as the most accurate method in the characterization of sperm subpopulations, showing all the sperm subpopulations obtained in this way high significant correlations with those sperm parameters used to characterize freezability of males. Given its superiority, the SVM method was used to characterize the sperm motile subpopulations in Iberian red deer. Sperm motile data from frozen-thawed semen belonging to 25 stags were recorded and loaded into the SVM model. The sperm population structure revealed that those males showing poor freezability were characterized by high percentages of sperm with a weak motility pattern. In opposite, males showing good freezability were characterized by higher percentages of sperm with a progressive and hyperactivated-like motility pattern and lower percentages of sperm with a weak motile pattern. We also identified a sperm subpopulation with a transitional motility pattern. This subpopulation increased as the freezability of males improved, and may be used as indicative of overall sperm motility.     

Procedure control and acceptance sampling plans for donor sperm banks: a theoretical study

The publication of European Directive 2004/23/EC in the European Parliament and in the European Council on 31 March 2004 concerning the setting of standards of quality and safety for the donation, procurement, testing, processing, preservation, storage and distribution of human cells and tissues made it obligatory for sperm banks to set up quality control systems to ensure, among other goals, the satisfactory control of all procedures carried out. The objective of the present study is to set out guidelines that will make it possible to ensure the quality of the donors and frozen specimens accepted and the homogeneity of the samples supplied by a sperm bank. For this purpose, we shall describe clear-cut criteria for the acceptance of donors and frozen sperm, taking into account both analytic variability and the biological variations to be expected in semen parameters. Furthermore, we shall show how the evaluation of the results of a frozen semen specimen, on the basis of analysing a single straw after such freezing, does not guarantee the homogeneity of all the straws. Therefore, we must design a sampling plan to take into consideration all the straws obtained from a donor. This kind of plan will depend on different parameters, such as acceptable levels of quality and the tolerable rate of straws with defective semen, and will involve certain risks, both for the sperm bank and for the client. The establishment of these acceptance control criteria for frozen specimens and for donors could be of practical use for the control of the procedures applied in the operation of a sperm bank.     

Fine-structure genetic mapping of human chromosomes using the polymerase chain reaction on single sperm: experimental design considerations

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) makes it possible to rapidly generate a very large number of copies of a specific region of DNA. Application of PCR to individual human sperm cells permits the typing of a large number of independent male meiotic events. If the donor male is heterozygous at three loci, sperm typing using PCR will permit ordering of loci in a manner analogous to classical methods of experimental genetics. Sequential analysis of trios of loci by sperm typing will provide a very accurate means of ordering any number of tightly linked loci. Here, we describe experimental design and sample-size issues raised by the application of sperm typing by PCR for mapping human chromosomes, and we demonstrate that sperm typing will be an efficient method for generating fine-structure human genetic maps.     

Binding of anti-H-Y monoclonal antibodies to separated X and Y chromosome bearing porcine and bovine sperm

Studies designed to answer the question whether or not H-Y antigen is preferentially expressed on Y chromosome bearing sperm have resulted in conflicting results. This is probably due to the absence of reliable methods for estimating the percentage of X and Y chromosome bearing sperm in fractions, enriched or depleted for H-Y antigen positive sperm. In recent years a reliable method for separating X and Y chromosome bearing sperm has been published. With this method, separation is achieved by using a flow cytometer/cell sorter, which detects differences in DNA content. This technique provided the first opportunity for testing anti-H-Y antibody binding to fractions enriched for X and Y chromosme bearing sperm, directly. A total of 7 anti-H-Y monoclonal antibodies were tested using sorted porcine sperm and in one experiment also sorted bovine sperm. All monoclonal antibodies bound only a fraction of the sperm (20 to 50%). However, no difference in binding to the X and Y sperm enriched fractions was found. Therefore, the present experiments do not yield evidence that H-Y antigen is preferentially expressed in Y chromosome bearing sperm. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Effect of method and clinician on stallion sperm morphology evaluation

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of method and clinician on stallion sperm morphology evaluation. Five clinicians evaluated 60 semen samples using wet-mount preparations with phase-contrast, eosin/nigrosin-stained semen smears, and Papanicolaou-stained semen smears. There were significant differences among methods for all sperm morphology categories and most intra-class correlation coefficients were only fair to moderate. The use of wet-mount preparations facilitated detection of acrosome defects, nuclear vacuoles, and cytoplasmic droplets when compared to stained smears. Smearing stallion semen samples onto slides increased the proportion of detached sperm heads. In addition, acrosome defects, nuclear vacuoles, rough/swollen midpieces, and cytoplasmic droplets were difficult to observe with Papanicolaou stain; this method resulted in overestimation of normal sperm when compared to other methods. There were significant differences among clinicians for all sperm morphology classification categories. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that sperm morphology evaluation results varied, depending on the evaluation method and clinician. Wet-mount preparation with phase-contrast microscopy appeared to be more sensitive for identification of abnormal stallion sperm when compared to stained smears. Veterinary andrology laboratories should invest in training, continuing education, proficiency testing, and other quality control measures to minimize the variation of sperm morphology evaluation results among clinicians.