水分亏缺对蚕豆光合特性影响的初步研究

本文报道了蚕豆现蕾至饱荚期不同时间土壤水分亏缺情况下的光合特性、光合产量及蚕豆水分亏缺敏感期。蚕豆现蕾后给予土壤干旱处理,光合速率、叶绿素含量、叶面积、气孔开度、生物产量及籽粒产量下降,但气孔密度和呼吸速率增加。水分亏缺使叶片光饱和点由50kLx降至30kLx,气孔开度日变化呈单峰(9—11时)曲线。始荚至盛荚期对土壤干旱最敏感,此期是蚕豆灌水的关键时期。     

Population distributions of plant size and light environment of giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida L.) at three densities

Summary Plots in a naturally occurring population of giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida L.) near Ames, Iowa, USA were left unthinned (high density,=693 plants/m²) or were thinned in early June 1989 to create low and medium densities of 10 and 50 plants/m². Size and light environment of individual plants were measured at monthly intervals from June to September. By September, low density plants had 15 times greater biomass/plant and 30 times greater leaf area/plant than high density plants, although biomass and leaf area per unit land area decreased with decreasing density. Plants at high density allocated more biomass to stem growth, but plants at medium and low density had successively higher leaf area ratios, higher potential photosynthetic rates, higher allocation to leaves, and higher growth rates. Average light on leaves decreased with increasing density and also decreased over the growing season in the low and medium densities. The distribution of light environments of individual plants was non-normal and skewed to the left in most months, in contrast to the rightwards skew of distributions of plant size parameters. Inequality in the distributions, as measured by coefficient of variation and Gini coefficients, increased over most of the growing season. There was little effect of density on inequality of stem diameter, height, or estimated dry weight, but inequality in reproductive output greatly increased with density. There was greater inequality in number of staminate flowers produced than in number of pistillate flowers and seeds produced. Path analysis indicated that early plant size was the most important predictor of final plant size and reproductive output; photosynthesis, conductance, and light environment were also significantly correlated with size and reproduction but usually were of minor importance. Variation in growth rate apparently increased inequality in plant size at low density, whereas belowground competition and death of smaller plants may have limited increases in inequality at high density.     

不同荫蔽栽培下亏缺灌溉对干热区小粒咖啡水光利用和产量的影响

干热区小粒咖啡水光管理粗放,产量和品质得不到保证.为探明干热区小粒咖啡最佳灌水和荫蔽栽培耦合模式,通过大田试验,设3个灌水水平(充分灌水、轻度亏缺灌水和重度亏缺灌水)和4个荫蔽栽培模式(无荫蔽:单作咖啡;轻度荫蔽:4行咖啡间作1行香蕉;中度荫蔽:3行咖啡间作1行香蕉;重度荫蔽:2行咖啡间作1行香蕉),研究香蕉荫蔽栽培下亏缺灌溉对小粒咖啡生长、叶片光合特性、水光利用和产量的影响.结果表明: 小粒咖啡叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(g_s)、叶片水分利用效率(LWUE)、叶片表观光能利用效率(LRUE)随灌水量的增大而增大,胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)随灌水量的增大而减小;与充分灌水相比,轻度亏缺灌水的干豆产量减小9.4%,重度亏缺灌水的干豆产量减小36.7%,水分利用效率(WUE)减小16.9%.P_n、T_r、g_s、LWUE随荫蔽度的增大呈先增大后减小的趋势,中度荫蔽栽培的增量最大;与无荫蔽模式相比,轻度荫蔽模式干豆产量增加13.0%,WUE增加12.9%,中度荫蔽栽培模式干豆产量增加23.1%,WUE增加23.4%.干豆产量、WUE、百粒咖啡豆的体积和百粒鲜质量随灌水量和荫蔽度的增大呈不同程度增大,其中,中度荫蔽栽培下充分灌水的干豆产量和WUE增量最大.相同土层深度的土壤含水率随荫蔽度的增加而减小;在0~50 cm土层,土壤含水率随土层深度的增加先增大后减小.LRUE与光合有效辐射呈显著的负指数关系或符合Logistic曲线变化.因此,从优质高产、水光高效利用的综合效益考虑,中度荫蔽栽培下充分灌水是小粒咖啡灌水处理和香蕉荫蔽栽培模式的最佳组合.     

遮阴对浙江三叶青生理生化及总黄酮的影响

为探究抗癌药物浙江三叶青在不同遮阴处理下其有效成分总黄酮含量及生理生化响应,该研究设置5个光照梯度(全光照CK、遮阴30%、50%、70%、90%),以三叶青二年生扦插苗为材料,处理6个月后,测定三叶青在不同遮阴梯度条件下的生长指标、生化指标以及不同部位(叶片和块根)的总黄酮含量。结果表明:遮阴70%的处理中植株长势最佳,随着光照强度的减弱,三叶青生物量呈现先增高后降低趋势;比叶重呈降低趋势;叶片中的可溶性蛋白(SP)、游离脯氨酸(FP)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量均在全光照下最高,遮阴70%时最低,分别比全光照降低了33.36%、17.22%、46.88%,表现出光胁迫特点;总黄酮含量为叶片块根,且均以遮阴70%下含量最高,从整体来看,总黄酮含量随着遮阴度的增大而呈现先增加后降低的趋势。这表明光照强度是影响浙江三叶青生长及有效成分积累的重要因素,且高光强在一定程度上抑制三叶青植株的生长,适当遮阴对三叶青植株的生长起促进作用,但块根和叶片中的总黄酮含量对光强的响应却不同,这为今后科学栽培种植及合理有效开发三叶青提供了科学依据。     

Variation in utilization of young leaves by a swallowtail butterfly across a deer density gradient

Phytophagous insects can be affected by plant trait-mediated indirect effects of large herbivores, but little is known regarding how these effects change in response to different densities of large herbivores. To assess the response of an insect to plant qualitative change, the response of a woody vine (Aristolochia kaempferi) to browsing by sika deer (Cervus nippon) and utilization of young leaves by a swallowtail butterfly (Byasa alcinous) were investigated across a deer density gradient. Natural and simulated deer browsing stimulated the regrowth of A. kaempferi and improved nutritional and physical quality of leaves. Young leaves were frequently observed in areas with high deer densities. The proportion of young leaves among the leaves selected for oviposition was higher than their proportion of the total number of leaves. In areas with low deer densities, the utilization of young leaves by B. alcinous increased linearly with deer density, whereas in areas with high deer densities, the utilization of young leaves was around 90%.     

Adjustment of leaf photosynthesis to shade in a natural canopy: reallocation of nitrogen

The present study was performed to investigate the adjustment of the constituents of the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis to the natural growth irradiance in the leaves of an overstorey species, Betula pendula Roth, a subcanopy species Tilia cordata P. Mill., and a herb Solidago virgaurea L. growing in a natural plant community in Järvselja, Estonia. Shoots were collected from the site and properties of individual leaves were measured in a laboratory, by applying a routine of kinetic gas exchange and optical measurements that revealed photosystem II (PSII), photosystem I (PSI), and cytochrome b₆f densities per leaf area and the distribution of excitation (or chlorophyll, Chl) between the two photosystems. In parallel, N, Chl and ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco) content was measured from the same leaves. The amount of N in photosynthetic proteins was calculated from the measured contents of the components of the photosynthetic machinery. Non-photosynthetic N was found as the residual of the budget. Growth in shade resulted in the decrease of leaf dry mass to a half of the DW in sun leaves in each species, but the total variation, from the top to the bottom of the canopy, was larger. Through the whole cross-section of the canopy, leaf dry weight (DW) and Rubisco content per area decreased by a factor of four, N content by a factor of three, but Chl content only by a factor of 1.7. PSII density decreased by a factor of 1.9, but PSI density by a factor of 3.2. The density of PSI adjusted to shade to a greater extent than the density of PSII. In shade, the distribution of N between the components of the photosynthetic machinery was shifted toward light-harvesting proteins at the expense of Rubisco. Non-photosynthetic N decreased the most substantially, from 54% in the sun leaves of B. pendula to 11% in the shade leaves of T. cordata. It is concluded that the redistribution of N toward light-harvesting Chl proteins in shade is not sufficient to keep the excitation rate of a PSII centre invariant. Contrary to PSII, the density of PSI – the photosystem that is in immediate contact with the carbon assimilation system – shade-adjusts almost proportionally with the latter, whereas its Chl antenna correspondingly increases. Even under N deficiency, a likely condition in the natural plant community, a substantial part of N is stored in non-photosynthetic proteins under abundant irradiation, but much less under limiting irradiation. At least in trees the general sequence of down-regulation due to shade adjustment is the following: (1) non-protein cell structures and non-photosynthetic proteins; (2) carbon assimilation proteins; (3) light reaction centre proteins, first PSI; and (4) chlorophyll-binding proteins.     

Scaling carbon dioxide and water vapour exchange from leaf to canopy in a deciduous forest. I. Leaf model parametrization

In order to parametrize a leaf submodel of a canopy level gas-exchange model, a series of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance measurements were made on leaves of white oak (Quercus alba L.) and red maple (Acer rubrum L.) in a mature deciduous forest near Oak Ridge, TN. Gas-exchange characteristics of sun leaves growing at the top of a 30 m canopy and of shade leaves growing at a depth of 3–4 m from the top of the canopy were determined. Measured rates of net photosynthesis at a leaf temperature of 30°C and saturating photosynthetic photon flux density, expressed on a leaf area basis, were significantly lower (P = 0.01; n = 8) in shade leaves (7.9μmol m^?2 s^?1) than in sun leaves (11–5μmol m^?2 s^?1). Specific leaf area increased significantly with depth in the canopy, and when photosynthesis rates were expressed on a dry mass basis, they were not significantly different for shade and sun leaves. The percentage leaf nitrogen did not vary significantly with height in the canopy; thus, rates expressed on a per unit nitrogen basis were also not significantly different in shade and sun leaves. A widely used model integrating photosynthesis and stomatal conductance was parametrized independently for sun and shade leaves, enabling us to model successfully diurnal variations in photosynthesis and evapotranspiration of both classes of leaves. Key photosynthesis model parameters were found to scale with leaf nitrogen levels. The leaf model parametrizations were then incorporated into a canopy-scale gas-exchange model that is discussed and tested in a companion paper (Baldocchi & Harley 1995, Plant, Cell and Environment 18, 1157–1173).     

Morphological and Physiological Responses of Hawaiian Hibiscus tiliaceus Populations to Light and Salinity

Hibiscus tiliaceus (Hau) is a pantropical mangrove associate that usually occurs in coastal ecosystems where substrate salinity is relatively high, but it also inhabits upland habitats in Hawaii. Cuttings from three populations on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, were collected and grown in the glasshouse under two levels of substrate salinity (0 and 335 mOsm kg-1) and three light treatments (0%, 50%, and 90% shade). Photosynthetic gas exchange, biomass allocation, and accumulation were studied in relation to salinity and light. Salinity reduced net CO2 assimilation in the upland population but had no effect or stimulated photosynthesis in the coastal populations, whereas increasing salinity decreased stomatal conductance in all populations and therefore increased water-use efficiency. The degree to which photosynthesis was inhibited by salinity was inversely proportional to the salinity of the source population, indicating a loss of salinity tolerance in upland plants. Light had a stronger effect on leaf area ratio (LAR) and leaf mass per area (LMA), whereas salinity had a stronger effect on leaf water content, internode length, and plant biomass. Salinity reduced total new biomass by 58%, 50%, and 34% in full sun, 50% shade, and 90% shade, respectively, but this response did not differ between populations. Salinity reduced the photosynthesis, but not growth, of upland plants because increased allocation to photosynthetic tissue increased LAR to compensate for inhibition of photosynthesis by salinity.     

Changing ratios of phototransformable protochlorophyll and protochlorophyllide of bean seedlings developing in the dark

Protochlorophyll (Pchl) and protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) are at comparable levels in 2-day-old (young) etiolated bean leaves (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Red Kidney). During subsequent development in the dark, both pigments increase, but the rate of Pchlide increase is greater than that of Pchl, leading to the commonly observed predominance of Pchlide beyond 7 days (old leaves). Both protopigments are phototransformable to their respective chlorophyll(ide) photoproducts throughout dark development. The rate of protopigment regeneration in young leaves after illumination is rapid and displays no lag, whereas this process in old leaves begins slowly and achieves only about one-fifth the rate of younger leaves. The rate of chlorophyllide esterification is also faster in the younger tissue. Since the proplastid-related properties of young bean leaves are quite similar to those of Euglena, young leaves and Euglena may represent an evolutionarily primitive case compared with older bean leaves which contain etioplasts. Since Euglena and young beans green perfectly well when exposed to light, the extensive modifications associated with prolonged dark growth do not seem to be obligatory for plastid development. The properties of older beans are viewed as being the consequence of prolonged etiolation which may provide a faster rate of plastid development and appearance of photosynthesis as the plant nears the limits of its stored reserves.     

Effect of local irradiance on CO(2) transfer conductance of mesophyll in walnut

The acclimation responses of walnut leaf photosynthesis to the irradiance microclimate were investigated by characterizing the photosynthetic properties of the leaves sampled on young trees (Juglans nigraxregia) grown in simulated sun and shade environments, and within a mature walnut tree crown (Juglans regia) in the field. In the young trees, the CO(2) compensation point in the absence of mitochondrial respiration (Gamma*), which probes the CO(2) versus O(2) specificity of Rubisco, was not significantly different in sun and shade leaves. The maximal net assimilation rates and stomatal and mesophyll conductances to CO(2) transfer were markedly lower in shade than in sun leaves. Dark respiration rates were also lower in shade leaves. However, the percentage inhibition of respiration by light during photosynthesis was similar in both sun and shade leaves. The extent of the changes in photosynthetic capacity and mesophyll conductance between sun and shade leaves under simulated conditions was similar to that observed between sun and shade leaves collected within the mature tree crown. Moreover, mesophyll conductance was strongly correlated with maximal net assimilation and the relationships were not significantly different between the two experiments, despite marked differences in leaf anatomy. These results suggest that photosynthetic capacity is a valuable parameter for modelling within-canopies variations of mesophyll conductance due to leaf acclimation to light.