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1.
雒明伟  毛亮  李倩倩  赵旭  肖玉  贾婷婷  郭正刚 《生态学报》2015,35(23):7832-7841
恢复筑路取土迹地植物群落是青藏高原退化高寒草地恢复的重要组分,而生态化学计量是揭示退化草地自然恢复过程中土壤和植物间养分互作的重要方法。通过调查青藏公路筑路取土迹地自然恢复群落和天然群落内植物和土壤C、N、P的含量及其比值,研究了恢复群落和天然群落的C、N、P生态化学计量特征。结果表明:经历18a自然恢复后,不同地点筑路取土迹地均已逐步实现植物群落的定居,但其恢复程度存在明显差异。恢复群落植物叶片N含量高于天然群落,导致其叶片C∶N较低,表明恢复群落植物的N利用效率较低,N含量较高的模式主要原因可能是豆科植物比例较高和土壤有效N的供应较充足所致。恢复样地在0—10 cm和10—20 cm的土层内的有机碳(SOC)都显著低于天然样地,恢复样地土壤全氮(STN)仍一定程度上低于天然样地但含量较接近,恢复样地在10—20 cm土层中土壤全磷(STP)含量较高,这说明恢复群落尽管在土壤恢复方面并未达到天然群落的水平,但已得到了明显改善,土壤肥力正发生着正向的演替。叶片N含量与土壤STN相关性不显著,叶片P含量与土壤STP含量显著地正相关,表明植物叶片P含量在一定程度上受到土壤环境中全磷的影响。综合N∶P判定阈值和叶片土壤养分相关分析结果表明研究地区草地植被主要受到P元素的限制,且工程迹地草地恢复群落比天然群落容易受到P元素的限制。  相似文献   

2.
吴丹  温晨  卫伟  张钦弟 《广西植物》2023,43(5):923-935
在黄土高原生态恢复重建过程中,土壤养分及化学计量特征是评价黄土区植被恢复效应的有效途径。该文以典型半干旱黄土小流域3种恢复方式下(天然荒草、自然恢复、人工恢复)的5种植物群落(长芒草群落、赖草群落、苜蓿群落、柠条群落、山杏群落)不同深度的土壤(0~20 cm、20~40 cm、40~60 cm)为研究对象,利用方差分析及线性回归法分析土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、全钾(TK)含量及化学计量比的垂直变化特征,并探讨各指标间的耦合关系。结果表明:(1)群落类型和土壤土层深度对土壤SOC、TN、TP含量均有显著影响,土层深度还显著影响土壤TK的分布,但两者交互作用只对TN含量有显著影响。0~20 cm土层中,土壤SOC、TN含量表现为柠条灌丛显著高于长芒草、赖草、苜蓿和山杏群落(P<0.05)。(2)在土壤垂直剖面上,除C:N随土层加深而增加外,其他土壤化学计量比均随土层加深而逐渐降低。在0~20 cm和20~40 cm的土层中,土壤C:N表现为赖草群落显著高于长芒草、苜蓿、柠条和山杏群落(P<0.05),而土壤C:P、N:P、N:K均表现为人工恢复柠条群落最高; 在40~60 cm的土层中,山杏土壤C:K显著低于长芒草、赖草、苜蓿和柠条群落(P<0.05)。(3)不同群落土壤SOC、TN、TP、TK含量彼此间呈正相关关系,其中,SOC含量与TN含量、TN含量与TP含量、SOC含量与TP含量、TN含量与TK含量在5种植物群落中均达到显著正相关(P<0.05)。土壤C:P与C:K、C:K与N:K、N:P与N:K间均具显著正相关关系(P<0.05),C:N与N:P、C:N与N:K、P:K与C:P、P:K与N:P间均呈负相关关系。综合来看,不同植物群落土壤SOC、TN、TP、TK含量均随土层加深而逐渐降低,人工恢复柠条生态化学计量特征综合更强,更有利于改善当地土壤质量。  相似文献   

3.
因受到气候变暖、人为干扰等因素的影响,浙江省山地沼泽湿地面临着缺水旱化的问题,泥炭藓沼泽、草本沼泽逐渐退化成旱化的沼泽。在山地沼泽旱化的过程中,山地沼泽湿地土壤碳、氮、磷含量及其生态化学计量比的变化趋势尚不明确。本研究选取浙江5块不同旱化程度的山地沼泽湿地,分析土壤表层0~60 cm剖面上土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、土壤pH值、土壤容重等,以及植物样方地上生物量、植物粉碎混合样的有机碳(OC)、TN、TP。结果表明: 浙江山区沼泽湿地SOC、TN含量丰富,但TP含量低;随着山区沼泽湿地的旱化,容重、pH值、地上生物量上升,而SOC、TN、TP、C∶N、C∶P、N∶P呈下降趋势,容重、pH值与SOC、TN、TP均呈显著线性负相关;不同旱化程度的浙江山区沼泽湿地土壤C、N、P等元素的累积量与植物凋落物输入量、湿地氧气条件、凋落物分解的难易程度等因素有关。浙江山地沼泽湿地旱化趋势明显,土壤C、N、P等营养元素的含量下降,而植物由湿生群落向中性群落演替,植物中C、N、P含量随着植物种类的变化而变化,与土壤C、N、P含量的变化关系不耦合。  相似文献   

4.
红壤侵蚀退化马尾松林下不同治理模式土壤化学计量特征   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
以南方红壤严重侵蚀退化地低效林改造、乔灌草混交、浅沟播草、封禁治理4种治理模式马尾松林地为对象,研究不同治理模式和不同土层土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)和枯落物养分含量及其化学计量特征,为该区水土流失治理和植被恢复提供科学依据。结果表明: 不同治理模式下土壤SOC、TN、TP和枯落物P含量差异显著,土壤和枯落物养分含量均显著高于对照,改善效果均以乔灌草混交最好。土壤SOC、TN和TP含量总体上随土层增加而减少;而浅沟播草治理模式表现为,土壤SOC、TN、TP含量均随着土层增加呈先减小后增大的趋势,养分含量在5~20 cm土层达到最低值;不同治理模式下土壤C:N、C:P、N:P和枯落物C:P均存在显著差异,土壤空间变异性表现为土壤C:N>C:P>N:P。土壤C:N除乔灌草混交外,其他治理模式处于较低水平,而土壤C:P和N:P整体上较高。枯落物C:N、C:P和N:P与土壤呈相反的变化规律,低效林改造和乔灌草混交远小于对照。土壤C:N和C:P主要受控于土壤SOC含量和枯落物C含量,土壤N:P主要受控于土壤TP含量和枯落物P含量。土壤化学计量比还受土壤含水量、土壤容重、pH等因素的影响,枯落物与土壤养分之间关系密切并表现出相似的变化规律。  相似文献   

5.
该研究采用空间代替时间的方法,对福建省东部海域的平潭岛林区不同演替阶段群落(灌草丛、针叶林、针阔混交林、常绿阔叶林)的土壤和植物的C、N、P含量进行测定,分析不同演替阶段土壤和植物的C、N、P及生态化学计量特征的变化规律,并探讨植物与土壤养分之间的相互关系。结果表明:(1)由于土壤C、N、P的来源不同,导致土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(STN)含量随着演替进行逐渐增加,土壤全磷(STP)含量呈先下降后上升的趋势;土壤C∶N随演替进行呈增加趋势,土壤C∶P和N∶P呈先升高后下降的趋势。(2)植物叶片碳(LC)含量随着演替进行呈先升高后下降的趋势,叶片氮(LN)和磷(LP)含量呈先下降后升高的趋势,反映了各演替阶段植物采取不同的生态适应性;植物叶片C∶N和C∶P随演替进行呈先升高后下降的趋势,植物叶片N∶P呈逐渐增加的趋势。(3)相关分析表明,土壤SOC与STN呈显著正相关关系,表明土壤C、N元素有较强的耦合关系;植物LN与LP呈显著正相关关系,共同反映植物的光合作用;植物叶片LP与土壤STP呈显著正相关关系,且植物叶片N∶P在各演替阶段均大于16,说明平潭岛植物生长主要受到土壤P限制。  相似文献   

6.
农牧交错带不同土地利用类型土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量特征   总被引:18,自引:5,他引:13  
为了阐明土地利用方式对土壤养分含量及土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量特征的影响,选择阴山北麓农牧交错带4种主要的土地利用类型(放牧草地、封育草地、弃耕地和耕地)为研究对象,分析了浅层土壤(0—25 cm)有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、碱解氮(AN)和速效磷(AP)含量及土壤C、N、P生态化学计量特征。结果表明:1)研究区土壤贫瘠,养分含量整体水平不高,SOC、TN、TP含量分别为14.57、0.63、0.76 g/kg,AN和AP含量分别为39.87、6.72 mg/kg,5项养分指标均为中等变异。2)土地利用方式对土壤养分含量和土壤C、N、P生态化学计量特征均存在显著的影响,草地(封育草地、放牧草地)的SOC、TN和AN含量均高于农耕地(弃耕地、耕地),而TP和AP含量低于农耕地;草地的C∶N、C∶P和C∶P值均高于农耕地。3)土壤C、N、P元素化学计量值与C、N、P元素之间的最优拟合关系显示C∶N、C∶P主要受SOC影响,C∶P主要受N影响,表明SOC和N含量决定了研究区土壤中C、N、P化学计量特征的变化过程。研究结果对丰富土壤生态化学计量学科学理论具有重要意义,同时可为阴山北麓农牧交错带脆弱生态区的生态功能恢复提供科学依据。  相似文献   

7.
为揭示植被恢复过程中生态系统的养分循环机制及植物的生存策略, 根据亚热带森林群落演替过程, 采用空间代替时间方法, 以湘中丘陵区地域相邻、环境条件基本一致的檵木(Loropetalum chinensis) +南烛(Vaccinium bracteatu) +杜鹃(Rhododendron mariesii)灌草丛(LVR)、檵木+杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata) +白栎(Quercus fabri)灌木林(LCQ)、马尾松(Pinus massoniana) +柯(Lithocarpus glaber) +檵木针阔混交林(PLL)、柯+红淡比(Cleyera japonica) +青冈(Cyclobalanopsis Glauca)常绿阔叶林(LCC)作为一个恢复系列, 设置固定样地, 采集植物叶片、未分解层凋落物和0-30 cm土壤样品, 测定有机碳(C)、全氮(N)、全磷(P)含量及其化学计量比, 运用异速生长关系、养分利用效率和再吸收效率分析植物对环境变化的响应和养分利用策略。结果表明: (1)随着植被恢复, 叶片C:N、C:P、N:P显著下降, 而叶片C、N、P含量和土壤C、N含量、C:P、N:P显著增加, 其中LCC植物叶片C、N含量, 土壤C、N含量及其N:P, PLL植物叶片P含量, 土壤C:P显著高于其他3个恢复阶段, 各恢复阶段植物叶片N:P > 20, 植物生长受P限制; 凋落物C、N、P含量及其化学计量比波动较大。(2)凋落物与叶片、土壤的化学计量特征之间的相关关系较弱, 叶片与土壤的化学计量特征之间具有显著相关关系, 其中叶片C、N、P含量与土壤C、N含量、C:N (除叶片C、N含量外)、C:P、N:P呈显著正相关关系; 叶片C:N与土壤C、N含量、C:P、N:P, 叶片C:P与土壤C含量、C:N、C:P, 叶片N:P与土壤C:N呈显著负相关关系。(3)植被恢复过程中, 叶片N、P之间具有显著异速生长关系, 异速生长指数为1.45, 叶片N、P的利用效率下降, 对N、P的再吸收效率增加, LCC叶片N利用效率最低, PLL叶片P利用效率最低而N、P再吸收效率最高。(4)叶片N含量内稳态弱, 而P含量具有较高的内稳态, 在土壤低P限制下植物能保持P平衡。植被恢复显著影响叶片、凋落物、土壤C、N、P含量及其化学计量比, 叶片与土壤之间C、N、P含量及化学计量比呈显著相关关系, 植物通过降低养分利用效率和提高养分再吸收效率适应土壤养分的变化, 叶片-凋落物-土壤系统的N、P循环随着植被恢复逐渐达到“化学计量平衡”。  相似文献   

8.
高寒矮嵩草群落退化演替系列氮、磷生态化学计量学特征   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
运用历史资料与实地调查相结合的方法,以多元数量统计为手段确定采样地点,以空间尺度代替时间尺度,确定演替系列,以生态化学计量学为基础探讨了高寒矮嵩草草甸退化演替系列氮(N)磷(P)含量及化学计量学特征,发现:1)高寒矮嵩草草甸土壤全量N、P含量随退化演替程度的加深而呈倒"V"字形变化趋势,速效N、P含量随退化程度的加深呈降低趋势,但土壤草甸全量及速效N/P化学计量学特征则呈现降低趋势;2)地上植物N/P化学计量学特征在整个退化演替过程没有明显的差异。说明高寒矮嵩草群落退化改变了土壤中全量及速效N、P的积累和分解速率,打破了土壤系统养分平衡模式,但并没有明显改变植物地上部分整体的N/P化学计量学特征,因此在退化演替过程中植物N/P比为草地退化诊断的惰性指标;土壤N/P化学计量学特征变化同草地退化演替过程具有较好的同步性,其对草地退化演替的敏感性较高,有可能成为未来草地退化诊断的生态指示指标。  相似文献   

9.
罗艳  贡璐  朱美玲  安申群 《生态学报》2017,37(24):8326-8335
分析了塔里木河上游荒漠区灌木植物叶片和土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及其化学计量特征以及二者之间的相关性,旨在阐明荒漠植被在极端环境下养分循环及限制状况,为塔里木河上游荒漠生态系统的恢复与保护提供理论依据。以塔里木河上游多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissma)、盐穗木(Halostachys caspica)、黑果枸杞(Lycium ruthenicum)、铃铛刺(Halimodendron halodendron)4种荒漠灌木植物叶片和土壤为研究对象,分析植物叶片和土壤C、N、P生态化学计量特征及其相关性。结果表明:在4种不同荒漠灌木植物叶片中柽柳叶片的C含量为(484.77±59.74)mg/g,显著高于其他灌木植物(P0.05);铃铛刺的N含量是(14.20±1.58)mg/g,显著高于其他灌木植物(P0.05);柽柳叶片的P含量为(0.54±0.16)mg/g,显著低于其他灌木植物(P0.05)。4种灌木植物叶片C/N比值大小为黑果枸杞柽柳铃铛刺盐穗木,且黑果枸杞的C/N比值显著最高为(37.83±7.74)(P0.05);C/P为柽柳铃铛刺盐穗木黑果枸杞,盐穗木和黑果枸杞的C/P显著低于其他灌木(P0.05),其比值分别为(379.76±158.63)和(383.47±128.95);N/P为柽柳铃铛刺盐穗木黑果枸杞,柽柳的N/P比值显著最高为(22.34±4.60)(P0.05)。4种不同荒漠灌木土壤的有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)含量及其化学计量比特征均未表现出显著的差异。由相关性分析可知柽柳叶片仅P含量与土壤TP含量呈现出显著正相关(P0.05);铃铛刺叶片C含量与土壤TN、叶片P含量与土壤TN/TP均呈显著负相关(P0.05),而叶片C含量与土壤TN/TP呈极显著负相关(P0.01);盐穗木和黑果枸杞叶片化学计量特征与土壤的化学计量特征均未表现出显著相关性(P0.05)。说明植物叶片化学计量特征并非是由土壤养分含量特征直接决定的,更多受植物自身遗传特性的影响,体现了荒漠灌木植物对极端生境的适应性。  相似文献   

10.
黔中石漠化区不同海拔顶坛花椒人工林生态化学计量特征   总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1  
喻阳华  钟欣平  李红 《生态学报》2019,39(15):5536-5545
了解黔中石漠化区不同海拔顶坛花椒(Zanthoxylum planispinum var.dintanensis)人工林的生态化学计量特征,有助于深入认识其养分循环规律和元素丰缺状况。对顶坛花椒人工林叶片、凋落物和土壤C、N、P、K含量进行了测定,分析了生态化学计量特征及之间的关系。结果表明:(1)顶坛花椒人工林叶片OC、TN、TP、TK分别为228.11—446.81、0.96—5.69、2.17—5.60、6.42—17.74 g/kg,凋落物OC、TN、TP、TK依次为239.19—415.25、1.70—4.62、1.83—2.63、1.80—4.26 g/kg,土壤OC、TN、TP、TK分别为29.69—53.17、2.99—6.41、0.18—1.52、15.01—21.14 g/kg,土壤养分呈现低N高P格局;(2)叶片、凋落物、土壤C、N、P、K生态化学计量随海拔的分异规律不完全一致,其变化特征能够表明C、N来源多样,P、K来源相对固定;(3)土壤养分含量与叶片养分含量、生态化学计量之间多表现出显著相关,表明叶片养分主要来自土壤;总体上,土壤养分含量及其生态化学计量与凋落物养分含量具有弱的相关性,与凋落物养分生态化学计量具有强的相关性,表明凋落物和土壤之间存在一定的养分转换强度但是并非完全继承。  相似文献   

11.
丁小慧  宫立  王东波  伍星  刘国华 《生态学报》2012,32(15):4722-4730
放牧通过畜体采食、践踏和排泄物归还影响草地群落组成、植物形态和土壤养分,植物通过改变养分利用策略适应环境变化。通过分析呼伦贝尔草原放牧和围封样地中的群落植物和土壤的碳氮磷养分及化学计量比,探讨放牧对生态系统化学计量学特征和养分循环速率的影响机制。结果如下:(1)群落尺度上,放牧和围封草地植物叶片C、N和P的含量没有显著差异;但是在种群尺度上,放牧草地植物叶片N含量显著高于围封草地;(2)放牧草地土壤全C、全N、有机C、速效P含量,低于围封草地,硝态N含量高于围封草地;土壤全P和铵态N指标没有显著差异;(3)放牧草地植物C∶N比显著低于围封草地,植物残体分解速率较快,提高了生态系统养分循环速率。  相似文献   

12.
Herbivores can have both direct (consumptive) and indirect (nutrient‐mediated) effects on primary producer biomass and nutrient stoichiometry. Ecological stoichiometry theory predicts that herbivores of contrasting body stoichiometry will differentially remineralize nutrients, resulting in feedbacks on producer stoichiometry. We experimentally separated direct and indirect effects of aquatic vertebrate grazers on periphyton by manipulating grazer abundance and identity in mesocosms, and using grazer exclusion cages to expose periphyton to recycled nutrients in the absence of direct grazing. In experiment 1, we used a catfish with high body phosphorus (low body N:P), Ancistrus triradiatus, to assess consumptive versus nutrient‐mediated effects of grazer density on periphyton. In experiment 2, we compared the nutrient‐mediated effects of grazing by Ancistrus triradiatus and Rana palmipes, a tadpole with low body phosphorus and high body N:P. In experiment 1, we found that increasing catfish density led to lower biomass and particulate nutrients in periphyton through direct consumptive effects, but that nutrient‐mediated indirect effects enhanced periphyton biomass when grazers were experimentally separated from direct contact with periphyton. As predicted by stoichiometry theory, nutrient recycling by this P‐rich grazer tended to increase algal C:P and N:P (although effects were not statistically significant), while their consumptive effects reduced algal C:P and N:P. In experiment 2, grazer identity had strong effects on dissolved water nutrient concentrations, N recycling (measured with a 15N tracer), and periphyton stoichiometry. In accordance with stoichiometry theory, catfish increased N concentrations and recycling rates leading to higher periphyton N:P, while tadpoles had greater effects on P availability leading to lower periphyton N:P. Our experiments elucidate the importance of both the density and identity of grazers in controlling periphyton biomass and stoichiometry through consumptive and nutrient‐mediated effects, and support the power of ecological stoichiometry theory to predict feedbacks on producer stroichiometry arising from consumer stoichiometry through nutrient recycling.  相似文献   

13.
Joanne L.Denyer  S. E.Hartley  E. A.John 《Oikos》2007,116(7):1186-1192
Nutrient inputs to plant communities are often spatially heterogeneous, for example those deriving from the dung and urine of large grazing animals. The effect of such localised elevation of nutrients on plant growth and composition has been shown to be modified by the grazing of large herbivores. However, there has been little work on interactions between small mammalian herbivores and such patchy nutrient inputs, even though these interactions are potentially of major significance for plant performance and community structure.
We examined the effect of simulated cattle urine deposition on the vegetation structure, above-ground biomass and species composition of chalk grassland within enriched patches. Short-term exclosures were used to determine whether a small herbivore (rabbit) would preferentially graze the vegetation in enriched patches and what impact this interaction would have on the performance of plants in such patches. Rabbit grazing pressure determined whether nutrient inputs had a negative or positive effect on plant biomass. Nutrients increased plant biomass in the absence of grazing, but when exposed to grazing, plants in nutrient-rich patches had more biomass consumed by herbivores than neighbouring plants. Further, nutrients increased the relative palatability of a less preferred forage species ( Brachypodium pinnatum ), contributing to changes in plant community composition. We conclude that a small herbivore can drive plant responses to patchily distributed nutrients.  相似文献   

14.
Large herbivores may alter carbon and nutrient cycling in soil by changing above- and below-ground litter decomposition dynamics. Grazing effects may reflect changes in plant allocation patterns, and thus litter quality, or the site conditions for decomposition, but the relative roles of these broad mechanisms have rarely been tested. We examined plant and soil mediated effects of grazing history on litter mass loss and nutrient release in two grazing-tolerant grasses, Lolium multiflorum and Paspalum dilatatum, in a humid pampa grassland, Argentina. Shoot and root litters produced in a common garden by conspecific plants collected from grazed and ungrazed sites were incubated under both grazing conditions. We found that grazing history effects on litter decomposition were stronger for shoot than for root material. Root mass loss was neither affected by litter origin nor incubation site, although roots from the grazed origin immobilised more nutrients. Plants from the grazed site produced shoots with higher cell soluble contents and lower lignin:N ratios. Grazing effects mediated by shoot litter origin depended on the species, and were less apparent than incubation site effects. Lolium shoots from the grazed site decomposed and released nutrients faster, whereas Paspalum shoots from the grazed site retained more nutrient than their respective counterparts from the ungrazed site. Such divergent, species-specific dynamics did not translate into consistent differences in soil mineral N beneath decomposing litters. Indeed, shoot mass loss and nutrient release were generally faster in the grazed grassland, where soil N availability was higher. Our results show that grazing influenced nutrient cycling by modifying litter breakdown within species as well as the soil environment for decomposition. They also indicate that grazing effects on decomposition are likely to involve aerial litter pools rather than the more recalcitrant root compartment.  相似文献   

15.
Herbivory is one of the key drivers shaping plant community dynamics. Herbivores can strongly influence plant productivity directly through defoliation and the return of nutrients in the form of dung and urine, but also indirectly by reducing the abundance of neighbouring plants and inducing changes in soil processes. However, the relative importance of these processes is poorly understood. We, therefore, established a common garden experiment to study plant responses to defoliation, dung addition, moss cover, and the soil legacy of reindeer grazing. We used an arctic tundra grazed by reindeer as our study system, and Festuca ovina, a common grazing‐tolerant grass species as the model species. The soil legacy of reindeer grazing had the strongest effect on plants, and resulted in higher growth in soils originating from previously heavily‐grazed sites. Defoliation also had a strong effect and reduced shoot and root growth and nutrient uptake. Plants did not fully compensate for the tissue lost due to defoliation, even when nutrient availability was high. In contrast, defoliation enhanced plant nitrogen concentrations. Dung addition increased plant production, nitrogen concentrations and nutrient uptake, although the effect was fairly small. Mosses also had a positive effect on aboveground plant production as long as the plants were not defoliated. The presence of a thick moss layer reduced plant growth following defoliation. This study demonstrates that grasses, even though they suffer from defoliation, can tolerate high densities of herbivores when all aspects of herbivores on ecosystems are taken into account. Our results further show that the positive effect of herbivores on plant growth via changes in soil properties is essential for plants to cope with a high grazing pressure. The strong effect of the soil legacy of reindeer grazing reveals that herbivores can have long‐lasting effects on plant productivity and ecosystem functioning after grazing has ceased.  相似文献   

16.
Ecological stoichiometry postulates that differential nutrient recycling of elements such as nitrogen and phosphorus by consumers can shift the element that limits plant growth. However, this hypothesis has so far considered the effect of consumers, mostly herbivores, out of their food-web context. Microbial decomposers are important components of food webs, and might prove as important as consumers in changing the availability of elements for plants. In this theoretical study, we investigate how decomposers determine the nutrient that limits plants, both by feeding on nutrients and organic carbon released by plants and consumers, and by being fed upon by omnivorous consumers. We show that decomposers can greatly alter the relative availability of nutrients for plants. The type of limiting nutrient promoted by decomposers depends on their own elemental composition and, when applicable, on their ingestion by consumers. Our results highlight the limitations of previous stoichiometric theories of plant nutrient limitation control, which often ignored trophic levels other than plants and herbivores. They also suggest that detrital chains play an important role in determining plant nutrient limitation in many ecosystems.  相似文献   

17.
Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus (C, N, P) stoichiometry influences the growth of plants and nutrient cycling within ecosystems. Indeed, elemental ratios are used as an index for functional differences between plants and their responses to natural or anthropogenic variations in nutrient supply. We investigated the variation in growth and elemental content of the rootless terrestrial bromeliad Tillandsia landbeckii, which obtains its moisture, and likely its nutrients, from coastal fogs in the Atacama Desert. We assessed (1) how fog nutrient supply influences plant growth and stoichiometry and (2) the response of plant growth and stoichiometry to variations in nutrient supply by using reciprocal transplants. We hypothesized that T. landbeckii should exhibit physiological and biochemical plastic responses commensurate with nutrient supply from atmospheric deposition. In the case of the Atacama Desert, nutrient supply from fog is variable over space and time, which suggests a relatively high variation in the growth and elemental content of atmospheric bromeliads. We found that the nutrient content of T. landbeckii showed high spatio-temporal variability, driven partially by fog nutrient deposition but also by plant growth rates. Reciprocal transplant experiments showed that transplanted individuals converged to similar nutrient content, growth rates, and leaf production of resident plants at each site, reflecting local nutrient availability. Although plant nutrient content did not exactly match the relative supply of N and P, our results suggest that atmospheric nutrient supply is a dominant driver of plant growth and stoichiometry. In fact, our results indicate that N uptake by T. landbeckii plants depends more on N supplied by fog, whereas P uptake is mainly regulated by within-plant nutrient demand for growth. Overall, these findings indicate that variation in fog nutrient supply exerts a strong control over growth and nutrient dynamics of atmospheric plants, which are ubiquitous across fog-dominated ecosystems.  相似文献   

18.
Global change involves shifts in multiple environmental factors that act in concert to shape ecological systems in ways that depend on local biotic and abiotic conditions. Little is known about the effects of combined global change stressors on phytoplankton communities, and particularly how these are mediated by distinct community properties such as productivity, grazing pressure and size distribution. Here, we tested for the effects of warming and eutrophication on phytoplankton net growth rate and C:N:P stoichiometry in two phytoplankton cell size fractions (<30 µm and >30 µm) in the presence and absence of grazing in microcosm experiments. Because effects may also depend on lake productivity, we used phytoplankton communities from three Dutch lakes spanning a trophic gradient. We measured the response of each community to multifactorial combinations of temperature, nutrient, and grazing treatments and found that nutrients elevated net growth rates and reduced carbon:nutrient ratios of all three phytoplankton communities. Warming effects on growth and stoichiometry depended on nutrient supply and lake productivity, with enhanced growth in the most productive community dominated by cyanobacteria, and strongest stoichiometric responses in the most oligotrophic community at ambient nutrient levels. Grazing effects were also most evident in the most oligotrophic community, with reduced net growth rates and phytoplankton C:P stoichiometry that suggests consumer‐driven nutrient recycling. Our experiments indicate that stoichiometric responses to warming and interactions with nutrient addition and grazing are not universal but depend on lake productivity and cell size distribution.  相似文献   

19.
Plant community diversity and ecosystem function are conditioned by competition among co-occurring species for multiple resources. Previous studies suggest that removal of standing biomass by grazing decreases competition for light, but coincident grazing effects on competition for soil nutrients remain largely unknown in Tibetan rangelands where grazing tends to deplete soil phosphorus availability. We measured five functional traits indicative of plant productivity and stoichiometry leaf carbon concentration (LCC), leaf nitrogen concentration (LNC), leaf phosphorus concentration (LPC), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC) for component species of plant communities in grazed and ungrazed plots in five Tibetan alpine meadows. We examined the diversity of traits singly Rao index of functional diversity (FDrao) and in aggregate functional richness (FRic), functional divergence (FDiv), and functional evenness (FEve) in response to grazing. We tested whether foliar trait diversity increases with nutrient competition but decreases with light competition when competitive exclusion is reduced by grazing. The FDrao of LPC significantly increased under grazing, but FDrao for LCC, LNC and SLA tended to decrease. The FDrao of LDMC increased at the drier site but decreased at the wettest site. There was a strong negative association between increase in FDrao of LPC and decrease in soil nutrients, especially soil phosphorus availability. The FRic for all five traits together increased with species diversity following grazing, but neither FDiv nor FEve differed significantly between grazed and ungrazed plots at most sites. Grazing in Tibetan alpine meadows tends to increase competition for soil phosphorus while decreasing competition for light, resulting in an increase in the functional richness in grazed plant communities without any significant changes in the overall functional diversity of foliar traits. Our study highlights the potential importance of grazing mediated competition for multiple resources in alpine meadow ecosystems.  相似文献   

20.
微斑块变化是草原退化过程中的活跃成分。分析了呼伦贝尔克氏针茅草原逆行演替过程中微斑块土壤全碳、全氮和碱解氮含量的空间异质性,提出了"养分聚集效应"的概念。研究结果表明:随着群落退化演替的加剧,土壤全碳、全氮和碱解氮的含量均表现为演替前期演替后期演替中期(P0.05)。从土壤全碳、全氮和碱解氮的变异系数和变异函数综合分析来看,10 cm×10 cm微尺度上,草原退化演替过程中土壤全碳、全氮和碱解氮的空间异质性具有明显的不一致性;全碳的空间异质性表现为演替中期演替前期演替后期,全氮表现为演替后期演替前期演替中期,碱解氮表现为演替中期演替后期演替前期。草原退化过程中土壤养分在微斑块上的富积和迁移表现出尺度依赖性和变异性。  相似文献   

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